SEMINAR ON THE TOPIC

NEPHRITIS

Name: Uney Sono Yangfo

Roll No: 22
Post Basic B.Sc Nursing
Subject: Medical Surgical Nursing
INTRODUCTION

● The kidneys are the two bean-shaped organs, located behind the abdomen on each
side of the spine.

● The kidneys filter blood, which enter through the renal arteries and leave through
renal vein.

● The kidneys help remove waste products from the body, maintain balanced
electrolyte levels and regulate blood pressure.

● The kidneys are relatively small organs, but they receive 20-25% of the hearts
output.
DEFINITION

● Nephritis is the inflammation of the kidney.

● It is characterized by Disturbance in glomerular structure, leading to reduced blood

flow, urine output and retention of waste products.
TYPES

1. ACUTE NEPHRITIS 2. CHRONIC NEPHRITIS

● It can develop suddenly after a severe ● It can develop slowly and is present for a
infection, such as strep throat, hepatitis or long period. It may be genetic or develop
HIV. after reccurent infection.
SUB-TYPES
LUPUS NEPHRITIS

● It is an inflammation of kidney caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) a

disease of immune system
INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS

● In these, inflammation occurs in the intertitium part of the kidney due to any infection
or a particular medication.
ETIOLOGY

1. GLOMERULONEPHRITIS:
● Diabetes
● viruses
● Vasculitis

2. LUPUS NEPHRITIS:
● Genetic factors
● Immunological factors
● Environmental factors
ETIOLOGY

3. PYELONEPHRITIS:

● Kidney stones
● Urinary tract catheterization
● Pregnancy
● Vesicoureteral Reflux

4.INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS:

● Medications
● Infections
● Systemic diseases
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
RISK FACTORS

1. Diabetes

2. High blood pressure

3. Age over 60

4. Environment

5. Heredity
CLINICAL FEATURES

● Changes in urinating habits

● Changes in urine colour
● Cloudy urine
● Haematuria
● Edema
● Pain in kidney area or abdomen
● Pyuria
● Burning sensation while urinating
● Lethargy
● Rashes
DIAGNOSIS

● HISTORY COLLECTION
● PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
● RFT & KFT
● KIDNEY BIOPSY
● URINE ANALYSIS FOR PRESENCE OF BLOOD, BACTERIAL OR WBC
● BLOOD TESTS
● CT SCAN OR USG
MANAGEMENT

A. MEDICATIONS:

1. Antibiotics - To treat bacterial infection

2. Corticosteroids - To treat inflammation and swelling

3. Analgesics - To treat pain

4. Anti-hypertensive - To manage high blood pressure

B. DIALYSIS
C. DIETARY HABITS

● Eat less Sodium and Potassium

● Eat fresh vegetables and fresh meats

● Take help from Doctor to list out foods with low potassium

● Soak vegetables in water before cooking.

NURSING MANAGEMENT

1. NURSING DIAGNOSIS:

a. Risk for impaired skin integrity, related to urinary incontinence, edema.

b. Risk for infection related to a decrease in the immunological defense.

c. Excess fluid volume related to decrease in regulatory mechanism (Renal failure).

d. Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirements related to vomiting.

e. Risk for injury related to impaired renal function.

f. Anxiety related to disease condition.

g. Pain related to injury.

2. INTERVENTION:

● Monitor vital signs every 4 hours, notify any changes.

● Assess the perineal area for signs of skin breakdown such as changes in skin, like
redness, swollen and rashes etc.

● Provide proper perineal care to prevent infection and urine odor.

● Encourage patient to drink at least 1.5 to 3 L of fluid daily.

● Maintain and record intake and output chart

● Obtain urine specimens for urinalysis and culture as ordered, to identify causative
organism.

● Administer diuretics as prescribed.

● Refer to a dietician, for developing a meal-plan low in sodium, potassium and

protein.

● Administer prescribed drugs at time.

● Encourage for complete bed rest.

● Health education should be provided to the patient about the disease condition.

● Instruct for follow-up care and medical checkup.

CONCLUSION

● Nephron is the filtering units of the kidney responsible for filtration.

● Inflammation of the kidney is known as Nephritis.
● Symptoms of Nephritis include - protein and blood in urine, edema, electrolyte
imbalance, lethargy and frothy urine.
● Causes of Nephritis include - infection, autoimmune disease, and exposure to
certain medication and toxins.
● Diagnosis is done through - urine test, blood test, imaging techniques and kidney
biopsy
● Treatment is aimed at managing the underlying cause and preventing the
progression of the disease.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

TEXTBOOK REFERENCE:

● Brunner and Suddarth’s, Medical Surgical Nursing, 9th Edition; Page no. 398-400

● Linda S. Williams and Paula D. Hopper, Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition;
JAYPEE, Page no. 852-853

● Panwar P.K. , Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition,Virendra Kumar Arya (New
Delhi)