Mathl. Comput. Modelling Vol. 28, No. 12, pp.

1-6, 1998
Pergamon @ 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
Printed in Great Britain
08957177/98 $19.00 + 0.00
PII: SO8957177(98)00169-l

A Partial Differential Equation Related

to a Problem in Atmospheric Pollution
I. ALI AND S. L. KALLA*
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Kuwait University
P.O. Box 5969, Safat, Kuwait 13660
H. G. KHAJAH
Department of Applied Sciences, College of Tech. Studies
PAAET, P.O. Box 42325, Shuwailch, Kuwait 70654
hkhajah@kucOl.kuniv.edu.ku

(Received February 1998; accepted July 1998)

Abstract-we investigate a generalized form of a partial differential equation governing the dif-
fusion of heavy pollutants into the atmosphere. In earlier treatments of the equation, the vertical
component of turbulent exchange coefficient was essumed to be linear. Our generalization takes into
account the nonlinear case of this component. Furthermore, two general identities involving the con-
fluent hypergeometric function of the second kind are derived in the course of solving the given PDE.
@ 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords-Hankel transform, Confluent hypergeometric function, Diffusion.

1. INTRODUCTION
The present work introduces a generalization of a partial differential equation relating to the
turbulent diffusion of a heavy pollutant (dust) in the atmosphere, see [l-3]. The equation, in its
original form, is given by

where q = q(z, z) denotes the pollutant concentration in the atmosphere, u is the wind speed, w is
the settling velocity of pollutant particles, and kg, k, are components of the turbulent exchange
coefficient; the z-axis points in the direction of the wind and the z-axis points vertically upward
with z 2 0. For a strip of ground 0 5 z 5 L and -oo < y < 00, y-dependency is neglected and
the equation reduces to that of a plane parallel flow:

(1)

*On leave of absence from CIMA, Facultad de Ingenerfa, Universidad de1 Zulia, Apartado 10182, Maracaibo,
Venezuela.
The authors are most grateful to Kuwait University Research Administration for its kind support under Grant
SM-166.

I
2 I. ALI et al.

where k, is chosen to be constant in [l], and a linear function of z in [2]. In the latter case, taking
k, = lair and u = u~zP, for some p > 0 and Ici , u1 E R, will lead to

hzgj+(lcl+w)t$ P@
= ulz ZG’ (2)
A treatment of this problem outside the strip, namely, for z > L is found in [3].
The more general case of L, = Iciz7, r > 0, is the subject of our discussion in this paper.
Accordingly, equation (1) is written as

a2q
--h a22 Tkl +waq = u#$,
z-7 +--
9--r aZ (3)

and as in [2], the following auxiliary conditions are imposed: q(0, z) = 0, for all z and q(z, z) + 0
as z --) co, for all z. Furthermore, we have

kiaz+(kl(T - 1) + w) q
1=
z=o
f (xl, OlxlL, (4

and

(5)

When r = 1, the function f(z) represents the pollutant flux from the ground surface to the
atmosphere. Following [2], we apply the generalized Hankel transform to solve (3); to obtain q
outside the strip, we generalize the results given in [1,3]. For f(z) = Az~F~(a,P;z) these
solutions are given, respectively, by equations (15) and (25) below. Moreover, we derive two new
identities involving the confluent hypergeometric function of the second kind-q.v. (18) and (19).
Finally, we wish to point out that many of the definitions and representations of the special
functions appearing herein are to be found in the renowned works of Erdelyi [4], Abramowitz and
Stegun [5], and of Prudnikov et al. [6].

2. THE GENERALIZED HANKEL TRANSFORM

This is defined by Ali and Kalla [2] as

00

H” [(Pk 2); s,a, cl =

I
0
&+7(x, z)Jv (s.9) dz = q&/(x, s; a, c) = @V(S), (6)

where V, s, a, and c are real numbers and cp(x, z) belongs to a class of functions for which the
integral exists. The corresponding inversion formula is given by

ccl

cp(z,x) =
I
Cz2C--a-1 S~“(Z, s; a, C)J” (SEC)ds,
0
c > 0.

The generalized Hankel transform of the operator

(8)
is given by
H,[Qv; s, a, c] = A - X~~s~H,[z~~-~-‘cp; s, a, c], (9)

(10)
 A Partial Differential Equation

and the constant parameters appearing in (8) are related as follows:

P
- = 2(a - m) + 1.
x

Using the asymptotic behavior of Bessel function, namely, Jv(szc) ---) (~,z~)-r/~ as a -_) 00,
together with the identity

f J, (sz=) = CSZ’-~J,,_l (~9) - cvz-1 J,, (a’),

we obtain A = hr - AZ, where

1t=O
a S"
Al= ~S-1/2ta-m+l-c/2(P
a? fCW and li2 = 2”r(v + 1) [ qf+(P-X)rp 1

under the assumptions a - m + cv = 0 and cp(z, z) 40 as z + co.

3. SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM FOR 0 5 x 5 L

Comparing the equations in Sections 1 and 2 above, and the coefficients and exponents therein,
will lead to X = kr, m = 1 - 7, p = HIT + W, c = (1 + m + ~)/2, and

(r - 1)kl + w (r- 1h+w +m

a=
V=-Icl(l+m+p)’ 2kr

Application of the generalized Hankel transform to equation (3) with conditions (4) and (5) yields

klc2s2
-$‘v[h;s,.,c] + -H,
Ul
[9q;s,a,c] = - (11)
whose solution becomes

1 I k1c2s2(t - z)
H, [z“q; s, a, c] = - s”f(t) exp (12)
2”UllqV + 1) J0 Ul

Then, by using the inversion formula (7) for the generalized Hankel transform, we get

*‘Lq@, z) = - Cz2c-a-1
Srn [lzexp (k1c2s~~-2)) s.f(t)dt] sJ,(sF) ds
2%1l+ + 1) 0
Cz2c-a-l
/‘f(t)lmsu+‘exp (k1c2sly-z)) Jv(szc) dsdt.
= -2”21rr(v + 1) 0

The inner integral is given by

al
krc2s;y - z,
I 0
Sv+l exp
>
J, (szc) ds = sp

,k,,‘;::-,))“+1exp(4k~~;,““,,)7

where v > -1, see [6, Vol. 2, No. 3, p. 1861. Taking K(Z) = u1z2’/4k1c2 together with a change
of variable in the resulting integral will lead to the following general solution of (3):

,+&-2c-a--~-1
XpJ-lf(z - ~)e-~(41~&.
qcGz) = -(2c)2v+1k~+lqy+1) (13)
so

Let the integral term in (13) be denoted by

g7=
Ix0
f-“-‘f(t - t)e-w”)lt &,
4 I.ALI et al.

and consider the case where f(z) = AsiF (a; ,O;p). A simple change of variables leads to

J =
J az(z - t)-V-lf(t)e-K(t)l(“-t) & = A lz@ - t)-“-‘t;F&; p; q~t)e-~(*)~(“-~) dt,

and we put u = K(z)/(z - t) to get

Taking the power series expansion of IFI gives

J’ = A(K(~))-Y-c~~~~&(vz)” Jrn uv-r-n-1 (TV- ;(‘))‘+- e-” du,

K(z)lz

where the integral is expressed in terms of the confluent hypergeometric function of the second
kind, see [6, Vol. 1, No. 6, p. 3241

JO3K(r)lr
UV-‘-,L-l (U-;(I))Tfne-Udu

= qr + 1+ 72) -
K(z) ”
e-K(z)IzZC, r+l+n,v+l;y- WI
)
( X > ( >

provided r > -1. Then

A~‘--v~-K(+ -F(r+l+n)(qz)V r+l+n,u+l;~

Kc4
J =
, (14)

and the general form of q(z, z) is obtained by substituting this equation into (13)

with
UY XP-V~CV+~C-~-~-~~-K(~)/~
7
P(XyZ) = -A(2C)2”+l~;+‘qy + 1)

which is found to be in agreement with the earlier results of [2] when T = 1. For (Y = p, we
compare (15) above with equation (38) of [2] which is expressed in the present notation as

q(w) = Phz) cO”(-rlK(4)”

n=O
n!
r + 1
, v + 1 _ n

(16)

with
r(r + 1)
j&z) = -A zreqz
r(Y+ i)(i + p)kl .

These two equivalent forms of q(x, z) lead to

fJ-$W-
n=O
+1 +
 A Partial Differential Equation 5

We use the power series expansion of eqx together with the well-known identity for the product
of two infinite series and equate corresponding powers of qx to arrive at the following general
identity:

If we multiply (17) by e-q” and use a similar argument, the following identity is obtained:

$(a+n,b;z) =
2 (-1”
~k=o(n_t)!,!~(.,b-li;i),
(a > 0). (19)

It should be noted that the identities (18) and (19) are general in nature and independent of
the subject matter under discussion. Some interesting results concerning other special functions
may be deduced from the above identities, but this is beyond the scope of the present work.
Nevertheless, we cite two examples: taking a = -Y, b = 1 - Y, and n = 1 in (19) will lead to the
well-known identity
r(~ + 1, z) = Y~(Y, z) + zVe-z,

involving the complementary incomplete gamma function [5, 13.6.281. On the other hand, if we
take a = 4 - 1, b = X + 1, and n = 1, we have the following relation on Laguerre polynomials [5,
22.7.301:
LiA-‘)(z) = @)(z) - @l,(z).

4. SOLUTION OUTSIDE THE STRIP

Let this be denoted by Q(z, ,z), z > L. The treatment by Kalla and Al-Zamil [3] was restricted
to the case m = 0, and their results were based on a special integral representation of Q given
by Berlyand [l]. A generalization of Berlyand’s integral for m # 0 is of the form

Q(x, z) = lrnP
2che-h”zc ( r)y/2k1
q(L, t)e-htzcI_v (2h(zzt)c) dt, x > L, (20)

where h = u~(~c~~C~X)-’ and, as we recall, 2c = m + P + 1; q(L,t) is given by (15). Hence,

Z) = I+,
Q(x, z>n$o
$&r(r+1 + n)(vL)nJdx,Z)7 (21)

with

and

J,(z, 2) = irn t”/2-“/4ce-C(1+Ll”)t1CI (7- + 1 + 12,v + 1; Ct) I_, (2 (F) Jt) dt, (22)

where C = ~~(4c~k~L)-’ and Kl(r) = K(G). Expand the Bessel function of the first kind in
its series form
t”/2I_

so that integral (22) becomes

O”
tj-m/4ce-C(1+~ll)t~(~ + 1 + n, Y + 1; Ct) dt.
6 I. ALI et al.

Let oj = j - m/4c + 1 and 6, = r + 1 + n. Then we may express the integral inside the above
summation in terms of the Gauss hypergeometric function F as follows:

SW
taj-le-C(l+L’=)t~(bn,
0
u + 1; ct> di! = r
[ $y-_--q

X [C(l+~)]-alF(aj,bn;aj+Bn-u;~),

and this leads to

(23)

hence, the double sum representation of &(z, z) as

Expanding the Gauss hypergeometric function F into its series form and rearranging terms yield

Q(x, 4 = R(x, z) 2 [-& $+ (’ +‘L T; - “>77n~n+j+k

n,j,k=O

x (1 - m/dC)j+k(T + 1 + n)k(l - m/4c - V)j K(Z) j

[y] [&It’*] , (25)
(n - m/4c + T - V + 2)j+k(l - V)j

where x > L and

This reduces to the result of [3] for the case where m = 11 = 0.

REFERENCES
1. M.Ye. Berlyand, Problem of Atmospheric Di&sion and Pollution, Gidrometeorizdat Press, Leningrad,
(1975).
2. I. Ah and S. Kalla, A generalized Hankel transform and its use for solving certain partial differential equations,
J. Austmlian Math. Sot. Ser. B (to appear).
3. S.L. Kalla and A. Al-Zamil, Solution of a diffusion of dust problem in terms of hypergeometric functions,
Mathl. Comput. Modelling 26 (3), 87-93, (1997).
4. A. Erdelyi, Editor, Higher T!unacendental tinctiona, McGraw-Hill, New York, (1953).
5. M. Abramowitz and I.A. Stegun, Handbook-of Mathematical finctions, Dover, New York, (1965).
6. A.P. Prudnikov, Yu.A. Brychkw and 0.1. Marichev, Integrals and Series, Gordon & Bresch, London, (1992).