YAMXICÙD EH
Z[AKMHNOY
;:;?

;9 AIUAKH[

Hstoecsio ?
Irhoea par0 Oderho Nadhm Fmarhs

?
 

Cdtraeuiicùd 9
Ak`hva 9

Ehsorramma eh mo oivceoe 5
Iadimuscùd ??

[hfhrhdicos Opo ??

;
 

Cdtraeuiicùd
Yokhnas quh mo hstoeîsio hs udo ghrronchdto eh lrod umceoe, quh das oyueo o paehr
odomczor iad noyar foicmceoe mas eotas quh thdhnas, hstas eotas das oyueod o mo tano eh
ehicscadhs.
Zar ma lhdhrom mo hstoeîsio mmhvo o ioka hm odïmcscs eh hstas eotas par nheca eh nuhstros
quh sad rhprhshdtovos eh udo pakmoicùd ehthrncdoeo o mo iuom sh rhquchrh hstuecor.

Mos nheceos eh thdehdico ihdtrom mos aiuponas ecorconhdth poro rhomczor iomiumas y paehr
arlodczor mo cdfarnoicùd poro mo tano eh ehicscadhs.

Ak`hva0  sh prhshdtorï mo cdfarnoicùd dhihsorco poro iadstrucr udo tokmo eh frhiuhdicos,
eadeh arlodczorhnas eh farno oehiuoeo mas eotas poro paehr akthdhr mos nheceos eh
thdehdico ihdtrom y pasthrcarnhdth rhomczor mo tano eh ehicscadhs.

9
 

Ehsorramma eh mo oitcvceoe
Mo scluchdth kosh eh eotas sh iadfarnù iad mo cdfarnoicùd suncdcstroeo par mo hdeoe
dodichro Kodb Onãrcio hm oÿa odthrcar.  
YOMO[CA HWZH[CHDICO NHYHY
UCZA EH
YHWA ODXOM MOKA[OM EHYEH HM
IADU[OUA
(eùmorhs) (nhshs) IADU[OUA

Gankrh Cdehdcea $8<,8::.:: ?55 <<

Gankrh Oduom $5:,;::.:: ;96 <7

Nu`hr Oduom $;?,58:.:: 97? <8
Nu`hr Uhnparom $;?,3::.:: ?3: 7:
Gankrh Oduom $58,:::.:: ;97 <7
Gankrh Cdehdcea $9;,?::.:: 6< <3
Gankrh Cdehdcea $96,:::.:: ??5 <8
Nu`hr Uhnparom $;?,3::.:: ;?8 <6
Nu`hr Oduom $;<,3::.:: ;55 <7
Nu`hr Oduom $;5,:::.:: ?59 7:
Nu`hr Uhnparom $9:,97:.:: 9:< <<
Gankrh Oduom $;7,98:.:: ?68 <7
Gankrh Uhnparom $;<,<8:.:: ;;7 <<
Nu`hr Cdehdcea $98,?::.:: ;5: <7
Gankrh Uhnparom $;<,9;:.:: 86 <8
Gankrh Cdehdcea $5:,7::.:: 555 <6
Gankrh Cdehdcea $56,59:.:: ?;: <8
Gankrh Uhnparom $5;,98:.:: 59; <6
Gankrh Oduom $;6,;8:.:: ?67 <<
Nu`hr Oduom $97,78:.:: ?55 <<
Nu`hr Oduom $;?,<8:.:: ?:7 <7
Gankrh Cdehdcea $;5,;7:.:: 53 <7
Nu`hr Oduom $?6,38:.:: ?8? <3
Nu`hr Oduom $;?,?8:.:: 9?5 <7
Nu`hr Cdehdcea $9?,:8:.:: ;5: 7:
Gankrh Cdehdcea $6:,9<8.:: ;75 <6

Gankrh Cdehdcea $9;,88:.:: ?3? <<

Gankrh Oduom $5;,:::.:: ;:3 <7
Gankrh Oduom $9?,98:.:: ;;3 <6
Gankrh Oduom $;3,?::.:: 9;5 <<
Gankrh Cdehdcea $9?,96:.:: ;65 <6
Gankrh Cdehdcea $96,?7:.:: ;8; <7
Gankrh Uhnparom $?3,;88.:: ;:7 <7
Gankrh Cdehdcea $;9,868.:: ;5: <7
Gankrh Oduom $98,:78.:: 98 <<
Nu`hr Oduom $;9,<;8.:: ;77 <<
Gankrh Cdehdcea $;3,65:.:: ?7: <7
Gankrh Cdehdcea $9:,<9:.:: ;87 <7
Gankrh Cdehdcea $6:,378.:: ;75 <<
Nu`hr Uhnparom $98,86:.:: ;75 <7

5
 

Iad mo cdfarnoicùd praparicadoeo hnphzorhnas o irhor duhstros tokmos eh frhiuhdico

eadeh arlodczorhnas mas eotas poro ehspuãs akthdhr mos nheceos eh thdehdico ihdtrom.

[hiarehnas quh mas hmhnhdtas eh mo tokmo eh frhiuhdico sad0

  Hm cdthrvoma eh imosh, hd hm iuom prcnhra soiorhnas hm rodla ([), ehspuãs hm dðnhra

eh cdthrvomas (b), y par ðmna mo onpmctue (O).
 [
 [  Wnos  Wncdb  ? 9.99; mal dd dunhr
dunhra
a tatom
tatom eh eotas
eotas a hmhnhd
hmhnhdtas
taseh
eh mo nuhstro O
nuhstro
b 
  (x) shrï duhstro norio eh imoshs, mo iuom akthderhnas soiodea hm pranheca eh mas
mîncths.
 Ms  Mc
 x
;
  Mo frhiuhdico (f) shrï mo iodeoe eh vhihs quh sh rhpcth hm eota, mo frhiuhdico
oksamuto oiunumoeo (F) mo soiorhnas tanodea hm prcnhr vomar eh (f) y pasthrcarnhdth
sunodea om mulor cdfhrcar, y par ðmna poro mo frhiuhdico rhmovo oiunumoeo sh
umczorï mo scluchdth farnumo.
f 
fr
d

Xdo vhz thdchdea mos tokmos eh frhiuhdico arlodczoeos paehnas praihehr o akthdhr mos
nheceos eh thdehdico ihdtrom, mos iuomhs sad0

  Nheco0 vomar akthdcea par taeas mas vomarhs hdtrh hm dðnhra eh eotas.

∟ xf 
( x )
d

  Nhecodo0 hs ãm dðnhra quh sh hdiuhdtro hd nheca eh mas eotas arehdoeas.

 d
∛ F c ∛
 Nh> M + O
c f c
 

(
Mo naeo0 eota quh nïs sh rhpcth.
)
Nheco lhanãtrcio0 iomiumo parihdto`hs o ma morla ehm hnpa.
∐  x
 D 
 Nheco lhanãtrcio
 x ?  x ;  x 9 …  x D 
  Nheco orctnãio0 vomar quh sh akhdh om sunor taeas mas eotas y ecvcecr hm rhsumtoea
hdtrh hm dðnhra tatom eh hsas eotas.
 x ?  x ;  x 9  x 5 …  x d
 x
 D 

  Nheco ornùdcio0 quh sad dðnhras cdvhrsas a cluomhs o mo nheco orctnãio.

8
  

  ) imoscio ioeo vorcokmh hd iuomctovo a iuodtovo (ecsirhto a iadduo)

hxcsthd ; pas eh vorcokmhs0

  iuomctovo0 mo iuom sh rhhrh o quh mas rhsumtoeas da sad vomarhs dunãrcias.   S quh sh
ecvc
ecvceh
eh hd da
danc
ncdo
dom,
m, qu
quh
h da h
hdh
dh ar
areh
ehd
d dc `h
`hro
rorq
rquî
uîo
o ia
iana
na hm hs
hsto
toea
ea ic
icvc
vcm,
m, sh
shxa
xa a
mulorhs eh rhscehdico2 y hd arecdom, quh sad arlodczoeos eh oiuhrea o su imoscioicùd.
  iuodtovo0 oquhmmos quh su rhsumtoea hs dunãrcia. S quh sh ecvceh hd iadduo, quh
puheh tanor iuomquchr vomar ehdtra eh ud cdthrvoma2 y hd ecsirhto, quh hs hxprhsoeo
sama iad vomarhs hdthras.

Hd duhstra troko`a, duhstros vorcokmhs shrïd0

Yhxa0 Iuomctovo (dancdom)

Ucpa eh iadtrota0 Iuomctovo (arecdom)

Yomorca oduom (eùmorhs)0 Iuodtovo (iadduo)

Hxphrchdico mokarom (nhshs)0 Iuodtovo (ecsirhto)

Nhshs ehseh hm iadtrota0 Iuodtovo (ecsirhto)

k) Hm
Hmok
okar
aro
o ud
udo
o ec
ecstr
strck
ckui
uicù
cùd
d eh fr
frhi
hiuh
uhdi
dico
coss ok
oksa
samu
muto
toss y rh
rhmo
movo
voss por
poro
o ma
mass eot
eotas
as
olru
olrupo
poea
eass eh mo vo
vorc
rcok
okmh
mh ”Y
”Yom
omor
orca
ca od
oduo
uom„
m„ y rh
rhpr
prhs
hsãd
ãdto
tomo
moss ia
iad
d mo
moss lr
lrï
ïio
ioss
iarrhspadechdths.

Dunhra eh eotas 5:
Eota noyar 6:378.:::
Eota nhdar ?638:.:::
[odla ([ ) 55:98
iomiuma cd (b) 6.997:6973?
Odiga eh cd (O) <993.?6666<

Mc Ms x f F fr xf Fr
;;67?8.5?6

?638:.::: ;5;73.?6< ;:6?3.87999 ?? ?? :.;<8 < :.;<8

9988:8.:::
;5;73.?6< 9?6;7.999 ;<387.<8: ?; ;9 :.9 5 :.8<8
9?6;7.999 9736<.8:: 98;3<.3?6< 7 9? :.; ;7;979.999 :.<<8
6
 

6
;?9?78.5?6
9736<.8:: 569:6.66< 5;69<.:799< 8 96 :.?;8 7 :.3::
569:6.66< 89658.799 533<6.;8::9 ? 9< :.:;8 533<6.;8:: :.3;8
?<?356.;8:
89658.799 6:378.::: 8<9?8.5?6< 9 5: :.:<8 ? ?.:::
tatom   5: ?

Gcstalrono eh frhiuhdicos
fr hiuhdicos
Yomorca Oduom
?5

?;

?:

:
;:6?3.879 ;<387.<8: 98;3<.3?< 5;69<.:79 533<6.;8: 8<9?8.5?<

i) Ehthrncdo mo nheco orctnãio, mo naeo y mo nhecodo poro mas eotas

eo tas olrupoeas eh
mo vorcokmh ”Yomorca oduom„ y rhprhsãdtomos iad mos lrïios iarrhspadechdths.
Nheco
Nhec o orctnã
orc tnãio0
io0
 x ?  x ;  x 9  x 5 …  x d
 x
 D 
 xµ >

 xµ >

Nae 0 hm eota quh nïs sh rhpcth0 ;?,3::

Nhec d 0

( )
 d
 Nh> Mc + O
∛ F c ∛

f c
 pascicùd
d
;
5:
;
;: Nh ?638: <993.?6666< (  )
;: ??
?;

 Nh ?638: <993.?6666< ( )

 3
?;
 Nh ?638: <993.?6666< ( :.<8 ) Nh
 Nh  Nh ?638: 88:5.9<8:::;8

 Nh ;;585.9<8:::;8

e) Hsirckh ud iadimuscùd sakrh m ecstrckuicùd eh e tas

<
 

Mo farno hd mo quh ecstrckucnas mas eotas hs eh nuigo oyueo o mo garo eh prhshdtor mo

cdfarnoicùd a rhprhshdtormo, das krcdeo udo noyar ihrthzo eh mo cdfarnoicùd y eh mo
rhmoicùd quh hxcsth hdtrh mas eotas.

Hsto ghrronchdto quh scrvh poro mo arlodczoicùd eh mas eotas, y quh das oyueod o mo
rhsamuicùd eh iuhsadonchdtas scnpmhs y ianpmh`as, das phrncthd thdhr udo vcscùd nos
imoro eh mo cdfarnoicùd quh thdhnas, yo quh das krcdeod ud iadaicnchdta prhicsa eh udo
nodhro fïicm y rïpceo eh hdthdehr.

Das eonas iuhdto quh hs dhihsorca thdhr mo cdfarnoicùd nïs prhicso pasckmh, poro paehr
tano
tanorr eh
ehic
icsc
scad
adhs
hs cnp
cnpar
arto
todt
dths
hs y ap
apar
artu
tudo
doss y mo ec
ecst
strc
rcku
kuic
icùd
ùd eh eo
eota
tass da
dass kr
krcd
cdeo
eo ma
dhihsorca.

h) Hmokaro udo ecstrckuicùd eh frhiuhdicos rhmovos eh mo vorcokmh ”Ucpa eh iadtrota„ y

rhprhsãdtomos iad mo lrïio phrdhdth

Ucpa eh
iadtrota
(x) f F fr (%) Fr (%)

Cdehdcea ?6 ?6 5:% 5:%

Oduom ?6 9; 5:% 7:%
Uhnparom 7 5: ;:% ?::%
tatom 5: ?::%

Ucpa eh iadtrota

;:% Cdehdcea

5:% Oduom
Uhnparom

5:%

f) Aktãd mo nheceo eh thdeh

thdehdico
dico ihdtrom iarrhspadec
iarrhspadechdth
hdth o hsth pa eh vorcok
vorcokmh
mh y om
rhsphita hsirckh udo iadimuscùd.

7
 

Mos nheceos eh thdehdico ihdtrom nïs cnpartodths sad mo naeo, nhecodo y mo nheco. Hstos
nheceos ehsirckhd ma quh hs ianðd a pranheca hd mos ecstrckuicadhs, phra hd aioscadhs mos
nheceos eh thdehdico ihdtrom da sh puhehd iomiumor fïicmnhdth iana hd hm scluchdth iosa.

Ucpa eh
iadtrota
(x) f F fr (%) Fr (%)
Cdehdcea ?6 ?6 5:% 5:%
Oduom ?6 9; 5:% 7:%
Uhnparom 7 5: ;:% ?::%
tatom 5: ?::%

[hiarehnas quh mo naeo hs hm eota quh nïs sh rhpcth, hd mo tokmo das eonas iuhdto quh hs
hm pa eh iadtrota cdehdcea y hm pa eh iadtrota oduom, par ma todta0

mo naeo, hs hm pa eh iadtrota cdehdcea y hm oduom.

Mo nhecodo hs hm eota ihdtrom eh mas eotas arehdoeas, hd hsth iosa mos vorcokmhs sad
pomokros, phra sc sh puhehd arehdor, yo quh mas eotas sad iuosc iuomctovas.

Uhnparom, thnparom, thnparom, thnparom, thnparom, thnparom, thnparom, thnparom,

thnparom , od
oduo
uom,m,
oduom, oduom, oduom, oduom
oduom,, oduom
oduom,, oduom
oduom,, oduom
oduom,, oduom, oduom, oduom, oduom, oduom , od
oduo
uom,m,
oduom, oduom, cdehdcea, cdehdcea, cdehdcea, cdehdcea, cdehdcea, cdehdcea, cdehdcea,
cdeh
cd ehdc
dcea
ea,, cdehdcea, cdehdcea, cdehdcea, cdehdcea, cdehdcea, cdehdcea, cdehdcea,
cdehdcea

Iana oquî mas eas vomarhs sad cluomhs paehnas ehicr quh mo nhecodo hs oduom.

Zar umna mo nheco sh akhdh sunodea mas eotas y ecvcecãdeamas hdtrh hm dunhra eh
eotas, phra oud quh thdhnas hm dunhra eh eotas quh hs 5: da paehnas sunor mos pomokros
osî quh mo nheco da hxcsth a hs dumo.

l) [h
[homc
omczo
zo ud ec
ecol
olro
rono
no eh to
tomm
mma
a y ga
ga`os
`os eh mo vor
vorco
cokmh
kmh ”H
”Hxp
xphr
hrch
chdi
dico
co mo
moka
karo
rom„
m„ y om
rhsphita hsirckh udo iadimuscùd.

Ecolrono eh tomma y
3
 

ga`os
Hxphrchdico mokarom
Uomma Ga`os
9 8
5 3
8 6
6 <
?: 7
?? 5

?; :
?5 9, 5, 5
?8 ?
?6 8, 7
?7 :
?3 :, ?
;: 7,3
;? 8
;; 7, 3
;9 6, 7
;5 :, :, :, 5
;8 ;, 7
;6 5
;7 5, 5, 5, 7
9: <
9? 5
9; 5
97 ?
59 ;
55 5

Mo ecstrckuicùd y prhshdtoicùd eh mas eotas hd ud ecolrono eh tomma y ga`os hs nuy ðm om

arehdor vorcokmhs iuodtovos, yo quh paehnas oprhicor eadeh sh oiunumod mas eotas,

vorcokcmceoe a ecsphrscùd y farno eh ecstrckuicùd quh hdhd mas eotas, phra hsth pa eh
shnc lroios iadshrvod hm vomar eh mas eotas.

Iadimuscùd
Hd iadimuscùd, mo hstoeîsio mo usonas hd mo vceo iaecodo y hs eh lrod cnpartodico yo quh
hsto ghrronchdto hd hm ïnkcta prafhscadom oyueo o mas praihsas eh cdvhsloicùd, rhiamhito
cdfarnoicùd y o paehr tanor ehicscadhs ecicmhs iad noyar shlurceoe, poro dasatras y mos
iasos quh goihnas.

?:
 

[hfhrhdicos Opo
Uokmo eh frhiuhdicos poro vorcokmh iuomctovo + Frhiuhdico rhmovo. (;:;:, ?< shphnkrh).
RVîeha^. SauUukh. gps0//www.yautukh.ian/wotig1v>N\ZxfxBNmIO

Mùphz, @. F. (;:;?, ; fhkrhra). Nheco lhanãtrcio. Hiadancpheco.

gps0//hiadancpheco.ian/ehdcicadhs/nheco-lhanhtrcio.gtnm

Zãrhz, N. O. [. N. N. (s. f.). Ucpas eh eotas | Hstoeîsio. ihehi. [hiuphroea ;; eh aitukrh

eh ;:;?, eh
gp0//ehsiorlos.pdi.nhi.hs/ihehi/not9Q;/iadthdceas
gp0//ehsiorlos.pdi.nhi.hs/ihehi/not9Q;/iadthdceas/N9QX?:/pasQehQeotas.
/N9QX?:/pasQehQeotas.gtnm
gtnm

naeo, nhecodo y nheco poro eotas iuomctovas. (;:;:, 9 `udca). SauUukh.

gps0//www.yautukh.ian/wotig1v>\HP<h\mE6s5

Nheceos eh Uhdehdico ihdtrom. (s. f.). aphroicadhxcta.ian. [hiuphroea ;9 eh aitukrh eh

;:;?, eh gps0//nothnoioscdthrnhecos.mhs.wareprhss.ian/;:?;/:9/nheceos-eh-
thdehdico-ihdtrom.pef 

??