CHAPTER 2
Medium of the Arts
Unless an artist translates his experience into a
form that can be perceived, it cannot be shared by
other people. Art has to exist in some medium to be
recognized as such.
Medium in art refers to the materials that an
artist uses to communicate his ideas, feelings and his
thoughts.
Classification of arts according to medium:
1. VISUAL ARTS
These are arts that we perceive with our eyes;
mediums that can be seen and occupies space.
Classified as:
a.) graphic arts or two – dimensional –
drawing, painting, graphic processes, surface
printing, commercial arts, mechanical processes
and photography
b.) plastic arts or three – dimensional –
sculpture, architecture, landscaping, interior
design, city planning, crafts, industrial design,
dress and costume design and theater design
2. AUDITORY OR TIME - ARTS
These are medium that can be heard and which
are expressed in time. These are music and
literature.
3. COMBINED ARTS
These are medium that can be both seen and
heard and which exist in both time and space.
These include the dance, drama, the opera and
the movies. Along with music, these are also
known as the performing arts because each
artwork is apprehended as a “happening.” Each
requires time in which to occur. These arts
depend for their continued existence on repeated
performance.
The Artist and His Medium
When an artist proceeds to give shape to his vision,
his first thoughts are on what medium to employ.
1|Art Appreciation – Unit II. Art Medium
There are no fixed rules governing the choice of
materials and processes to use.
An artist’s choice is usually influenced by such
practical considerations as the availability of the
material, the use to which the art object will be put,
the idea that he wants to communicate and the nature
and special characteristics of the medium itself. The
artist normally selects the material he can handle well
and that would best suit his purpose as well as
adequately bring out the qualities which he wants to
show.
The nature of each medium determines the way it can
be worked and turned into a work of art. Its nature
also determines what can be expressed through it.
Only subjects that are frozen in one moment of time
can be shown by the mediums of the space arts.
Each medium has its own range of characteristics
which determine the physical appearance of the
product. It also has inherent limitations as well as
potentials. And it is a wise artist who accepts the
limitations and at the same time exploits them. For
each medium has its own way of behaving. Although
it responds to the artist’s way of handling it, it
nevertheless imposes its will on him, daring him to
explore its various possibilities.
The Artist and His Technique
A good artist makes his medium work for him to
produce effects he cannot possibly attain by any other
means. An artist’s knowledge of his medium and his
skill in making it achieve what he wants it to, make up
what is called technique.
Obviously, artists differ from each other in technique
even if they work with the same medium. Each artist,
working with the same medium, may employ a
different technique at another time for another
purpose. Technique is adapted as the need arises.
Medium of the Visual Arts
A. PAINTING
Painting is the art of creating meaningful effects
on a flat surface. It is the process of applying
pigment on a smooth surface – paper, cloth,
canvass, wood or plaster.
 Pigment is the part of the paint which supplies
the color. It is a fine powder ground from some
clay, stone or mineral, extracted from vegetable
matter or produced by a chemical process. It is
mixed with a binder, usually a liquid that allows
the powder to be spread over the flat surface until
it dries.
Medium of Painting
1. Watercolor
• In watercolor, the pigments are mixed with
water and applied to fine white paper. The
colors are applied in very thin layers. Paper is
the most commonly used ground as well as
parchment, ivory and silk.
▪ Gouache – paint in which the
pigment has been mixed with a
chalk like material which gives it
an opaque effect
Advantages
• Watercolor is light and portable, best for
horizontal or vertical scrolls.
• Spontaneity is its very essence
Disadvantages
• Watercolor painting has to be done in one
setting because it dries quickly. There can
be little or no corrections made at all with
watercolor
2. Oil
• Oil is discovered by a Flemish painter Jan
Van Eyck in the 15th century, when he
suspended colored pigments in linseed
oil.
• can be used with brush, airbrush, palette
knife, barehands
▪ Pointillism – is painting in
small dot strokes of opaque
paint close together.
▪ the painter can apply paint in
thin glazes of smooth subtle
strokes or thick impasto to
produce rough surface
Advantages
• Oil paint is the heaviest of all the painting
media, it is permanent, stable and strong
2|Art Appreciation – Unit II. Art Medium
• very flexible medium; slow to dry and the
painting can be changed and worked over
a long period of time
Disadvantages
• it has a tendency to rise to the surface and
from a film over the painting
• Oil makes colors dull and yellow with age
• It tends to crack
3. Tempera
• earth or mineral pigments mixed with egg
yolk and egg white, gum or glue
• normally applied on wooden panels
Advantages
• it is a permanent vehicle; it does not
darken or yellow with age
• the oil – egg – milk mixture work as
natural emulsion when applied over
plaster brings out forms of clean bright
colors
• dries quickly; there is blending or fusing
of colors
Disadvantages
• Tempera is difficult to spread on very
large areas
• It calls for a rigid support. It cannot be
freely moved around
4. Fresco
• application of earth pigments mixed
with water on a plaster wall while the
plaster is damp, color then sinks into
the surface and becomes an integral
part of the wall
• fresco is commonly used for mural
painting; mural painting refers to
the decoration of walls or ceilings by
various techniques. It may be purely
decorative or may be executed for
religious or didactic purposes. It is
very often used to decorate the inner
walls of public buildings, particularly
churches and tends to portray
religious, historic or patriotic themes
significant to a public audience.
Michaelangelo’s Sistine Chapel in
Rome and Leonardo da Vinci’s
 Last Supper in Milan are the most
famous example of fresco
Advantages
• water is the binding agent of fresco;
the color dries into the plaster and
the painting becomes a part of the
wall
• it is an exacting medium; no
possibility of rubbing out, of changing
the design once the work has begun
Disadvantages
• it is almost impossible to move a
fresco
• permanently fixed to the wall; a
fresco is subject to any disaster to the
building; if a plaster cracks or a hole
is punched into it, the painting is
destroyed
5. Acrylic
• synthetic paints using acrylic emulsion as
binder
• the newest medium and one that is used
widely by painters today
• quick drying qualities of watercolor and
are as flexible as oil
B. DRAWING
• is the most fundamental of all skills
needed in the arts
• it maybe a study (made for the sake of
learning how to draw some forms); a
sketch (showing the general
organization or a design of a product
being planned0; a cartoon (full – size
work meant to be a basis for some other
work)
Medium of drawing:
1. Pencil
• lead which comes in different hardness
from soft and smudgy to very hard
and needle like making possible a
wide range of values
2. Ink
3|Art Appreciation – Unit II. Art Medium
• one of the oldest material still in use,
allows for a great variety of qualities,
depending on the tools and technique
used in application
• pen and ink drawings are
characterized by precisely controlled
and uniformly wide lines
3. Pastel
• dry pigment held together with a gum
binder and compressed into sticks
• as a finished work of art, these
drawings are quite fragile and must
be sprayed with a fixative to prevent
the pigment from rubbing off
4. Charcoal
• come from a burned twig or piece of
wood
• modern manufacture charcoal sticks
are made from particles of carbon
mixed with a binder and compressed
• softest charcoal produces the darkest
most velvety tones and the hardest
produces the lightest, grayest ones
5. Crayons
• pigment bound by wax and compressed
into sticks
C. MOSAIC
• are wall and floor decorations made of
small cubes or irregularly cut pieces
of colored stones or glass called
tesserae. This are fitted together to
form a pattern and glued on a surface
with a plaster or cement
D. TAPESTRY
• these are hangings that added color to
the drab interiors and also served to
retain in the room whatever heat is
generated from the fireplace
• tapestries are fabrics into which the
design is woven with colored and
metallic threads into a warp that is
usually thin; tapestry is originally
woven by hand

E. STAINED GLASS
• are the colorful windows that we see in
the churches; these follows a pattern
and admitted the much needed light
in the Romanesque churches
1. Photography
• The word "photography" was coined
in 1839 by Sir John Herschel and is
based on the Greek word photos
which means "light" and graphé
translated as "representation by
means of lines" or "drawing", which
literally means "drawing with light".
• this is a chemical – mechanical
process by which images are
produced on sensitized surfaces by
action of light. Reproductions may
be in black or white or in full colors
of the original
• photography gives an actual likeness
of a thing
Front Parts of a Digital Camera
• Shutter button: Press this button all the way
to take a picture.
• Control buttons: Adjust various camera
settings.
• Shooting mode dial: Change among different
scene modes, adjust exposure choices, and so on.
• Microphone: Capture audio for movie clips
and voice annotations, or even activate a sound-
triggered self-timer.
4|Art Appreciation – Unit II. Art Medium
• Focus-assist light: Helps the camera focus in
dim lighting conditions.
• Electronic flash: Provides addition light to
your scene.
• Optical viewfinder: To frame and compose
your picture.
• Zoom lens and control: Magnifies or reduces
the size of the image.
• Tripod socket: Allows you to attach the
camera to a firm support.
• Docking port: Can be used to transfer photos,
recharge the batteries, make prints, or perform
other functions.
• Battery compartment: Contains the cells that
power the camera.
• Power switch: Turn the camera on or off.
Back Parts of a Digital Camera
• Indicator LEDs: Show the camera’s status.
• LCD (liquid crystal display) panel: The
camera’s display.
• Display control/Menu button: Controls the
amount of information shown in the LCD and
menus.
• Picture review: Press this button to review the
pictures you’ve already taken.
• Cursor pad: Navigate menu choices.
• Set/Execute button: Activate a feature or set a
menu choice to the current selection.
• Memory card slot: Accepts digital memory
cards.
• USB port: Access for a USB cable.
• File-save LED: This light usually lights up to
indicate that an image is being saved to the
memory card.
http://www.pctechguide.com
G. SCULPTURE
The word sculpture originates from the Latin word
sculpere, which means to carve. It can be defined as
the art or practice of creating three – dimensional
 forms or figures. Sculptures can be free – standing or
in the round 3. Combined materials

Techniques employed in sculpture: This method happens when a combination of

1. Free – standing Sculpture
• one which can be seen from more than
one position; referred to as statuary
- reserving the term for “those in the
round but penetrated or pervaded by
space”
small pieces of materials such as plastic
or moist clay is worked and modeled into
desired form which may then be
subjected to intense heat to produce a
ceramic known as terracotta. Wire rods
and plates may also be combined by
soldering or welding.

2. Relief Sculpture Materials of Sculpture

• figurines of relief sculpture are 1. Stone – fairly easy to carve

projected from a flat background
• bas relief - these are forms that are 2. Jade – fine, colorful stone used widely in
slightly raised China
• high relief – these are sculpture • symbolizes virtues such as
whose figures project to the extent of faithfulness, wisdom and charity
one half their thickness or more, so • precious stone
that they are almost round 3. Wood

4. Ivory – comes from the tusks of elephants and

3. Mobiles wild boars
• this is carved by means of scraping with
• a kind of kinetic sculpture, are made a sharp knife
of strips of metal, glass, wood or 5. Metals
plastic arranged with wires and hung
where they can move 3 unique qualities of metals:
• Alexander Calder - created the
mobile sculpture in the 1930’s
a. tensile strength
b. ductility
The Process of Creation c. malleability

1. Subtraction 6. Plaster – finely ground gypsum or burned

limestone
Carving (a process in which the artist
subtracts or cuts away from a solid material to 7. Clay
reach the desired form) is an example of this • terra cotta (cooked earth) – baked
process. The artist, using his chisels, clay or clay fired at a relatively high
hammers and other tools, deducts parts from temperature
the medium to form a designed image with • porcelain – made from mixed clay
perfect lines and angles. containing a generous amount of
koalin and feldspar
2. Addition
8. glass – can be molded into various colors and
The construction of a figure by putting shapes – excess glass is cracked off or melted by
together bits of clay or by welding very intense flame
together metal parts to create an image is
addition. Modeling is an example of an
9. Plastics
additive process. The form is build using
highly plastic material such as clay or
wax. An armature is frequently used as 10. bronze
a skeleton for the form. The metal wire
holds the clay together so that the
sculpture won’t collapse under its own
weight.
5|Art Appreciation – Unit II. Art Medium
 ARCHITECTURE
Architecture is the art of designing and constructing a
building and other type of structures which will serve
a definite function ranging from providing the
simplest shelter to meeting the technological demands
of our modern cities.
In Styles and Types of North American Architecture:
Social Function and Cultural Expression, Alan
Gowans stated: “Architecture was always about
something.
Specifically, it was about values held by the people
who had it built – their attitudes to life, their
assumptions of what is real and what is important.
Construction principles to be employed:
1. POST & LINTEL
• Most of our houses are built on this
principle
• oldest of construction system and makes
use of 2 vertical support (post) spanned
by a horizontal beam (lintel)
• Generally used for wooden buildings
2. ARCH
• consists of separate pieces of wedge –
shaped blocks called Voussoirs
arranged in a semi – circle
• Key – stone – last set stone at top
center; locks the pieces together into a
single curved structure
• Barrel Vault – succession of arches,
one placed directly behind another to
produce a structure similar to a tunnel
• Groin Vault - is formed by intersecting
arches
• Dome – hemispherical rod resembling a
ping – pong ball half; formed by a series
of arches rising from consecutive points
on a base called the drum
3. TRUSS
• system of triangular forms assembled into
a rigid framework
• bridges, theaters, gyms and halls are
examples of this principle
4. SKELETON CONSTRUCTION
• makes use of concrete and steel
6|Art Appreciation – Unit II. Art Medium
• concrete construction makes use of
concrete poured while still in its semi –
fluid state into a hollow frame; steel rods
are embedded in the concrete to
make the structure strong enough to
support great weight.
5. CANTILEVER
• makes use of a beam or slab extending
horizontally into space beyond its
supporting post yet strong enough to
support floors and walls
Medium of Architecture:
1. Stones and Bricks
Stones are favored over other
materials for its durability, adaptability to
sculptural treatment and the fact that it can
be used for modest structures in its natural
state. But it is difficult to quarry, transport
and cut and its weakness in tension limits its
use for beams, lintels and floor supports.
Bricks compares favorably with stone
as a structural material for its fire and water
resisting qualities and for the ease of
production, transportation and lying. The
size of bricks is limited by the need for
efficient drying, firing and handling but
shapes along with techniques of bricklaying
have varied widely throughout history.
Special shapes can be produced by molding to
meet particular structural or expressive
requirements.
2. Wood
All parts of a building can be
efficiently constructed of wood except
foundations; its advantage is susceptibility to
fire, mold and termites. The strength of wood
in both tension and compression arises from
its organic nature which gives it an internal
structure of longitudinal and radial fibers that
is not impaired by cutting or long exposure.
3. Metal, Iron and Steel
The development of construction
methods in iron and steel was the most
important innovation in architecture since
ancient times. These methods provide far
stronger and taller structures with less
expenditure of material than stone or wood
can produce greater unsupported spans over
 openings and interior or exterior spaces. The
evolution of steel frame construction in the
20th century entirely changed the concept of
the wall and the support.
4. Concrete
Concrete is a manufactured mixture
of cement and water, with aggregates of sand
and stones, which hardens rapidly by
chemical combination to a stone like, water
and fire resisting solid of great compressive
strength. Because it can be poured into forms
while liquid to produce a great variety of
structural elements, it provides an economical
substitute for traditional materials and it has
the advantages of continuity and of fusing
with other materials.
• Ideal materials to be used in architecture
must have compressive strength and
tensile strength
• Compressive strength are those materials
that can support heavy weights without
crumbling or breaking down
• Tensile strength – those that can be
pulled or stretch without breaking
INTERIOR DESIGN
Interior design is concerned with the selection of
space and furnishings to transform an empty shell of a
building into a livable area. It includes backgrounds
(walls, floors, ceiling), furnishings and accessories.
Design of wallpaper, furniture, textiles for curtains
and upholstery are important fields of interior design.
An interior decorator selects furnishings on
the following basis:
a. use
b. appropriateness
c. beauty
LANDSCAPING
Landscaping is the artificial arrangement of outdoor
areas to achieve a purely aesthetical effect. The
landscape artist makes use of the terrain as his basic
medium along with sand, rocks, water and growing
plants found on it. Occasionally, he gives artificial
forms to trees and shrubbery by pruning and shaping
them to blend structurally with the architecture.
7|Art Appreciation – Unit II. Art Medium
Sometimes, he adds such embellishments as
fountains, pools, benches, lanterns depending upon
the desires of his clients.
Factors, which determine landscape design:
1. site and size of the building
2. the building’s relationship to other existing
buildings in the area
3. topography/nature of the terrain
4. amount of privacy desired – determine the
height and type of fence needed
5. soil and climate of the area – choice and
arrangement of plants
6. embellishments that the owner wants to
include in his lot
The Medium of Literature and the Combined
Arts
Literature
Literature – the art of combining spoken or
written words and their meanings into forms which
have artistic and emotional appeal
Language – medium of literature
 writer use words to build up his
compositions
 the words are used in combination
with another words and arranged to
certain patterns to suggest feelings
and images
 not all writings which used language
can be called literature, the term is
used to refer to works that exploit the
suggestive power of language
 in literature the words that are used
have a definite meaning in the context
(dictionary) but the artist give
another meaning; they symbolizes
something and that makes it different
 The beauty of a literary piece can only
be appreciated by one who
understands the language in which it
was written
Classification of literature:
1. Escape literature – written for entertainment
purposes to help us pass the time in agreeable
manner. It also takes us away from the real
 world and enables us to temporarily forget
our troubles.
2. Interpretative Literature – written to
broaden and sharpen our awareness of life. It
takes us through imagination, deeper into the
real world and enables us to understand our
troubles.
Important elements of literature:
1. emotional appeal – attained when the reader
is emotionally involved or touched by any literary
work
2. intellectual appeal – add knowledge and
information and remind the reader of what he has
forgotten
3. humanistic appeal – attained when a literary
work makes the reader an improved person with a
better outlook in life and with a clear
understanding of his inner self.
Combined Arts
1. Dance
 springs from man’s love for
expressive gestures, his
release of tension through
rhythmic movement;
heightens the pleasure of
being and at the same time
mirrors the life of the society
 The medium of dance is the
body of the dancer; this is
how he communicates an
idea or feeling to his
audience; may move only a
part/parts of his body or
whole body; the movements
depend upon the music
Important types of Dance:
1. ethnologic – this involves folk dancing
associated with national and cultural groups
2. social or ballroom dances – popular type of
dancing generally performed by pairs
3. ballet – formalized type of dance which
originated in the royal courts of the Middle
Ages; may be either solo or concerted dances
with mimetic actions accompanied by music;
generally built around a theme or story
4. modern – sometimes called contemporary or
interpretative dances; represent rebellion
8|Art Appreciation – Unit II. Art Medium
against the classical formalism of ballet; they
emphasize personal communication of moods
and themes
5. musical comedy – refers to those dances
performed by soloists, groups and choruses in
theaters, night clubs, motion pictures and
television. It combines various forms of
ballet, modern, tap and acrobatics
Drama and Theater
Drama
A story re – created by actors on a stage in
front of an audience
Combine several mediums:
1. the play itself
2. the plot – rendered by actors and
actresses emoting / singing/
speaking their parts as demanded
by their roles
Common Types of Drama:
1. Tragedy – this is one of literature’s greatest
dramatic art form. it is a drama of serious
nature in which the central character comes
to some sad or disastrous end. Al tragedies
portray suffering.
2. Melodrama – in this type of drama, the
emphasis is on action rather than on
character. The action is sensational or
romantic and usually has a happy ending
Classifications of drama:
1. Comedy – generally includes all
plays with happy ending
2. Romantic comedy – is a light,
amusing tale of lovers in some
dilemma which is finally solved
happily
3. Farce – is a light humorous play,
the emphasis in a farce is on
jokes, humorous physical action,
ludicrous situations and
improbable characters
4. Comedy of manners – sometimes
called “drawing room comedy” is
sophisticated, sometimes
 satirical. The characters are
usually high – society types and
situations have little to do with
real life. The emphasis here is on
witty dialogue
3.
Cinema
Motion pictures—also called movies, films, or
the cinema — is a series of images that are projected
onto a screen to create the illusion of motion are one
of the most popular forms of entertainment, enabling
people to immerse themselves in an imaginary world
for a short period of time. Some films combine
entertainment with instruction, to make the learning
process more enjoyable. In all its forms, cinema is an 4.
art as well as a business, and those who make motion
pictures take great pride in their creations.
The images that make up a motion picture are
all individual photographs. But when they appear
rapidly in succession, the human eye does not detect
that they are separate images. This results from
persistence of vision, a phenomenon whereby the eye
retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after
the source has been removed. Although we do not
experience the images as individual photographs, we
do notice the differences between them. The brain 5.
then perceives these differences as motion.
Motion pictures are recorded using specially
designed cameras that capture the images on rolls of 6.
film. After being processed and printed, the film is run
through a projector, which shines light through the
film so that the images are displayed on a screen. Most
movies have accompanying sound.
People behind a motion picture:
Types of motion pictures
1. feature films - are the movies most commonly
shown in large movie theaters.
 they typically last at least one and
one-half hours and tell a fictional
story or a story based on real
events but portrayed by actors.
 First feature film was the “Birth
of a Nation”, 1914 (silent motion
picture)
2. animated movies - follow the same format as
features, but use images created by artists.
 these films create the illusion
of movement from a series of
twodimensional drawings,
three-dimensional objects, or
computergenerated images.
9|Art Appreciation – Unit II. Art Medium
 first animated feature was the
German film Die Abenteuer
des Prinzen Achmed (The
Adventures of Prince
Achmed, 1926).
documentary movies - deals primarily with
fact, not fiction.
 documentaries do not often
appear in theaters, but they are
seen regularly on cable and
broadcast television.
 Some well-known documentaries
are Nanook of the North (1922)
experimental film - is a sequence of images,
literal or abstract, which do not necessarily
form a narrative.
 An experimental film can be
animated, live action, computer
generated, or a combination of all
three.
 French film Un Chien Andalou
(An Andalusian Dog, 1929),
industrial films - are made by companies that
wish to publicize their products or generate a
favorable public image.
educational films - are specifically intended
to be shown in classrooms. Their aim is to
instruct, on subjects from history to driving
skills.
1. actors and actresses - play the roles of the
film.
2. producer - find money to pay for the
production, hire actors and the
production team, supervise the
production process, and make
arrangements for distributing the finished
film to theaters.
3. screenwriter - develop original ideas for the
screen or adapt previously written pieces
of work as motion pictures.
4. director - analyzes the script, visualizes how
the film should look, and guides the
actors and the production crew as they
carry out that vision.
5. unit production manager - reports to the
producer, is responsible for scheduling,
budgeting, selecting many of the crew
members, and arranging for permits from
 various authorities and owners to shoot at
locations outside the studio.
6. casting director - selects actors and negotiates
contracts during the hiring process
7. director of photography - also known as the
cinematographer, works closely with the
director and interprets the action of the
story in terms of light, shade,
composition, and camera movement.
8. designers - sometimes called the art director,
is responsible for the set designs and the
overall look of the film.
9. assistant directors – assists the director in
almost every task; creates the overall
shooting schedule, which lists the days for
filming each scene, and manages many of
the day-to-day problems that arise on the
set.
10. film and sound editors – arranged hundreds
of brief shots into a final product that
fulfills the vision of the director and
producer.
11. music composer - create a musical score that
provides transitions between scenes and
an emotional point of view for scenes and
the film as a whole. Music is often used to
enhance the dramatic content.
Music
 the art of combining and
regulating sounds of varying
pitch to produce compositions,
expressive of various ideas and
emotions.
 Music deals with emotions.
Being a “pure art” it enables to
convey emotions with great
intensity and can affect people
directly.
Role of Music in our lives
1. an effective means of developing nationalism
2. a worthy leisure activity
3. a means of developing international
friendship and understanding
4. a means of self – expression
5. a means of communicating with God
6. a means of studying culture
7. it is a vocation or profession
8. it used in medical therapy
9. it is a means of developing discipline
Medium in Music
10 | A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n – U n i t I I . A r t M e d i u m
1. Vocal Medium
The oldest and still most popular of all instrument is
the human voice. It is the most personal and direct
instruments as it come from within the body. The
song projected by the human voice is the most natural
form of music (Sanchez, et. al., 1998).
2. Instrumental Medium
2.1. String instruments – provide the basic
orchestral sounds. They produce
tones by means of the vibration of the
stretched string. There are two kinds
of string instruments:
a.) bowed strings -
produced tone by means
of a bow of horse hair.
Violin, viola, violoncello
and the double bass are
classified as bowed
strings.
b.) plucked strings –
instruments of this kind
produce tone by
plucking the strings with
a finger or with a
plectrum held in one’s
hand. The guitar is the
most popular plucked
string instrument.
2.2 Woodwind instruments – these
instruments are sounded by blowing
into them, thus setting a column of
air vibrating which can be alter by
shortening or lengthening the column
of air vibrating inside the instrument.
The piccolo, flute, oboe, English horn,
clarinet, bass clarinet, bassoon,
double bassoon and saxophone fall
under this category.
2.3 Brass instrument – these
instruments have cup – shaped
mouthpieces and expands into a bell
shaped end. Sound is produced by
blowing into the mouthpiece. This
can be alter depending on the tension
of the lips. The trumpet, French
horn, trombone and tuba belong to
this choir.
2.4 Percussion instruments – percussion
means the sharp striking of one body
against another. These instruments
are made to sound by hitting them
with special sticks or hands or by
 striking or shaking their parts 2.5 Keyboard instruments – these
together. Kettledrums, chimes, instruments are operated by means of
glockenspiel, xylophone, vibraphone, a keyboard which consists of a series
base drum, snare, tambourine, of black and white keys. Depression
castanets, cymbals and maracas fall of a key produces sound in this type
under this family. of instrument. The piano,
harpsichord, celesta and organ
belong in this kind.

11 | A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n – U n i t I I . A r t M e d i u m