Lesson 8:

Historical Foundation
✓ Started the curriculum

development movement.

✓Curriculum as a science that

emphasizes students' needs.

✓Curriculum prepares learners

for adult life. Objectives and

activities grouped together

when tasks are clarified.

Franklin Bobbit (1876-

1956)
✓ Like Bobbit, curriculum is

science and emphasizes

students needs.
✓ Objectives and activities

should match. Subject

matter or content relates

WER ET

to objectives CAHRTERS (1875-

1952(1875-1952)
 √ Curricula are purposeful activities that are

child-centered.
William
√The purpose of the curriculum is child

Kilpartick
development and growth. The project method

(1875) was introduced by Kilpatrick where the teacher

and student plan the activities.

√ The curriculum develops social relationships

and smal group instruction.

.√ To Rugg, curriculum should develop the whole

child. It is child- centered.
√With the statement of objectives and related
Harold Rugg

learning activities, curriculum should produce

(1886-
outcomes.
√Harold Rugg emphasized social studies and the
teacher plans curriculum in advance.
 √Sees curriculum as organized around social functions
of themes, organized knowledge and learners interest.
√ Caswel believes the curriculum, instructions and
Hollis
learning are inter elated.
Caswel
√ Curriculum is a set of experiences. Subject mat er is
(1901-1989)
developed around social functions and learners
interest.

√ As one of the hal marks of cur iculum. Tyler believes that cur
iculum is a science and an extension of schools philosophy. It is
based on students needs and interest. Ralph
√ To Tyler, cur iculum is always related to instruction. Subject
Tyler
(1902-
mat er is organized in terms of knowledge, skil s and values.
1994)
√The process emphasizes problem solving. The cur iculum aims
to educate generalists and not specialists.
 Hilda Taba
(1902-1967)
√ Contributed to the theoretical and pedagogical foundations of

concepts development and critical thinkin in social studies curriculum.

√ Helped lay the foundation for diverse student population

Peter Oliva
(1992-2012)
√ Described how curriculum change is a cooperative endeavor.

√Teachers and curriculum specialist constitute the professional core

of planners. √Significant improvement through group activity


Historical Foundation
It includes
√ Role of the curriculum in
achievements of nations.
√ Guides future plans
√ Factors that influence the
development of a nation e.g.
unity
√ Eliminates the useless
traditions.
Role of the History of curriculum in
the development of curriculum
• tell the curriculum planner how to
develop and modify the curriculum
•tell them how the teacher should teach
•explains the teacher psychology at
different time and how to improve their
teaching styles.
• provides a detail about the learner
behavior at different times.
 A short history of the curriculum and curriculum
development process
✓ Plato- was the earliest and most important Greek Philosopher and educational
thinker.
-thinks education as a key for a society and he stress on education.

Different stages of education

1st stage
-stay with their mother/ elders and learn moral education from them
2nd stage
-both girls and boys should be separated
3rd stage
-should teach them music and early education
-should be brought to the battlefield to learn real-life experiences
4th stage
-get mathematical training and last for another 10 years. After the completion, the
selected ones are admitted into the study of dialect
5th stage
-study dialect for another 5 years
6th stage
-ready to become a ruler and philosopher and the one enter in practical life
Imam Ghazali Curriculum
✓ The great educator of Islam, Imam Ghazali was born in 1059 AD near Tus in
Khurasan, a part of the then Persia.
✓ His educational philosophy is based on his personal experience. The philosophy,
which he formulated over a period of 10 years, resembles the Philosophy of Plato.
He used his personal experience and concluded the reasons.
According to Ghazali, there are four categories of Knowledge;
1. Prophetic
2. Ruler
3. Philosophers/scholars
4. Preachers
Curriculum:
- Ghazali strongly criticizes the curriculum of his time. He raises the basic question
of criteria for the selection of subject matter for curriculum. He studied the various
curriculums of his time and reached the following conclusions:
✓More time is spent on religious education and worldly education is completely
ignored
✓Worldly education is equally important
✓While teaching religious education, a great number of differences arise among
the teachers, which result in mudslinging on each other
✓There is no Prioritization and it is only left to the interest and opinions of the
teachers to concentrate on certain subjects, while ignore others.
✓No place for character building in curriculum
Methods of Teaching and Techniques:
- Ghazali has recommended the following teaching
Move from simple to complex.
methods and techniques, which are based on
- This is a very important principle of

psychological principles. These methods and

today curriculum which was presented

techniques are widely used and educators all over

by Ghazali at those times. History of

the world agree with their usefulness and today
they are the foundation of the curriculum
foundation of curriculum development
development process.
curriculum laid down the basic
Proper planning
- Ghazali stresses the importance of

✓ Teaching of lessons to be based on previous planning and advises that teachers

knowledge and experience of the students. should do his preparation before

✓ Teachers should simplify the difficult concepts by teaching to make it effective

stories, tales etc. otherwise his teaching will not
Abilities of students:
- Ghazali stresses that while teaching the abilities of students should be

kept in mind. Concepts, which are above the mental level of the students,

will not make the teaching effective. Today in modern curriculum teachers

are asked to keep in mind individual differences. - In the era of colonists,

the colonist came to indo-pack and they set up schools exactly like the ones

they knew in Europe. The curriculum was centered on the learning of

letters, numbers, and prayers. Their strict learning environment did not

allow for crafts nor recess breaks, and only one out of ten children
attended school
 1. Religious Education; its major aim was personal
salvation
There were common
2 Education was centered on social class, dual system, or

class system. The children of workers should have

characteristics shared
minimal primary education, they learned the 4 R's

by these colonies: (reading, writing, arithmetic, and religion

3 With the exception of few Schools, education was
only for boys
4 Most children in colonial times received their
education through informal means such as the
family, the farm, and the shop.
The history of ones country can affect its educational

system and the kind of curriculum it has. If we are

going to trace the formal beginning of curriculum,

we get back in time to Franklin Bobbits book
HISTORY AND ITS

entitled, The Curriculum which was published in 1918.

INFLUENCE TO

-From the time of Bobbit to Tyler, many

CURRICULUM
developments in the purposes, principles and

contents of the curriculum took place. Please read

the Six Famous Curriculum Theorists and their

Contributions to Education for more information