OVERVIEW OF FROG

1. Classification and Basic information

2. Morphology

3. Anatomy
 OVERVIEW OF FROG
1. Classification and Basic information
Classification
: Phylum - Chordata
: Subphylum - Vertebrata
: Division - Gnathostomata
: Super class - Tetrapoda
: Class -Amphibia
: Order - Anura
: Genus - Rana
: Species - tigrina
 OVERVIEW OF FROG
Key point about frog –
• Most common species - Rana tigrina
Toad - Bufo melanostictus
• Never drink water but absorb it through the skin.

• Poikilotherms/cold blooded - Body temperature varies with

the temperature of environment.

• Aestivation (summer sleep) and Hibernation – Take shelter

in deep burrows to protect them from extreme heat and
cold.
 OVERVIEW OF FROG
• Camouflage/Metachrosis - Ability to change the colour to
hide them from their enemies.

• Mimicry - Protective coloration.

• Skin is smooth and slippery due to presence of mucus

glands.
• Toad have poisonous glands in its skin but it is absent in
frog.
 OVERVIEW OF FROG
• Colour - Dorsal surface - Olive green
Ventral surface - Uniformly pale yellow

• Size - length - 18-20 cm

- width - 5 - 8 cm.

• Shape - Triangular

• Body is adapted for burrowing, jumping and swimming.

• Exoskeleton is absent in frog.

 MORPHOLOGY OF FROG
MORPHOLOGY OF FROG
• Neck and tail are absent
Body of frog is divided into two parts.
(A) Head (B) Trunk
(A) Head - Anterior conical part - snout
- Bears the following structure.
(a) Mouth -
(i) Tongue - Long, Bilobed, sticky and folded
(ii) Teeth - Maxillary - Homodont, Polyphyodont
& acrodont.
- Vomerine - Helps in capturing and killing
of prey.
• Absent in lower jaw.
MORPHOLOGY OF FROG
small , circular spot ,
represent vestigial third eye
just behind the eye

(Eardrum)
 MORPHOLOGY OF FROG
Vocal sac/Resonater organ
• One pair, balloon like structure
• Produce croaking sound and Increase the pitch of croaking

• Importance of croaking sound - To attract female for

mating in breeding season.

• It is found only in throat of male frog.

 MORPHOLOGY OF FROG
• B. Trunk-
Nuptial / Copulatory/ amplexusery Vertebral line
pad (Absent in female)

Digit 4 in number ,(1st

digit / pollex absent)
Fore limb
Digital formula
(0,2,2,3,3)
• Male frog can be distinguished by the presence of vocal sacs
and copulatory pad, which are absent in female frog.
 MORPHOLOGY OF FROG
B. Trunk-
(Longitudinal folds, on dorsal part of trunk )
Dermal Plica

Larger and muscular than fore limbs

Hind limb
(three parts -thigh,shank, foot(pes)
bears five toes)
'Z' Shape (Adaptation for jumping,
swimming and shock absorption)

Hallux
Webbed Digits Digital formula
Web (5 in number ) (2,2,3,4,3)
(Membranous structure)
 ANATOMY OF FROG
3. ANATOMY/INTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF FROG-
Following systems are present in frog-
(A) RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-
Function
• Exchange of gases from the environment.
• 3 types of respiration are present in frog-
1. Pulmonary resp. (56%)

2. Cutaneous resp. (35%)**

3. Buccopharyngeal/Buccal cavity resp.(9%)

 ANATOMY OF FROG
1. Pulmonary resp. (56%)- A pair of elongated, pink coloured,
sac like structure present in upper
part of trunk.

2. Cutaneous resp. (35%)- skin contain the mucus glands which

secrete the mucus to moist the skin
that helps in exchange of gases by
diffusion , in water and during
Aestivation and Hibernation.
 ANATOMY OF FROG
3. Buccopharyngeal/Buccal cavity resp.(9%)- Due to large network
of capillaries is present in its oral cavity.
 ANATOMY OF FROG
(B) Digestive System-
Functions -
• Ingestion,
• Digestion and Absorption
• Egestion of undigested food.

Consist of -

1. Alimentary canal/Digestive tract.

2. Digestive glands.
1. Alimentry Canal/Digestive tract-
A.C. is short because frogs are carnivores. But A.C of its
tadpole larva is long because they are herbivores.
 ANATOMY OF FROG
Route for passage of Food
Mouth
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Intestine
Rectum
Cloaca
Cloacal aperture.
 ANATOMY OF FROG
STOMACH
• Muscular bag like structure contains HCl and proteolytic
enzymes .

• HCl makes the acidic PH of food and it is bacteriolytic .

MECHANISM
• Digestion of food takes place by the action of HCl and
gastric juices secreted from the walls of stomach.

• Chyme (Partially digested food) is passed from stomach to

duodenum .
 ANATOMY OF FROG
• Duodenum receives bile from gall bladder and pancreatic
juices from the pancreas through a common bile duct.

• Bile emulsifies fat and pancreatic juices digest carbohydrate

and proteins .

• Final digestion takes place in intestine .

• Digested food is absorbed by the intestine .

 ANATOMY OF FROG
• The undigested solid waste moves into the rectum and
passes out through cloaca( common outlet for faeces, urine
and gametes) .
2. Digestive glands
(a) Liver -
• It forms bile .
• Bile is stored in gall bladder and secreted in intestine .
• Bile juice is an alkaline solution which change the PH of
food and causes emulsification of fats .
(b) Pancreas- It secrete pancreatic/digestive juice in intestine.
 ANATOMY OF FROG
C. Circulatory system-
Function - Transport food, gases and hormones to various parts
of body.
Heart - Myogenic and 3 chambered, 2 Auricle and 1 Ventricle.
- 64 Beats/minute.
- Closed and incomplete double circulation.
Left Auricle
Right Auricle
Left Precaval Right Precaval

Sinus Venosus
Pace maker of Heart

Post caval
Dorsal View of Heart
 ANATOMY OF FROG
Aortic trunks
Left Auricle

Right Auricle

Truncus Arteriosus
or
Conus Arteriosus Ventricle
(Opening of Ventricle)

Ventral View of Heart

 ANATOMY OF FROG
Blood –
3 types of blood cells are present.
(1) RBC - Nucleated, Biconvex/oval and contains Hb.
(2) WBC - Provide immunity.
(3) Thrombocytes - Responsible for blood clotting. RBC
Portal circulation - Special Venous Connection
• Hepatic portal system - Special venous connection between liver
and Intestine.

• Renal portal system - Special venous connection between kidney

and lower parts of body.
Absent in mammals.
• The Lymphatic system consists of lymph,lymph channels and lymph
nodes .
• Lymph is different from blood . It lacks few proteins and RBCs
 ANATOMY OF FROG
(D) Nervous System-
Perception and analysis of sense, Reaction according to
sense , control and coordination of various organs.
Divided into 3 parts- 1. CNS 2. PNS 3. ANS
lateral pallium
(cerebral hemisphere)
olfactory bulb diencephalon Midbrain spinal cord

accessory optic nerve

olfactory bulb
 ANATOMY OF FROG
(1) Central nervous system (CNS)
 ANATOMY OF FROG
(2)Peripheral Nervous System (ANS)

Cranial nerves (10 pairs)

Nerves

Spinal nerves (10 pairs)

[ Except Rana tigrina- 9 pairs ]
(3)Autonomous Nervous System (ANS)

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

(Increase the rate of autonomous organs)
Parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)
(Normalise the increased rate of autonomous organs)
 ANATOMY OF FROG
SENSE ORGANS IN FROG
• Organ of touch - Sensory papillae .

• Organ of taste - Taste buds .

• Organ of smell - Nasal epithelium .

• Organ of vision - Eyes (possessing only one unit )

• Organ of hearing - Tympanum with internal ear .

• Eyes and internal ear are well organised structures and the
rest are cellular aggregations around nerve ending .
 ANATOMY OF FROG
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
• Kidney -1 pair in number, Mesonephric type
( Cortex ,medulla and pyramids absent )
Aslo act as a heamopoitic organ in tadpole larva.
 ANATOMY OF FROG

• Structural & functional unit - 2000 uriniferous tubules in

each kidney .
Form urine and stored
in Urinary bladder

• The main excretory product in frog is urea - Ureotelic

• The main excretory product in tadpole larva is ammonia -

Ammonotelic
 ANATOMY OF FROG
F. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF FROG

• Sexual dimorphism

• External fertilization

• Indirect development  Tadpole larva

1. Male Reproductive System

• Structural and functional communication is found between

reproductive and excretory organs of male frog.

 ANATOMY OF FROG
Route for the passage of sperms
Testes

Vasa efferentia

Kidney

Bidders Canal

Seminal vesicle

Urinogenital duct

Cloaca

Cloacal aperture
 EXERCISE
Q .41 Select the correct route for the passage of sperms in
male frog : [NEET(UG) 2017]
(1) Testes Vasa efferentia Kidney Seminal Vesicle
urinogenital duct cloaca.
(2) Testes Vasa efferentia Bidder's canal ureter
cloaca
(3) Testes Vasa efferentia Kidney Bidder's canal
urinogenital duct cloaca.
(4) Testes Bidder's canal Kidney Vasa efferentia
urinogenital duct cloaca.
Ans:3
 ANATOMY OF FROG
2. Female Reproductive System
• Route for the passage of Ova
Ovary

Ostium

Oviduct funnel

Oviduct

Ovisac

Cloaca

Cloacal aperture
 ANATOMY OF FROG
ECONOMICAL IMPORTANCE-
• Protect the crops.

• Maintain ecological balance.

• Muscular legs of frog are used as food by man

ANATOMY OF FROG
ANATOMY OF FROG