Body shape

tuna

1) fusiform
a) = torpedo-shaped
b) allows minimal drag while swimming
c) best shape for a pelagic cruise
2) compressed
a) laterally flattened (e.g., butterflyfishes &
surgeonfishes)
b) allows for maneuverability in surge environments
c) useful for demersal fishes that hover above the reef
d) exception seen in flatfishes that lie on one side of the
body as benthic fishes
3) elongated or attenuated
a) long body (e.g., trumpetfish, cornetfish, eels)
b) seen in demersal fish that either hover
motionless in the water)
c) seen also in benthic fishes (e.g., eels) that
hide in holes in the reef
4) depressed
a) dorso-ventrally flattened (e.g., frogfishes,
scorpionfishes & gobies)
b) broad ventral surface facilitates resting on
the bottom
c) seen in many benthic fishes
 Body Coloration

1) Source of color
a) pigment color - chromatophores for yellows,
reds, oranges, browns, & blacks
b) structural color - iridophores (reflection) &
light refraction for blues, silvers, & rainbows
2) patterns
a) countershading
1) dark blue or black dorsally, white or silvery
ventrally
2) results in blue water "camouflage“
3) observed most frequently in pelagic cruisers
b) camouflage
1) matching the background coloration
2) usually involves having irregular dark
blotches and spots
3) typically seen in benthic fishes, especially
benthic ambush predators (e.g., frogfishes,
gobies, & many scorpionfishes)
4) some fishes (e.g., flatfishes) may exhibit
rapid color changes in response to different
backgrounds
b) camouflage
5) matching downwelling light

Hatchet fish

Cookie cutter shark

c) disruptive coloration
1) color pattern breaks up the silhouette
of the fish
2) may involve dark bars across the eye
and tail region
3) seen in many demersal fishes such as
butterfly fishes
d) bars and stripes
1) bars are vertical (e.g., manini)
2) stripes are horizontal (e.g., ta'ape)
3) seen frequently in schooling demersal
fishes
4) may confuse potential predators by
making it difficult to select individual
prey from the school
 
e) misdirection
1) false eye spots, etc.
2) observed in many demersal butterfly fishes
f) advertising coloration
1) bright, obvious color patterns
2) possible functions
a) advertising a cleaning station
(e.g., cleaner wrasses)
b) advertising a warning (e.g., nohu)
c) advertising for mates (e.g., male
parrotfishes)

Hawaiian cleaner
wrasse Nohu
g) mimicry
1) imitating other creatures
2) seen in a few demersal and benthic fishes
3) examples
a) blenny (Aspidontus taeniatus) mimics
cleaner wrasses
b) shortnose wrasse mimics Potter's angel
which sports a defensive spine
g) mimicry
leafy sea dragon (Australia)

                                      
h) uniform red coloration
1) most often observed in deep-dwelling or
night active demersal fishes
2) examples include opakapaka, oweoweo,
menpachi, & squirrelfishes
i) noctural versus diurnal color changes
j) male versus female color differences
k) juvenile versus adult color differences

Dragon wrasse

Stoplight parrotfish Bluehead wrasse

 Marine Fish: hypoosmotic
Less salt than external
H2O continually leaves body
environment

continually
drinks
seawater

excretes salt
through gills
produces small amts of
dilute urine
Freshwater Fish: hyperosmotic

H2O continually enters body

does not drinks

water

More salt than external

produces large amts of environment
dilute urine
Fish Anatomy
 Anatomy/Physiology

Definition of terms:

 Anterior (cranial) toward the head

 Posterior (caudal) toward the tail
 Cranial head region
 Caudal pertaining to the tail region
 Dorsal toward the back (top) of the animal
 Ventral toward the belly of the animal
 Medial toward the median line
 Distal away from the center or origin
 Proximal toward the center or origin
Anatomy/physiology
 External Anatomy of fish
 The body: divided into head, trunk, and tail.
 The scales: primary protection, but still a place
pathogens could infiltrate.
 Even the head is covered by epidermis and some
scales.
 Basic Anatomy
Class Osteichthyes
• Posses jaws with teeth, bony skeleton, paired fins
• 4 paired gill arches covered by operculum
• Intestine- simple, no spiral valve
• Swim bladder
• Lateral line
• Homocercal tail
• Scales- cycloid, ctenoid
Anatomy/physiology
 External Anatomy of fish
 Lateral line: is present along middle side of
body.

 Head:
Nares: located on dorsal side of the anterior
end of head.
Each naris is divided into two portions
which permits water to circulate through
the olfactory sac.
Anatomy/physiology
 External Anatomy of fish
 Head:
Eyes: located in lateral position at anterior
end of head.

Operculum: Located at the posterior and

lateral positions of the head.

Gill arch: Beneath the operculum are located

four pair of gill arches.
Anatomy/physiology
 External Anatomy of fish
 Head:
Gill arch:
Each arch bears a gill on its outer surface.
Each gill consists of two rows of filaments.
Each filament consists of numerous
lamellae.
Inner margin of arch bears a single row of
tooth-like projections the gill rakers.
Anatomy/physiology
 Sensory perception of the fish:
 Sight:
Sight is the predominant sense of salmon.

 Hearing:
Lateral line perceives sounds of low wave
length.
Ear perceived sounds of higher wave length.
 Equilibrium:
Organs of equilibrium are the lateral line and
the ear.
Anatomy/physiology
 Sensory perception of the fish:
 Touch:

  Smell:
Long range perception of chemicals
Preceptors of smell through olfactory sac
 Taste:
Taste is the perception of chemicals upon
contact.
Taste buds:

Taste buds located on tongue and head.

Anatomy/physiology

 Sensory perception of the fish:

 Kinesthetic perception?
 Temperature:

Function of lateral line

Anatomy/physiology

 Functions of various sense organs:

 Eye:
Sight
 Ear: Inner ear
Equilibrium and hearing
 Nares:
Smell
 Lateral line:
Hearing, equilibrium, touch, perception,
and temperature
 Anatomy/physiology
 Internal Anatomy
 Skeletal system:
The function of the skeletal system is one of
support.
 Skeletal tissues: to support the skeletal system
 Axial skeleton:
Head, trunk, and tail regions.
Head:
Trunk skeleton: modified portion of the
vertebral column.
Tail skeleton: remainder of the vertebral
column
 Anatomy/physiology
 Supporting tissues:
 Connective tissue: ligaments, tendons, septa, fascia,
and mesenteries.
Ligaments: tough bands of tissue between bones.
Tendons: thick narrow bands by which muscles are
attached to the skeleton.
Septa: are heavy tissues which separate various
portions of the body.
Fascia:are the thin sheets of connective tissue
which surround muscles.
Mesenteries: are delicate tissues which support
the organs of the body cavity.
 Anatomy/physiology
 Muscular system:
 Three types of muscle tissue: smooth, striated, and
cardiac.
 Smooth and cardiac: muscles are involuntary.
 Striated muscle is voluntary.
 Smooth or involuntary muscles:
Found in various organs
 Cardiac muscle: is striated but involuntary.
 Primary function of muscles is motion and
locomotion.
 Anatomy/physiology

 Digestive system:
 Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, pyloric cecae, liver and pancreas.
 Mouth: grasping organ; teeth function to
retain prey.
 Pharynx: leads to the esophagus:

 Esophagus: muscular tube leading from the

pharynx to the stomach.
 Anatomy/physiology

 Digestive system:
 Stomach: consists of two parts:
Cardiac:
Pyloric:
 Anatomy/physiology
 Digestive system:
 Intestine: duodenum, and small and large
intestines.
Duodenum: short portion of the intestine
pyloric caeca are attached and which
receives the bile duct and the pancreatic
duct
Small intestine: predominant portion of
intestinal tract.
Large intestine: extremely short and located
just anterior to the anus.
 Anatomy/physiology
 Digestive glands in the salmon and trout include :
 Gastric glands
 Intestinal glands
 Liver: a bilobed organ located in the anterior and
left lateral portion of the body cavity
Gall bladder: a thin-walled sac embedded in the
liver,
- Pancreas: Pada beberapa ikan kelenjar hati
dan pankreas ada yang bersatu, atau pankreasnya
melewati kelenjar hati tetapi tidak bersatu, dan
ada juga kelenjar pankreas yang terpisah kecil-
kecil di sepanjang usus ikan.
 Anatomy/physiology

 Pancreas: diffuse gland located on the

pyloric caeca

 Pancreatic duct: discharge enzymes into the

intestine
Pancreatic juices contain 3 enzymes that act on
proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
 Anatomy/physiology

 Respiratory system:
 Gills: Function to exchange gases
Oxygen absorbed through gills into blood
Gas exchange:
 Flow from dense to less dense
 Airbladder: doesn’t function as respiratory
organ in salmonids

Fry and fingerling stages: air bladder connected

by duct to the esophagus (surface feeding?)
 Anatomy/physiology
 Circulatory system: Blood and lymph
systems
 Blood:
Fluid tissue – liquid plasma and cellular
components
Plasma: 80% water
Proteins and carbohydrates
Waste materials (urea and uric acid)
Mineral salts
Enzyme secretions from glands
Antibodies
Respiratory and Circulatory System
 Anatomy/physiology
 Blood cells
 Red cells (erythrocytes)

Flattened, nucleated cells with hemoglobin

 White cells (leukocytes)

 Thrombocytes: Present in blood and aid in formation of blood clots

 Closed system which blood circulates – heart,
Blood vessels:
arteries, veins, and capillaries
 Heart: Consists of 2 chambers - auricle(atrium) and ventricle
 Anatomy/physiology
 Lymph system: consists of plasma and leukocytes
 Starts in the intercellular spaces and eventually empty into veins
 Spleen is associated with lymphatic system

 Blood producing organs:

 Functions is same as bone marrow in mammals
 Spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus:
 Anatomy/physiology

 Primary functions of major organs:

 Spleen: produces leukocytes, serves as a

storage space for RBCs, and destroys worn
out red blood cells
 Kidney: divided into 2 parts
 Anterior: produces red and white blood cells
 Posterior: filtration
 Swim bladder: hydrostatic organ
 Anatomy/physiology

 serves to move blood through circulatory

Heart:
system – consists of atrium, ventricle, and bulbous
arteriosis (smoothes out pressure to steady flow)
 Liver:
 Detoxification, digestion, excretion, and
hematopoiesis
Digestion: secretion of bile salts
Excretion: destruction of worn out RBCs,
conversion of hemoglobin into bile salts and
ammonium salts into urea
The liver also serves for storage of glycogen
(animal starch)
 Anatomy/physiology
 Gastro-intestinal tract:
 Cardiac and pyloric stomach:


 Pyloric caeca:

 Small intestine: digestion and absorption of food

Enzymes secreted by glands – break down proteins

and carbohydrates
Carbs. and proteins absorbed directly in to
bloodstream
 Large intestine: serves as storage space for accumulation of waste before
excretion
MELANOMAKROFAG CENTER
(MMC)