Republic of the Philippines

NORTHERN ILOILO POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE

CONCEPCION CAMPUS
Concepcion Iloilo
Reg. No. 97Q19783

Physiology of Aquatic Organisms VIDEN V. ELPOS, RFT, Ph.D.,D. F.Tech.

AY 2020-2021 - 2ND Sem. Professor

MODULE 6 LESSON 1 & 2

Smell as Fish Sense of Organ and Excretory System
11th & 12th Week

I. Introduction:

This module discusses and emphasized one of the senses of fish, its the
sense of smell. This covers the opening of the fish, the snout are called nostrils,
or nares.

II. Instructions:
Read, analyze the module properly and answer the questions correctly that
is being ask. Follow instructions, since it is a part of the examination.
Students, forget not to write the complete information in your answer
sheet. Submit the module in the specific retrieval place/location in exact schedule
of submission. Constant correct practice and following the health protocols and
virtues by following the acronym:
V - Values Oriented Students;
I - Industrious students of reading and answering HONESTLY your test;
D - Diligent students and can work independently;
E - Environment Friendly
N - NEVER touch MEN and never forget to observe WOMEN.

Values Statement: HAVE NO FEAR

When YOU hear HIS voice fear not your HEART.

 I. Learning Outcomes: At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

a. determine and discus the fish nostril as sense of smell;

b. Explain and in depth the important functions and draw the structure of the
eyes as one of the senses of fish plus the EXCRETORY SYSTEM;
C. ive and write the parts within the eyes as the sense of sight.

III. Learning Content

Fish have all five senses. The five senses include sight, smell, taste,
hearing, and feeling. In fish, the hearing and feeling senses work together.
Fish have the five senses that people have, but have a sixth sense that is
more than a sense of touch. Fish have a row of special cells inside a special canal
along the surface of the fish's skin.
A sense of smell is indispensable to fish. They use it to find food, detect
imminent danger and elude predators, to find safe environments and spawning
areas, even to recognize one another. To lose it could threaten their very survival.

Fish use smell to sense danger and detect predators who feed on them as
well. Fish also use taste and smell for navigation.
Fish have an amazing sense of smell—much better than a human's—and
most, if not all, other animals. Humans use their nose to smell and breathe,
but fish use their noses exclusively for smelling and not for breathing. The two
openings on either side of the snout are called nostrils, or nares.

Salmon have a strong sense of smell.

In fish: nostrils are for smelling, gills are for breathing. Each nostril in a
bony fish actually consists of two openings, as shown on this black crappie
above. Typically, the anterior nostrils of fishes do indeed to be situated towards
the tip of the snout (figure 7).
.

Fish's sense of smell

Although it may seem strange, fish can smell and, actually, they have a
very good sense of smell. Most fish species have very
sensitive olfactory receptors, capable of detecting the presence of molecules in
very low concentrations. Fish have one or two pairs of nostrils through which
water flows into the nasal cavity.
 A sense of smell is indispensable to fish. They use it to find food, detect
imminent danger and elude predators, to find safe environments and spawning
areas, even to recognize one another. To lose it could threaten their very survival.
Fish use their sense of smell (olfaction) to find food, safe habitats, avoid
predators, recognize each other and find suitable spawning grounds. A reduction
in their ability to smell therefore can compromise these essential functions
for their survival. These fish were also more likely to "freeze" indicating anxiety.

"The senses of taste and smell are related because they use the same
types of cured fish, aged cheeses and meats; olfactory: concerning the sense of
smell . Both smell and taste use chemoreceptors, which essentially means they
are both.
 Like with sound, fish are able to detect smells underwater far greater then
the average human can in air. While smell may dissipate quickly for humans in
the surrounding atmosphere, it lingers much longer in water, and a fish
can detect odors in far smaller quantities.
The short answer is yes, fish like garlic, but there is more to it than that.
Studies show that some fish have a very powerful sense of smell. Fishermen
have been using garlic for their bait for decades because it has a very strong
smell.

Fish have nostrils called nares which are located on the snout above their
mouths. Under the skin just below the nare openings are small sacs which
contain smell receptors. Water, carrying scent, moves through the sacs. The sacs
are connected to the brain by nerves, allowing the fish to smell.
Chemoreception(smelling) — Most fish possess highly developed sense
organs. Nearly all daylight fish have color vision that is at least as good.

Chemoreception is the physiological capacity whereby organisms detect

the varied external and internal chemical information required for survival and is
the most primitive sensory process. Fish living in water have respiratory,
gustatory, and olfactory chemosensory systems that detect water-soluble
chemical cues.
 If fish breathe through their gills, why do they have nostrils? Fish sniff the
water coming through their nostrils (also called nares) to detect chemicals in the
water, which can help them avoid predators, locate mates, and also direct their
migration.
The sense of smell, or olfaction, is the special sense through which smells
(or odors) are ... Fish, too, have a well-developed sense of smell, even though
they inhabit an aquatic environment. Salmon utilize their compounds. Some
insects, such as the moth Deilephila elpenor, use olfaction as a means to find
food sources

The olfactory system is the system related to the sense of smell (olfaction).
Many fish activities are dependent on olfaction, such as: mating, discriminating
kin, avoiding predators, locating food, contaminant avoidance, imprinting and
homing. Olfactory toxicity can occur by multiple, complex Modes of Toxic
Action.
 Olfactory system, the bodily structures that serve the sense of smell. The
system consists of the nose and the nasal cavities, which in their upper parts
support the olfactory mucous membrane for the perception of smell and
in their lower parts act as respiratory passages.

Olfactory receptor, protein capable of binding odour molecules that plays a

central . These receptors are common to arthropods, terrestrial vertebrates, fish,
and other aquatic organisms.
Excretory Organs
The primary excretory organ in fishes, as in other vertebrates, is the
kidney. In fishes some excretion also takes place in the digestive tract, skin, and
especially the gills (where ammonia is given off).
Fish Excretory System Organ
 Fish excrete waste

As with many aquatic animals, most fishes release their

nitrogenous wastes as ammonia. Some of the wastes diffuse through the gills
into the surrounding water. Others are removed by the kidneys, excretory organs
that filter wastes from the blood.

The renal excretory system consists of the kidney and the collecting
ductsIt plays a role in osmoregulation (maintaining the stability of water and salt
content in the inner medium), and excretion (compounds that the kidney
withdraws from the bloodstream and evacuate as urine), hence it complements
the gills regarding . In addition, the salts in the water they continually drink are
excreted by special cells in their gills. In fact, marine fish excrete most of their
nitrogenous waste as ammonia through the gills and only a little as urea, which
conserves water.

Excretory System of Fishes

 Fish utilize kidneys to filter out the wastes from their blood and then
use their skin and gills to excrete nitrogenous wastes, ammonia and excess
water (they rely a lot on diffusion). They continuously keep a homeostasis of
water and ions that differs between salt and fresh water fish. Freshwater fish
maintain a hypertonic environment in their body: they gain water and lose
ions (through diffusion) because their body has a lower concentration of
water compared to their environment. To compensate that they produce a
dilute urine and the gills actively take up irons. This means that they have a
high filtration rate in their kidneys and therefore their kidneys have a high
amount of glomeruli. On the contrary saltwater fish maintain a hypotonic
environment: they lose water and gain ions like Na+, Cl- and K+ (through
diffusion) because they have a higher water concentration compared to their
environment. To compensate that they produce a very concentrated/salty
urine and the ions get actively transported (away) through the gills. Fish do
not have a loop of Henle in their nephron since they do not face the problem
of water shortage in their aquatic habitat, but rather having a too high
concentration of water in their body (especially freshwater fish) .

Some of the wastes diffuse through the gills into the surrounding water.
Others are removed by the kidneys, excretory organs that filter wastes from the
blood. Kidneys help fishes control the amount of ammonia in their bodies.
Saltwater fish tend to lose water because of osmosis.
 The kidney, gills, and skin play an important role in maintaining a fish's
internal environment and checking the effects of osmosis. Marine fishes live in an
environment in which the water around them has a greater concentration of salts
than they can have inside their body and still maintain life.

Two main organs of the fish excretory system

The primary excretory organ in fishes, as in other vertebrates

1. kidney. In fishes some excretion also takes place in the digestive
tract
2. skin, and especially the gills (where ammonia is give
 In fish, the excretory system is responsible for regulating the chemical
composition and water balance of body fluids. It does so by removing metabolic
waste from the blood, and keeps the appropriate amount nutrients, water, and
salt. As blood flows through the kidney, they pass through individual filters called
nephrons. The nephron includes a basic filter, called the glomerulus, and a long,
winding tubule with many sections. The glomerulus lets fluids and waste
products flow through, but prevents blood cells and proteins from passing. As
the filtered fluid continues, many steps in the tubule further filter important
minerals and water. The remaining product is urine.

The kidneys in freshwater fish control osmoregulation, the control of water

and salt concentrations. In freshwater fish, the kidney retains ions and excretes
water. The kidneys are also responsible for hematopoiesis, which is the
production of red blood cells.

This occurs mostly in the anterior kidney, but can be found throughout the
whole kidney. The kidneys are responsible for preventing excess solute loss,
since they need to have more salt in their blood than in the water surrounding
them.

Since freshwater fish need to prevent water gain and salt loss, their skin is
covered by a thin layer of mucus, which prevents water from entering the fish.
The only way for water to enter or leave the fish is through the gills and excretory
system, respectively.

The kidneys in freshwater fish produce ammonia, rather than uric acid
(often found in birds) or urea (often found in mammals). Since ammonia is very
toxic, it is excreted as it is formed in the fish. The ammonia is extremely diluted
because of the large amounts of water that build up in the fish. Because of this,
the kidneys excrete more water than those of a saltwater fish.

Excretory organ of fish is kidney that functions to excrete nitrogenous

waste and regulate osmotic pressure of body fluid. The excreted waste which
contains 90% of ammonia and urea is discharged through anus. Freshwater fish
excrete more water than salt water fish. The differences between excretion
system of freshwater fish and that of saltwater fish can be seen in figure
 Marine fishes must conserve water, and therefore their
kidneys excrete little water. Most nitrogenous waste in marine fishes appears to
be secreted by the gills as ammonia. Marine fishes can excrete salt by clusters of
special cells (chloride cells) in the gills
 Source of ammonia excreted by the gills of the marine teleost,
Myoxocephalus . Synthesis and total excretion of waste nitrogen by fish of
thePeriohthahnus .

Fish are aquatic, ectothermic vertebrates. Many structures in fish are

stream-lined body that reduces water resistance while swimming. Fish have gills
for “breathing” oxygen in water and fins for propelling and steering their body
through water.

Increasing levels of dissolved CO2 disrupt fish's olfactory skills, study

finds. Fish use their sense of smell to find food, avoid predators, identify each,
the meaning and significance of the plant has transformed through time.

Fish are losing their sense of smell because of increasingly acidic oceans
caused by rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere,
Nitrogen wastes are a by product of protein metabolism. Ammonia is very
toxic and usually is excreted directly by marine animals. Water enters and leaves
through the gills and the fish excretory system produces large amounts of dilute.

A nostril is one of the two channels of the nose, from the point where they
bifurcate to the ... Like other tetrapods, humans have two external nostrils (
anterior nares) and ... Though all four nostrils were on the outside the head of our
fish ancestors, the nostrils for outgoing water (excurrent nostrils) migrated to the
inside of the …

Take a deep dive and learn all about bony fishes - from what they like to
eat .Fishes have two kinds of fins: paired fins (pectoral and pelvic) and median .
In some bony fishes (such as eels), the nostrils' incurrent and
excurrent openings..…Salmon have a strong sense of smell.

The choanae (singular choana), posterior nasal apertures or internal

nostrils are two openings ... Early bony fishes (~420 mya) had two pair of nostrils,
one pair for incoming water (known as the anterior or incurrent nostrils), and a
second pair for outgoing water (the posterior or excurrent nostrils), with the
olfactory apparatus.
Typically, the anterior nostrils of fishes do indeed to be situated towards
the tip of the snout (figure 7)

In fish: nostrils are for smelling, gills are for breathing. Each nostril in a
bony fish actually consists of two openings, as shown on this black crappie
above.
 Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
CONCEPCION CAMPUS
Concepcion Iloilo
Reg. No. 97Q19783

Learning Assessment:
Physiology of Aquatic Organisms

Name:______________________ Date:_________________

Course & Year:______________ Score:________________

Professor:__________________ Equivalent:___________

MODULE 6 LESSON 1 & 2

Smell as Fish Sense Organ- and Excretory Ssystem
11th & 12th Week

Test I. Answer the questions in not more than and less than fifty (50) words. The criteria of evaluating
is found below:

Content 10 pts.

Organization of Idea 5 pts.

Language ( spelling & grammar) 5 pts.

Total 20 pts

1. Based on the illustration above draw and explain briefly and concisely the organ of
smell. (10 pts).
2. Draw, label and explain the functions of fish excretory system (0 pts.)
Test II. Instruction: Blacken the correct letter and write the correct answer opposite to it-
in each test items in your answer sheet. Return the test paper.

1. What by product of protein metabolism are in the excretory organ of the fish is
called and the excreted waster contain 90% of ammonia is called;
a, Carbon dioxide

b. Ammonia
 c. Nitrogen waste

2. What element considered as very toxic, it is excreted as it is formed in the fish.

This is extremely diluted because of the large amounts of water that build up in
the fish is called:
a. Nitrogenous substance

b. Metabollic wastes

c. Ammonia

3. What system in the fish, that is responsible for regulating the chemical
composition and water balance of body fluids

a. Chemosensory system
b. Olfactory system
c. Excretory system

4. Wastes diffuse through the gills into the surrounding water. Others waste
were removed by what organ called the________, excretory organs that
filter wastes from the blood.
a. Posterior segment

b. stomach

c. kidney

5. As blood flows through the kidney, they pass through individual filters is
called as;

a. excurrent

B. gills

C. Nephrons
 Reference

Bone, Quentin; Moore, Richard (2008). Biology of Fishes. Garland Science. ISBN 978-0-
203-88522-2.
Moyle, Peter B.; Cech, Joseph J. (2004). Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology. Pearson
Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-100847-2.

Excretory System In Animal

S hare

On-Line

https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Sensory_syst

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › articles › PMC2408354

https://tpwd.texas.gov › kids › wild_things › howdofish

https://metode.org › metodes-whys-and-wherefores ›

https://www.bassmaster.com › tips › biologists-look-bass-s.

https://eatingthewild.com › do-fish-like-garlic

https://www.dec.ny.gov › docs › ifnyfiveidlp

https://fishbio.com › field-notes › smelling-fish