OLEH :

YUNI KILAWATI S.PI.,M.SI

DESCRIPTION
Integumentary system or skin is body skin
and derivates.

All of the fish body covered by skin except

eyes (tranparently skin)
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
FINS
Fins are supported by rays which are
connected to the musculoskeletal system.
There are two types of rays:
Soft: flexible rays made of dermal bone
segments arranged end to end in a line
Spines: stiff, unjointed, mineralized rays.
These are found on dorsal, anal, and pelvic
fins of higher fish
 Unpaired Fins:

Dorsal: 1 or more. In higher fish the

anterior portion (or first fin) is supported by
spines. The dorsal fin(s) are used for rapid
changes of direction
Caudal: Primary fin used for locomation;
shape varies with motion type used by species
Anal
Paired Fins:
Pectorals: soft rayed only. They are
attached to the pectoral girdle at the posterior
border of the gill cavity. They are used to
stabilize and change direction
Pelvic: variable location –thoracic or
abdominal. Higher fish have thoracic pelvic
fins. They are used to stabilize and brake
Skin
Epidermis:
Simple stratified squamous, but
nonkeratinized surface layer
Mucous glands: unicellular, produce mucin
for cuticle
Alarm (club) cells: produce pheromones
which cause other fish to flee; no connection
to skin surface, so pheromones only released
when tissues damaged
Cuticle: a protective substance which coats
the skin. It consists of mucin,
immunoglobulins, etc, and is anti-pathogenic.
Handling of fish should be gentle and minimal
—wear wet latex-like gloves.
Dermis
CT, vessles, nerves
Scales: protective calcified plates which originate
in the dermis; usually covered with epidermis
Placoid scales: a plate beneath the skin with a
raised, exposed portion; includes a pulp cavity and
dentin (sharks)
Ganoid scales: rhomboid shape, overlapping (gar)
Cycloid scales: ovoid, smooth edges (lower
teleosts)
Ctenoid scales: comblike with minute spikes on
caudal edge (higher teleosts)
Absent in some species (agnatha, catfish)
Lateral line: A sensory mechanism which
consists of a series of pores running along
both sides of the body. The pores lead to
mechanoreceptors which transmit information
about water pressures, currents, and sound.
Hypodermis:
 Spongy CT and adipose tisssue; contains
melanocytes
Skin factors to consider during surgery:
 Incision should be cranial-caudal, as
tension lines run dorsal-ventral
 Nonabsorbable suture recommended
because wet absorbable can pull in bacteria
Close with minimal tension and make knots
far from incision, because fish tissue breaks
easily
 COLOR
Specialized skin cells allow amazing variety in fish
coloration.
Chromatophores contain pigments (ex.
Melanophores contain melanin) and iridophores
contain reflective substances (ex crystals).
Rapid color change is produced by movemant of
pigment within the dendritic chromatophores,
while long term changes are produced by changes
in the number of cells.
Control is hormonal (ex melanocyte stimulating
hormone) and neural.
Coloration is used for mimicry, species distinction,
and sexual dimorphism.
FUNCTION
First body devenses from pathogen
Harm environment protections
Excretion and osmoregulations
Inhalation supporting
Poisonous gland productions
Colour sources
Light sources
Odour and mucus secretions
STRUCTURE
Skin is composed of three layers:
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Stratum spongiosum
 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: Integument of the head,
transverse section
(Formalin, H&E, Bar = 34.3 µm).
 1. epidermis
 2. dermis (stratum compactum)
 3. hypodermis
(areolar connective
tissue)
 4. epithelial cells
 5. alarm cells
 6. wandering leukocytes
 7. chromatophores
(melanocytes)
 8. arteriole and venule.

 
 EPIDERMIS
Ceratin producing
Wet causing mucus (produced by all part of
body)
Part of inside always active for cleavage to cell
repairing or growth
This layer called GERMINATIVUM
EPIDERMIS
 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: Caudal peduncle,
longitudinal section
(Formalin,H&E, Bar = 31.7 µm).
1. epidemis
2. scale pocket
3. dermis (stratum compactum)
4. muscle
5. scales
6. squamous epithelial cells
7. undifferentiated basal cells
8. alarm cell
9. mucous cells
10. taste bud.
 
 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: Scale
(Unstained, Bar = 175 µm).

1. Radii
2. Circuli
3. Focus
4. lateral line pore
(not always present).
CELL PIGMENT
DERMIS

Contain of collagen fiber , the thick cell

For the fish with scale useful to scale
producing (integument derivate)
DERMIS
ORGANS ON SKIN
1. MUCUS
2. SCALE
3. COLOUR
4. LIGHT ORGAN
5. POISONOUS GLAND
 MUCUS
Composed primarily of glycoprotein (called
mucin)become mucus if elaborate with water
Thick mucus found in fish without scales
Function :
- scratch decrease during swimming
- water flow protection
- body devense from bacterial
- lesion covering
- wet protection
- nest maker
skin - mucous cells
Examples:
African fish summer sleep inside the
nest that make from mud and mucus.
Tricogaster trichopterus (sepat Jawa)& T.
pectoralis (sepat siam) make the nest
from mucus to save their egg.
Scales
Called dermis scale
Very hard on primitive fish Pada ikan primitif
constitute outer scale.
Modern fish has the thin scale and flexible
 Scale types:
1. COSMOID

2. GANOID

3. PLACOID

4. CYCLOID

5. CTENOID
Cosmoid scales of the Queensland Lungfish. Photo: C. Bento
© Australian Museum.

COSMOID :
- Be a fossil
- Part of :
*virodentin (outer)
*cosmine (inner)
*isopedine (inner)
 Comprise bone and
& little vessel.
 Ganoid scales of the Florida Gar, Lepisosteus platyrhincus.

Photo: C. Bento © Australian Museum.

GANOID
- Found in Actinopterigii
- The outer layer contain of
Organic Citrate  ganoine
Placoid scales of the Broadnose Sevengill Shark.
Photo: S. Lindsay © Australian Museum

PLACOID
- Found in chondrichtyes
- Shape like a spine (same as
teeth composer)
- enamel as a outer layer that
cover dentin layer, have
canaliculi inside dentin
( have blood vessel and peak
nerve dermis)
Cycloid scales of Jungle Perch, Kuhlia rupestris. Photo: C.

Bento © Australian Museum.

CYCLOID – found in
osteichtyes
- cycloid scale in malacopterygii
Ctenoid scales of the Paradise Fish, Macropodus
opercularis. Photo: S. Lindsay © Australian
Museum

CTENOID
- Found in Acantopterygii
- Shape : very thin ,
transparently, without dentin and
enamel
Scale attitude
Primarily on all of body : operculum until pre
caudalis
Polyodon only below operculum
Mas Kaca only in LL
Tongkol  Pre Dorsal and hind head
Half part of scale in dermis sac like roof tile
The outside look more dark because of the
pigment.
circulus
Garis lingkaran pada sisik cycloid & ctenoid
Selalu ber + sepanjang musim, pd musim
dingin pertumbuhan lambat.
Berdempetan/ bertumpuk dsbt annulus (jmk:
annuli) utk menghitung umur ikan
Sisik LL & sisik palsu tdk dpt utk menentukan
umuryg dpt menentukan adalah yg
tertanam dlm tubuh & grs annulinya jelas
Dried scale of a Barramundi showing the growth

rings, or annuli
 Scale counting
A. LINEA LATERALIS (LL)

Sisik yg dihitung adalah sisik berpori/ gurat sisi/ linea

lateralis (LL).
Jumlah tdk sama utk masing-masing spesies.
Dihitung dari dpn /dekat kepala kearah ekor.
Jika LL tdk lurus (ex. Ikan kuweh) maka dihitung
mengikuti arah LL.
Jika ada 2 (ex. Ikan buntal) maka yg dekat kepala
dihitung lbh dahulu (LL1 & LL2).
Jika banyak (ex. Ikan belanak) yg dihitung satu saja yg
plg tengah.
B. LINEA TRANSVERSALIS (LTr)

LTr adalah sisik transversal/ sisik yg terletak

antara dorsal dg ventral.
Dihitung pangkal terdepan sirip dorsal sampai
LL yg kedua dihitung dari pangkal terdepan
sirip anal kearah LL
Scale Rudimenter
Sisik ketiak dada (pectoral axilliary scale) tdp
di sekitar dasar sirip pectoral
Sisik ketiak perut (pelvic axilliary scale) tdp di
sekitar dasar sirip ventral
Sisik berduri atau sisik lipat ada dua macam
yaitu tdp di depan sirip perut atau pre pelvic
scute dan dibelakang sirip perut (post pelvic
scutes)
Colours
Disebabkan oleh schemachrome butiran2
pigmen

Warna ikan laut dpt dibagi :

a. Hdp di permukaan: perak
b. Hdp di tengah : kemerahan
c. Hdp di dlm/ dasar  violet s/d hitam
Biochrome  pigmen pembawa warna :
- carotenoid : kuning merah
- chromolipoid : kuning s/d coklat
- indigoid : biru, merah, hijau
- melanin : merah & coklat
- perphyrin (pigmen empedu): merah,
kuning, hijau, biru
- flavins : kuning dg fluoresensi
hijau
- purine : putih keperakan
- pterine : putih, kuning, merah dan
orange
2 macam sel yang memberi warna
ikan Iridocyte (leucophore &
guanophore) sel kaca karena dpt
merefleksikan warna di luar tubuh 
tersusun dr guanin

Untuk mengelabui musuh tawes,

kembung, gabus, bandeng, tembang &
kembung bag. Dorsal gelap & anal
putih
Ikan dpt berubah warna krn, menjadi
jelas atau pucat :
- secara cepat  stimuli chy & stimuli
mata
- lambat  hormon

Mimicri  warna menyerupai

lungkungannya.
chromatophore
Tdp dlm dermis tdr dr butir pigmen yg dapat
menyebar dan berkumpul jika berkumpul
memberi warna pucat  jika menyebar
membuat warna jadi jelas
Chromatophore dasar ada 4 :
a. Erythrophore : merah & orange
b. Xantophore : kuning
c. Melanophore : hitam
d. Guanophore : putih / keperakan
(irydococyte)
Light organs
Cahaya yg dikeluarkan organ hidup 
bioluminescense (kunang-kunang/insekta,
nocticula/ plankton, cacing lamprydae, cumi-
cumi, ikan)
Light sources:
1. bacteri yg bersimbiose dg ikan (di
kantong klj epidermis) ikan leweri
batu(photoblepharon), leweri air
(Anomalops)
2. dikeluarkan oleh ikan (photophore/
photocyte)
Head of a scaleless black dragonfish, Melanostomias species C,
about 5cm in length. Note chin barbel (to lure prey), yellowish

light organ below eye, and bioluminescent tooth bases.

Malacocephalus kekuatan chy s/d 10 m, glb
chy 410 – 600 µ

Light Function:
1. Cahaya jg berfungsi pd proses
reproduksi  ikan jantan membimbing
betina ke tempat berpijah
2. Untuk menarik mangsa ikan
pemancing
Poisonous Gland
Mucus modification
Fungsi :
a. mempertahankan diri
b. menyerang musuh
c. mencari makan
Ikan beracun biasanya hidup di dasar air &
gerakannya lamban, contoh : Dasyatidae,
Myliobatidae & chimaera
Racun segar dpt mematikan :
- tikus setelah 11 menit
- kodok stlh 41 menit
- anjing sembuh kembali stlh 8 hari
The poisonous Fish
Lepu tembaga (Synanoeja sp)
 hdp di karang/ pasir yg dangkal
 racun tdp di lapisan kulit penutup jari- jari
keras D & V
 duri terinjak >kelenjar tertekan>cairan
racun akan meresap dlm luka > korban akan
demam 3 x 24 jam
Baronang (Siganus spp)
 kelj racun pd sirip keras D & V
Ikan Pari  pd duri ekor
Lele lokal (Indonesia)pd D & P jari-jari keras
Ikan buntal  di empedu
Danke Sehr…