Gas

 Dynamics  (MED538)  
Module-­‐2  (Part-­‐2)    
One-­‐Dimensional  Steady  Compressible  
Flows  

Swagata  Bhaumik,  Assistant  Professor,    

Department  of  Mechanical  Engineering,    
IIT  (ISM)  Dhanbad  
email:  swagatabhaumik@iiNsm.ac.in    
phone:  0326-­‐223-­‐5469  (O),  9149683769  (M)  
 Quasi  1D  Steady  Compressible  Flows  
Through  Pipes  With  Varying  Cross  SecNon  
Steady,  fricNonless,  adiabaNc,  quasi  1D  flow  in  a  variable  cross-­‐secNon  duct,  i.e.,    
Converging-­‐Diverging  (CD)  Nozzle.  

Flow  is  assumed  to  be  

adiabaNc  and  fricNonless.    

Figures  taken  from  J.  D.  Anderson  [1]  

 Quasi  1D  Steady  Compressible  Flows  
Through  Pipes  With  Varying  Cross  SecNon  
 Quasi  1D  Steady  Compressible  Flows  
Through  Pipes  With  Varying  Cross  SecNon  
Area-­‐Velocity  RelaNonship  
 2  

[  For  isentropic  Quasi-­‐1D  flow]  

 
 
Case-1: Continuous isentropic expansion of Gas
Case-2: Continuous isentropic compression of Gas
Figures  taken  from  J.  D.  Anderson  [1]  
Case-­‐3:  Isentropic  expansion  followed  by  compression  

Case-­‐4:  Isentropic  compression  followed  by  expansion  

 Example:  Supersonic  Wind-­‐Tunnel  
Figures  taken  from  
J.  D.  Anderson.    

•  Supersonic  wind-­‐tunnel  is  designed  for  tesNng  at  supersonic  speeds.    

•  These   first   expand   the   gas   to   supersonic   speed   for   aerodynamic   tesNng   and   then  
recompress  it  to  low  subsonic  speed  before  exhausNng  it  to  atmosphere.    
•  The   stagnant   gas   is   taken   from   from   a   reservoir,   where   the   gas   is   stored   at   high  
pressure  (also  higher  temperature).    
 Example:  Supersonic  Wind-­‐Tunnel  
Figures  taken  from  
J.  D.  Anderson.    

•  In   the   convergent   secNon   of   the   1st   nozzle,   flow   accelerates   at   subsonic   speed  
achieving  M=1  at  the  throat.    
•  Subsequently,  in  the  divergent  part  of  the  nozzle,  flow  accelerates  at  supersonic  speed  
and  a  supersonic  velocity  is  achieved  at  the  test  secNon.    
•  The   convergent   part   of   the   diffuser   decelerates   the   flow   at   supersonic   speed   again  
achieving  sonic  velocity  at  the  throat.    
•  Subsequently,   the   diverging   part   of   the   diffuser,   decelerates   the   flow   further   at  
subsonic  speed  and  finally  emits  it  to  atmosphere  at  a  low  subsonic  velocity.        
 -­‐  

<
Case-­‐2b  
in  
 Converging-­‐Diverging  (CD)  Nozzle  Connected  To  A  Reservoir  
! (γ +1) $
−# &
0.6 ! γ +1 $" 2(γ −1) %
fmax = # &
" 2 %
0.5

0.4

0.3

f (M )
0.2
" (γ +1) %
−$ '
" (γ −1) % 2 #
2( γ −1) &
0.1 f (M ) = M $1+ M '
# 2 &
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
M
 Steady  flow  with  a  standing  normal-­‐
shock  wave  inside  the  diverging  part  of  
a  CD  Nozzle.    
 
Figure  taken  from  “Modern  
Me6  
Compressible  Flows”  by  J.D.  Anderson.  

pb6  
 Steady  flow  with  a  standing  normal-­‐
shock  wave  at  the  exit  of  the  diverging  
part  of  a  CD  Nozzle.    
 
Figure  taken  from  “Modern  
Compressible  Flows”  by  J.D.  Anderson.  

pb9/p0  
 

pb5/p0  
 
(a)  

(b)  

(a)  Over-­‐expanded  and  (b)  Under-­‐expanded  jet  from  a  CD  nozzle.    

Figure  from  Modern  Compressible  Flows  by  J.  D.  Anderson  
From  Page-­‐127  of  
“Fundamentals  Of  Gas  
Dynamics”  by  H.  W.  
Liepmann  and  A.  Roshko,  
Dover  publicaNons,  2007  
Schlieren   photographs   of   the   flow   from   supersonic   nozzle   for   different   back   pressure.  
Photograph   taken   from   “Modern   Developments   in   Fluid   Dynamics”,   High   Speed   Flows,   L.  
Howarth  (Ed.),  Oxford  (1953).    
   
From   Page-­‐128   of   “Fundamentals   Of   Gas   Dynamics”   by   H.   W.   Liepmann   and   A.   Roshko,  
Dover  publicaNons,  2007.    
From  Page-­‐128  of  “Fundamentals  
Of  Gas  Dynamics”  by  H.  W.  
Liepmann  and  A.  Roshko,  Dover  
publicaNons,  2007.    
 Perfectly-­‐expanded  and  Under-­‐expanded  Jets  

Velocity  Contours  of  Mach  1.3  (a)  perfectly  

expanded   and   (b)   under-­‐expanded   jet   as  
obtained  from  SimulaNon.    

VerificaNon  and  ApplicaNon  of  a  Mean  Flow  PerturbaNon  Method  for  Jet  Noise,  Swagata  
Bhaumik,  S.  Unnikrishnan,  Dana  Gaitonde,  Aniruddha  Sinha,  Hao  Shen,  Aerospace  
Science  and  Technology,  80,  520-­‐540  (2018).        
 Shock-­‐Diamonds  

Shock-­‐diamonds  behind  Lockheed  SR-­‐17  Blackbird  

Shock-­‐diamonds  from  F-­‐16    

Shock-­‐diamond  from  a  Pran-­‐Whitney  aoerburner.  

Shock  diamonds  appear  in  the  supersonic  exhaust  plume  of  jet  engines/  rocket/  ramjet  
or  scramjet  engines  due  to  a  series  of  standing  shock  and  expansion  waves.    

Pictures  from:  hnps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_diamond    

Calorically  Perfect  Gases  in  CD  Nozzle  
 Isentropic  Quasi-­‐1D  Flow  Of  Calorically  Perfect  Gas    
Through  CD  Nozzle  

•  ComputaNons   to   be   performed   for   the   given   nozzle   secNon   assuming   calorically  

perfect  gas  (air).      
•  The  area  distribuNon  would  be  provided.    
•  This  is  leo  as  an  exercise.    
Isentropic  Quasi-­‐1D  Flow  Of  Calorically  Perfect  Gas  Through  CD  Nozzle  
g   p a rt  
(a)  In  Linear-­‐scale     d i vergin
ic  so ln  in
rs o n
p i c-­‐ su p e
ro
Isent
M

(b)  In  Log-­‐scale  

x
Isentropic  Quasi-­‐1D  Flow  Of  Calorically  Perfect  Gas  Through  CD  Nozzle  

Isentropic-­‐subsonic  soln  in  diverging  part  

(a)  In  Linear-­‐scale  
p
p0

(b)  In  Log-­‐scale  

over-­‐expanded  jet  
pb9
p0
Isentropic-­‐supersonic  soln  in  diverging  part  
pb5
x
Isentropic  Quasi-­‐1D  Flow  Of  Calorically  Perfect  Gas  Through  CD  Nozzle  

Assignment:  A  Typed  Report  Needs  To  Be  Submined    

The   Area   variaNon   would   be   provided.   You   need   to   compute   the   x-­‐variaNon   of   Mach  
number,  p/p0,  T/T0,  density  and  u/a0  for:    
(a)  Several  subsonic  Mach  numbers  at  the  throat  (provided),    
(b)  Full   isentropic   soluNon   with   subsonic   and   supersonic   soluNon   in   the   diverging   part  
and    
(c)  when  there  is  a  steady  standing  normal-­‐shock  at  several  locaNons  inside  the  diverging  
part  (the  locaNons  would  be  specified)  including  that  exactly  at  the  nozzle-­‐exit.      
 Longitudinal  secNon  of  RD-­‐107  rocket  engine  (Tsiolkovsky  
State  Museum  of  the  History  of  CosmonauNcs).  Picture  
Courtesy:  hnps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Laval_nozzle      

We  would  come  back  to  Supersonic  imperfectly-­‐expanded  (under-­‐

expanded  and  over-­‐expanded)  jets  and  design  of  supersonic  wind-­‐
tunnels  (diffusers)  later  with  more  details.