JOHN B. LACSON FOUNDATION MARITIME UNIVERSITY (AREVALO), INC.

Sto. Niño Sur, Arevalo, Iloilo City

DOUBLE SPACE 6
Chapter 2
DOUBLE SPACE

Review of Related Literature

DOUBLE SPACE
“DOUBLE
Chapter Two presents literatures relevant to the safety practices among seafarers
SPACE”
ALL
PARAGRAPHS in the domestic trade. It includes six parts: Safe Working Practices, Safety of Life at Sea

ENUMERATE (SOLAS), Domestic Trade, Philippine Ports Authority, and Shipping and Port Security.
ALL
SUB-TOPICS Part One, Safe Working Practices, presents the important safety procedures on

board.

Part Two, Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), discusses some practices on safety

precautions onboard.

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Safe Working Practices

The Code of Safe Working Practices for Merchant Seamen Manual (2010) lay

down specific requirements for standards of safety, equipment or operations for the

improvement of health and safety on board ship. In addition, any one employed on board

a vessel in any capacity with designated safety or pollution-prevention duties should,

before being assigned to any of those duties, receive appropriate basic training relevant to

those duties as mandated by the Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping

for Seafarers of 1995 on personal survival techniques, fire prevention and fire fighting,

elementary first aid and personal safety and social responsibilities.

The ASEAN Ports Association (2004), came up with a manual on best practices in

Port Safety, Health, Environment and Security designed to provide benchmarks for the

formulation and implementation of policies, rules, regulations, processes, systems and

procedures in managing safety, health, environment and security within the port
 JOHN B. LACSON FOUNDATION MARITIME UNIVERSITY (AREVALO), INC.
Sto. Niño Sur, Arevalo, Iloilo City
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premises. The major respondents were the port authority, terminal operator, port operator,

port contractor, port owner/operator and port owner. The best practices were adjudged

on a) Policy on Safety, Health and Environment, b) Safety Organization, c) Safety

Rules/Procedures/Practices, d) Planned Safety Inspections, e) Safety Enforcement,

f) Accident and Incident Investigation, g) Safety Audit, h) Safety Training, i) Safety

Promotion, j) Maintenance Program and k) Security.

The MARINA Circular No. 03 (2011), revised rules and regulations to implement

the code of safe practice for cargo stowage and securing in domestic shipping which is

applicable to all domestic shipping companies/operators and other maritime entities

concerned. The general provisions of this circular are the following: 1) companies whose

ships are 500 GT and above and carrying cargo units shall submit a Cargo Securing

Manual (CSM) consistent with these rules and regulations, the Code, Trim and Stability

Calculation of the ship to the Administration for approval; 2) companies, owners and

operators shall ensure that officers and crew responsible in the stowage and securing of

cargoes on board their ships are aware of their duties and responsibilities; and 3) the

Master or Boat Captain shall be responsible for the safe conduct of the voyage and the

safety of the ship/motor boat, its crew and cargo, and the protection of the environment.

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Length:
Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)

The SOLAS Consolidated Handbook (2004) highlighted the present regulations

that apply to ships engaged on international voyages regarding operational requirements

and uniform implementation of the harmonized system of survey and certification. The

general provisions include: 1) Fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction (which
 JOHN B. LACSON FOUNDATION MARITIME UNIVERSITY (AREVALO), INC.
Sto. Niño Sur, Arevalo, Iloilo City
8

contain procedures in preventing fire growth, suppression of fire, detection and alarm fire

fighting, means of escape and other operational requirements such as readiness and

maintenance, instructions and on-board training and drills); 2) Life-saving appliances and

arrangements which stress practices on communications, personal life-saving appliances,

muster list and emergency instructions, operating instructions, survival crafts and rescue

boats, emergency training and drills and operational readiness, maintenance and

inspections; 3) Carriage of cargoes which presents requirements on cargo information,

stowage and securing, acceptability for shipment, and loading, unloading and stowage of

bulk; and 4) Special measures to enhance maritime security which give stipulations on

the requirements for companies and ships, specific responsibility of companies, ship

security alert system, threats to ships, master’s discretion for ship safety and security,

control and compliance measures and requirements for port facilities.

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Domestic Trade

Despite being an archipelagic country and with a history of boat making, the

country’s domestic shipping is burdened with old and ageing vessels (poor passenger and

cargo service standards) and inefficient operations ending up in sea tragedies, high

domestic shipping costs due to deregulation (high fuel cost, high insurance premium),

port inefficiency and lack of government financial subsidy while the number of domestic

ship passengers has been on the rise, from 33.7 million (1992) to 41.38 million (1997),

and the domestic cargo 56.82 million metric tons to 74.04 MMT in the same period

(Tuazon, 2008). Surname of Author, Year

 JOHN B. LACSON FOUNDATION MARITIME UNIVERSITY (AREVALO), INC.
Sto. Niño Sur, Arevalo, Iloilo City
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In addition, of the three sectors in the shipping industry, only liner shipping (the

operation of domestic water transportation for the public, with regular port calls and

sailing schedules) is regulated by the government. The other two sectors, tramp shipping

(freight vessels without any regular route) and industrial carriage (shipping operations of

companies) are deregulated and liberalized. The deregulation and liberalization of the

domestic shipping industry have allowed the entry of new giant players and mergers,

leading to the domination of domestic shipping by only five companies. In the passenger

service, the five companies are: Negros Navigation Company; WG & A (a merger of

William Lines, Inc., Carlos A. Gothong Lines, Inc. and Aboitiz Shipping Corp.); Sulpicio

Lines; Philippine Fast Ferry Corporation (a merger of Universal Aboitiz and Sea Angels

Ferry Corp., a subsidiary of Negros Navigation); and Cebu Ferries Corporation, a

subsidiary of WG & A (Tuazon, 2008).

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Philippine Ports Authority

In the early 1990s various studies recommended the extensive use of

Roll-on/Roll-off (RORO) shipping as the most appropriate mode of sea transport for an

archipelagic country like the Philippines. PPA implemented RORO in some ports.

Special ports, or terminals in existing ports designed for inter-modal transport were

constructed more than 20 years ago (Basilio, Basilio, and Llanto, 2005).

There is a need to provide transparent rules or guidelines for the grant or

extension of cargo handling contracts. In theory, the PPA awards cargo handling

contracts on the basis of the lowest fee charged to shippers. According to the World

Bank, there is a general lack of transparency as to how cargo handling rates are set for the
 JOHN B. LACSON FOUNDATION MARITIME UNIVERSITY (AREVALO), INC.
Sto. Niño Sur, Arevalo, Iloilo City
10

different ports, how rates are increased, and what constitutes cargo handling and what

constitutes shipping or terminal charges given that some companies offer both cargo

handling and shipping services (Basilio, Basilio, and Llanto, 2005).

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Iloilo International Port

The Port of Iloilo, Iloilo City, Philippines, is the port serving the general area of

the Province of Iloilo and the premier port on Panay Island. It is strategically located at a

new site away from the older port facilities. Situated in the Southern coast of Panay

Island, in the Panay Gulf, it has one of the country’s safest and most natural harbors.

Guimaras Island guards the port from violent storms and makes it ideal for harboring

ships and vessels (Philippine Ports Authority, 2010). Organization, Year

The port is considered the leader of trade and a commercial hub for Western

Visayas and is also one of the safest natural seaports in the Philippines. The Port has a

number of facilities available among others (Philippine Ports Authority, 2010).

As of 2010, Iloilo International Port is ranked third in terms of ship calls at

11,853, fourth in cargo throughout at 491,719 million metric tons and fourth in passenger

traffic at 2.4 million annually. There are a number of Regular Shipping Companies that

use the Port of Iloilo, Lorenzo Shipping Corporation, Aboitiz Shipping Company, Amigo

Shipping Company, New Panay Shipping Company, Negros Navigation Company,

Sulpicio Lines, and Trans-Asia Shipping Lines, Inc. Fast ferries serve Iloilo-Bacolod

routes eight times daily. Negros Navigation and Superferry dock at the city where it

serves routes going to Manila, Bacolod, Cebu, Zamboanga and Cagayan de Oro City

(Philippine Ports Authority, 2010).

 JOHN B. LACSON FOUNDATION MARITIME UNIVERSITY (AREVALO), INC.
Sto. Niño Sur, Arevalo, Iloilo City
11

NOTE:
1) DO NOT COPY PASTE ARTICLES, ETC. FROM THE INTERNET.
2) CITE AS MANY CITATIONS.
3) YEAR OF REFERENCES SHOULD NOT BE TOO OLD, AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE,
LAST YEAR OR 10 YEARS AND BELOW FROM THE PRESENT YEAR RESEARCH
WAS CONDUCTED.
4) FOR CITATIONS, PLS SEE ATTACHED PAGE

PREPARED BY:

RESEARCH DEPARTMENT

RODERICK R. GERMO, Ph. D.

RESEARCH COMMITTEE MEMBER

BRIAN GIL S. SARINAS, Ph.D.

OIC-RESEARCH OFFICE

ROBERTO R. SOMOSA, Ph. D.

SAH-RESEARCH

Type of First Citation Subsequent Parenthesis Parenthesis

Citation in text Citations first citation in
subsequent
citation
 JOHN B. LACSON FOUNDATION MARITIME UNIVERSITY (AREVALO), INC.
Sto. Niño Sur, Arevalo, Iloilo City
12
1 author Sarinas Sarinas (Sarinas, (Sarinas,
(2010) (2010) 2010) 2010)
2 authors Sarinas and Sarinas and (Sarinas & (Sarinas &
Magramo Magramo Magramo, Magramo,
(2012) (2012) 2012) 2012)
3 authors Sarinas, Sarinas et al. (Sarinas, (Sarinas et
Gellada, and (2012) Gellada, & al., 2013)
Magramo Magramo,
(2012) 2012)
4 authors Sarinas, Sarinas et al. (Sarinas, (Sarinas et
Gellada, (2013) Gellada, al., 2013)
Magramo, Magramo, &
and Flores Flores, 2013)
(2013)
5 authors Sarinas, Sarinas et al. (Sarinas, (Sarinas et
Gellada, (2013) Gellada, al., 2013)
Magramo, Magramo,
Teruñez, and Teruñez, &
Flores (2013) Flores, 2013)
6 authors or Sarinas et al. Sarinas et al. (Sarinas et al., (Sarinas et
more (2013) (2013) 2013) al., 2013)
authors