Munar,Jhunary C.

BsCrim III-A
QDE RESEARCH
I.PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HANDWRITING
-The impulses to form a letter begin in the cortex.This center is a kin to brain areas that control
vision,hearing,talking, walking, and it guides the muscles of the hand as they weaves through
the complex movements that makes the words.Since writing begins in the mind,emotions and
attitudes influence how we we write just as how they influence how we walk and talk.
-The fingers transmit to the pen the directive impulses and the variation in the muscular
tension that, according to the nature of the writer’s nervous oragnization,occur during the act
of writing.Each writer has his own way of holding his hand,manipulating the pen,and exerting
pressure,the same pen in different hands will produce entirely different strokes.
II.TWO GROUPS OF MUSCLE INVOLVED IN DESCRIPTION
-The combination of these two muscles of the hand allows the individual to perform the lateral
strokes.
1.Extensor muscle-push up the pen to form the upward strokes.
2.Flexor muscle-which push the pen to form the downward strokes.It is also the delicate way in
which the various muscle used in writing work together to produce a written form known as
motor coordination.
III.COMMON TERMS AND DESCRIPTION
1. Arc or Arch- any arcade form in the body of the letter.
2.Beard- a rudimentary curve initial strokes.
3.Blunt Ending or Beginning- blunt ending and initial strokes are results of the drawing process
in forgery.
4.Buckle Knot- the horizontal and looped strokes that are often used to complete such letters.
5.Central Part of the Body- the part of a letter ordinarily formed by a small circle that usually
lies on the line of writing.
6.Eye loop or Eyelet- the small loop formed by strokes that extend in divergent direction.
7.Foot of the Letter or Oval- the lower portion of any down stroke which terminates on the
baseline.
8.Diacritic- an element added to complete certain letters.
9.Hitch- the introductory backwards strokes added to the beginning or ending of many capital
letters or small letters.
10.Hook or Trough- the bend, crook or curve on the inner side of the bottom loop or curve or
small letter.
11.Hump- the rounded outside of the bend, crook, or curve in small letter.
12.Spur- short, horizontal beginning strokes.
13.Knob- rounded appearance at the beginning or ending strokes.
14.Main Stroke or Shank Stem- downward strokes of any letter.
15.Whirl- the upward strokes usually on letters that have long loops.
16.Space Filler or Terminal Spur- an upward horizontal or downward final stroke usually seen in
small letters.
17.Retrace or Retracing- a stroke the goes back over another writing stroke.
18.Retouching or Patching- a strokes that goes back to repair a defective portion of writing.
19. Staff- backspace of a letter.
20.Baseline- rules of imaginary line where the writing rest.
21.Copybook Form- design of letter, which is fundamental to a writing system.
22.Pen Emphasis- it is the periodic increase in pressure of intermittently forcing the pen against
the paper surface with in pressure with increase pressure.
IV.EXAMINATION OF LETTERS
Stroke-it is one of the main lines that make up the appearance of a character. The term is
derived from the penmanship inherent in hand lettering—and is therefore more metaphorical
when talking about type.Letter strokes are the basic units for printing letters.Each letter is
written by combining two or more strokes in succession. Well learned, fluently written letters
are produced by a rapid pre-planned movement that does not require visual monitoring. Visual
feedback following the completion of printing the letter is used to asses the quality of the
letter.Each letter stroke has a specific direction, length and curvature relative to the other
strokes in a letter. The most common strokes are sticks, humps and doughnuts.
Line Quality-it is the thickness, strength, and flow of the letters. Some factors are if the letters
are flowing, shaky, or very thick. Letter spacing is the amount of space put between letters.
V.RECOGNITION OF SIGNATURE
Movement,Line Quality,Slant,Alignment,Pressure,Shading(MLQSAPS)
-The identification or the so called verification of signatures is a specialized branch or
handwriting examination.
-A simple signature may represent thousand or even millions of pesos, and such minute stroke
of a few letters of a genuine signature may thus represent tens or even hundreds of thousands
of pesos. It is, therefore, natural and necessary that every minute phase of this small
production of the human hand and the human brain should be analyzed and scrutinized every
possible way.
-A signature is a combination of rather limited letters and designs due to its frequent use, it
become almost automatic with many writers.The identification of signature depends very
largely on the manner it is written.
-No two specimens of a person’s signatures are absolutely identical. The signatures normally
vary from each other in some details and the degree which they vary from each other depends
upon the individual writer and the conditions under which each signature was written. As
pointed out in “Standards of Comparison”, it is because of the normal variations in signature
that several
-Signatures should be used to identify the one in question.In the identification, the known or
sample signature must necessarily establish accurately the range of variation, and then it is
necessary to determine whether the identifying qualities of unknown signature fall within these
limits. Natural variation between several signatures if the same person plays an important role
in the process of identification. In most cases, the extent of variation in writing even becomes a
characteristic peculiar to the writer.
VI.KINDS OF MOVEMENT
Finger Movement-Hold pen with thumb, index finger, middle finger or sometimes ring finger
and the motion comes from these fingers. The hands rests in air and inferior quality of writing
is produced.
Hand Movement -Produced by the movement or action of the whole hand with the wrist as the
center of attraction.
Whole arm Movement -Motion comes from shoulder. Mostly detached way of writing . Whole
arm writing is used to write on large surfaces like blackboards.
Forearm Movement -Arm of the writer rests on the writing surface and the action comes from
the elbow.
LINE QUALITY -the overall character od the ink lines from the beginning to the ending strokes. It
is the visible records in the written stroke of the basic movements and manner of holding the
writing instrument. It is derived from a combination of factors including writing skill, speed
rhythm, freedom of movements, shading and pen position. There are two classes: good line
quality and Poor line quality.
SLANT -an angle or inclination of the axis of the letters relative to the baseline. There are three
classes: slant to the left, slant to the right, vertical slant.
ALIGNMENT -is the relation of the parts of the whole writing or line individual letters in words
to the baseline. It is the alignment of words. The relative alignment of letters.
PROPORTION -individual characteristics in relative proportion of letters or proportion of a part
of a letter or relative height of one letter to another letter.
RATIO -the relation between the tall and short letters.The letters may be divided into two
groups- Those which are written entirely between the lines such as o, a, e etc are called short
letters while the others , such as those with upper or lower loops or both i.e. that spans above
or below the middle zone of writing are called tall letters.
VII.THREE KINDS OF PROPORTION OR RATIO
a)Normal – ½ size of the capital letter is the size of small letter.
b)High Proportion- more than ½ the size of the capital letter.
c)Low Proportion- less than ½ of the size of the capital letter is the size of small letter.
VIII.STROKE STRUCTURE
-Stroke structure are series of lines or curves within the letters or the alphabet.
-The stroke structures of different styles have proved to be more consistent than geometrical
features. In an on-line recognition system, the stroke structure can be obtained according to
the sequences of writing via a pen-based input device such as a tablet. But in an off-line
recognition system, the input characters are scanned optically and saved as raster images, so
the stroke structure information is not available.
IX.THREE KINDS OF CONNECTING STROKES
Connecting stroke – a continuous line joining two adjacent letters or words in cursive writing. It
can be angular, straight, curved; short or wide spaced; heavy or thin; threadlike, shaded or
plain.
a.Supported – the body of the letter rests against or retraces the stem.
b.Looped – the initial stroke forms a loop with the stem of the letter.
c.Unsupported – the body of the letter does not follow or retrace the stem.
X.DETECTION AND EXAMINATION OF FORGERIES
-It has long been recognized that a person's signature contains numerous constant
characteristics by which it can be identified.These characteristics may he divided into two
groups: class characteristics and individual characteristics. On the whole, class characteristics
are those which result from, and are indicative of, the system of writing which the writer
employs: in other words, the general style or form of writing which he has been taught or has
adopted. (At times class characteristics and the nationality of the writers become
interdependent.) Individual characteristics, on the other hand, result from numerous other
factors, such as the writer's muscular control and coordination, his health, age, nervous
temperament, the frequency at which he is called upon to write, and to a certain extent upon
his personality and character.' Cases sometimes occur, however, in which it is difficult to
accurately identify class characteristics and to differentiate between them and individual
characteristics.
-What may result if the forger attempts to copy the genuine signature free-hand? In order to be
successful in his attempt he must not only imitate all the habits and characteristics of the
genuine signature, but he must as well discard all differing characteristics of his own writing.
This requires him to make a careful study of the model signature-to determine its salient
characteristics, while at the same time he must possess a thorough knowledge of all differing
characteristics of his own writing.
XI.CHARACTERICTICS OF GENUINE SIGNATURE
a.Degree of Skill- genuine signature even if showing tremors will show some free, connecting,
and terminal strokes made by the momentum of the hand;
b.Firmness of Strokes- in genuine signatures, hesitation and stop are on natural places;
c.Habitual Speed of Writing-even in slow and unskillful signatures, there will be consistency
and speed;
d.Fundamental Muscular Movement-in genuine signature, the upward strokes show more
smoothness and freedom that the downward strokes;pattern of shading and pen emphasis;
e.Presence of Natural Variation- as no two signatures are exactly alike, are certain amount of
natural variation is expected are consequently allowed for letter design;coordination,
continuity, and rhythm in writing;carelessness in strokes and movement.
XII.KINDS OF STANDARD DOCUMENTS
1.Collected or Procured Std. -standard specimen executed in the regular course of man's
activity or that which are executed on the day to day writing activity.
2.Requested or Dictated-a standard document which are executed upon request,they are
prepare at one time.
3.Post Litem Motan Exemplar-writings produced by the subject after evidential writings have
come into dispute and solely for the purpose of establishing his contentions.
 XIII. PROCEDURES FOR TAKING REQUEST HANDWRITING STANDARDS IN ALL-TYPES OF
QUESTION DOCUMENT PROBLEMS
1. Have subject seated in a natural position at table or desk having smooth writing surface.
2. Furnish subject with paper and writing instrument similar to those used in questioned
writings, like;paper should be same size, and ruled or unruled; as questioned document: if
questioned document isin written furnish subject with pen and ink, etc.
3. Never permit the subject to see any writing on the questioned document.
4. Dictate material to be written (or printed, if questioned material is hand printed): give no
assistance inspelling or arrangement on page. Dictate at a rate of speed, which will produce
the subject naturalwriting habits.
5. Remove each specimen upon completion by subject number in consequence, date, time and
identify byinitiating each, and request subjects to sign each specimen.
6. Observe all writing done by subjects and indicate any attempt of disguise, and
whether subjectsappears to be normally right or left handed, etc.
XIV.SPECIAL PROCEDURES FOR TAKING REQUEST HANDWRITING STANDARDS WHERE CHECK
FORGERY WAS CHANGED OR SUSPECTED
1. Furnish subjects with check blanks similar to the questioned check/s.
2. Dictate the entries to be made on specimen checks as follows: a. Date – Same as shown on
questioned check
b. Payee - - do -
c. Amount- - do –
d. Signature- - do –
e. Any other handwriting shown on questioned check
3. Give subjects to help or suggestions in completing specimen checks.