1. Vai trò của điều kiện tự nhiên góp phần vào nền văn minh cổ đại?

The agricultural revolution, which began around 8000 years BC, has caused a dramatic
change in the way people live. Agriculture allowed a thicker population, over time it
transformed into states. Agriculture also creates a food surplus, providing support to those
who are not directly involved in food production. The agricultural development allowed the
creation of the first cities. These are centers of commerce, handicraft production and political
power, of which there is almost no agricultural production in itself. The formation of cities is
associated with the symbiosis of the surrounding countryside, the consumption of agricultural
products, and the re-supply of handicrafts and various levels of military control. and territorial
protection.
The development of cities was synonymous with the rise of civilization. The earliest
civilization appeared in Mesopotamia (3500 BC). It was followed by the ancient Egyptian
civilization along the Nile (3000 BC) and the Indian river basin civilization in the Indus
valley (currently India and Pakistan; 2500 BC). These societies developed on a number of
unified features, including a central government, a complex economy and social structure,
complex linguistic and written systems, culture and religion. different. Writing has been a key
element in human development history, as it makes it easier for municipal governments to
express thoughts.
Civilization becomes complicated with religious complications, and the first form also
originates from this period. Entities such as the sun, moon, earth, sky, and sea are often
revered. Temples were built, developed, and gradually perfected with the hierarchy of priests
and priests. A typical example of this Stone Age is the tendency to worship gods in human
form. Among the oldest surviving religious sutras are the Egyptian pyramids (between 2400
and 2300 BC).
The Bronze Age is part of a three-era system (Neolithic Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age), which
describes an ancient civilization that exerted influence in several regions. In the world. During
this era, fertile lands spawned state cities and civilizations began to flourish in some parts of
the world. Civilizations are all located on river basins because water is essential in an
agricultural society, and rivers also support the need for convenient transportation.
2. Kim tự tháp được xây dựng dựa trên nền tảng tự nhiên, chính trị, kinh tế, tôn giáo, xã
hội nào?
The most famous pyramids are the Egyptian -- huge structures built of brick or stone, some of
which are among the world's largest constructions. They are shaped as a reference to the rays
of the sun. Most pyramids had a polished, highly reflective white limestone surface, to give
them a shining appearance when viewed from a distance.
The Pyramids are built from monolithic natural stone blocks, completely without using the
bonding materials like we use cement in modern construction technology. Stone blocks with
weight sometimes up to tens of tons are cut and put together in a perfect way, this ensures
firmness, perfection and longevity with time. These blocks are linked together entirely based
on their weight. In fact, the largest and most famous pyramid of Egypt today has been around
for 5,000 years. At the same time, the way the Egyptians moved these tons of rocks into the
exact locations to complete the pyramid is a mystery.
The age of the pyramids reached its zenith at Giza in 2575–2150 BC. Ancient Egyptian
pyramids were in most cases placed west of the river Nile because the divine pharaoh's soul
was meant to join with the sun during its descent before continuing with the sun in its eternal
round. As of 2008, some 135 pyramids have been discovered in Egypt. The Great Pyramid of
Giza is the largest in Egypt and one of the largest in the world.
3. Sự ra đời phật giáo, vai trò ở ấn độ và các xã hội châu á
Buddhism is the world's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers, or over 7% of
the global population, known as Buddhists. Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions,
beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on original teachings attributed to the Buddha and
resulting interpreted philosophies. It originated in ancient India as a Sramana tradition
sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, spreading through much of Asia.
India was the first cradle of Buddhism. Buddhist centers were born from the time Guru
Shakyamuni ordained and thrived in the reign of King Asoka.
As expressed in the Buddha's Four Noble Truths, the goal of Buddhism is to overcome
suffering caused by desire, attachment to a static self, and ignorance of the true nature of
reality. Most Buddhist traditions emphasize transcending the individual self through the
attainment of Nirvana or by following the path of Buddhahood, ending the cycle of death and
rebirth.
Theravada Buddhism has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia such as
Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Thailand. Mahayana, which includes the traditions of Pure
Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon and Tendai, is found throughout East Asia.
Vajrayana, a body of teachings attributed to Indian adepts, may be viewed as a separate
branch or as an aspect of Mahayana Buddhism. Tibetan Buddhism, which preserves the
Vajrayana teachings of eighth-century India, is practised in the countries of the Himalayan
region, Mongolia, and Kalmykia.
4. Nội dung chính nho giáo và nêu ảnh hưởng của nho giáo trong xã hội trung quốc và
đông á
Confucianism is a philosophy and belief system from ancient China, which laid the
foundation for much of Chinese culture. Confucius was a philosopher and teacher who lived
from 551 to 479 B.C.E. His thoughts on ethics, good behavior, and moral character were
written down by his disciples in several books, the most important being the Lunyu.
Confucianism believes in ancestor worship and human-centered virtues for living a peaceful
life. The golden rule of Confucianism is “Do not do unto others what you would not want
others to do unto you.”
The main idea of Confucianism is the importance of having a good moral character, which
can then affect the world around that person through the idea of “cosmic harmony.” If the
emperor has moral perfection, his rule will be peaceful and benevolent. Natural disasters and
conflict are the result of straying from the ancient teachings. This moral character is achieved
through the virtue of ren, or “humanity,” which leads to more virtuous behaviours, such as
respect, altruism, and humility. Confucius believed in the importance of education in order to
create this virtuous character. He thought that people are essentially good yet may have
strayed from the appropriate forms of conduct. Rituals in Confucianism were designed to
bring about this respectful attitude and create a sense of community within a group.
The idea of “filial piety,” or devotion to family, is key to Confucius thought. This devotion
can take the form of ancestor worship, submission to parental authority, or the use of family
metaphors, such as “son of heaven,” to describe the emperor and his government. The family
was the most important group for Confucian ethics, and devotion to family could only
strengthen the society surrounding it.
Influence on China
Confucianism remains one of the most influential philosophies in China. During the Han
Dynasty, emperor Wu Di (reigned 141–87 B.C.E.) made Confucianism the official state
ideology. During this time, Confucius schools were established to teach Confucian ethics.
Confucianism existed alongside Buddhism and Taoism for several centuries as one of the
most important Chinese religions. In the Song Dynasty (960–1279 C.E.) the influence from
Buddhism and Taoism brought about “Neo-Confucianism,” which combined ideas from all
three religions. However, in the Qing dynasty (1644–1912 C.E.), many scholars looked for a
return to the older ideas of Confucianism, prompting a Confucian revival. The basic values of
Confucian thoughts of "rite, justice, honesty, shame, humanity, love, loyalty and filial piety"
are the basic rules of conciousness for the daily conduct of most of Chinese people all the
time. The courteous, friendly, gentle, honest, tolerant, earnest and industrious temperament
of Chinese nation has also gradually developed under the education of Confucianism.
Influence on East Asia
The Confucian thoughts have a wide influence in all the nations of East Asia.
In Korea and Japan, ethic and etiquette have been under the influence of the Confucian
viewpoints such as humanity, justice and etiquette, etc. The influence is still quite obvious
up to the present. In Korea, there are many people that believe in all kinds of religion. But
they give prominence to Confucianism in ethics and morals. After the invasion of western
civilization into Korean society, all kinds of social problems have increased to some extent.
However, the Korean government takes the ethics and morals of Confucian thoughts as a
restrictive power for maintaining social stability and deepens Confucian thoughts in
education.
5. So sánh spatha và athens, giải thích nguyên nhân, nguồn gốc của sự khác nhau đó

Similarities Between Athens and Sparta

 Athens and Sparta are two prominent Greek city-states in classical antiquity.
 Both states used many slaves. In fact, it is said that each state had about a hundred
thousand salves.
 These two states had powerful military forces.
 Both states had their own government system that had ensured the welfare of their
citizens.
 Athens and Sparta possessed stable economies when compared to other regions.

Difference Between Athens and Sparta

Definition
Athens is the Greek city-state that is considered to be the cradle of civilization and the home
to democracy.  Sparta, on the other hand, was a prominent city-state in Greece that rose to
become the dominant military land-power in the region.

Type of Society

Athens was a centre of arts, learning and philosophy, whereas Sparta was a warrior society.
Government
Athens had a form of democracy where every free Athenian male over 18 years old was
considered citizens while Sparta had an oligarchic government.

Economy
While Athens’ economy was mainly based on trade, Sparta’s economy was based on
agriculture and conquering.

Military Prowess
Moreover, Athens had a powerful navy, whereas Sparta had a powerful land-army.

Women
Spartan women had more status and freedom than Athenian women. Spartan women were
educated and could own and manage property, unlike Athenian women.

Education and Training

In Athens, boys received a well-rounded education, but girls were only taught household
chores. In Sparta, both boys and girls received physical training to stay fit. Spartan boys
received a military education and training for many years.

Conclusion

Athens and Sparta are two prominent Greek rival city-states. Though these are not very far

away from each other, there are many differences between these two states. The main

difference between Athens and Sparta is their government, economy, and society. Athenian

society, which was based on trade, valued art and culture and was ruled under a form of

democracy. Spartan society, on the other hand, was a militant society whose economy was

based on farming and conquering.

6. Sự ra đời của kito giáo và đánh giá quá trình phát triển của kito giáo trong lịch sử cổ trung
đại châu âu