Scientific translation: transfer information from one language
into another to help the scientific in their science. it is a tool to help people around the world to develop and progress in the field of science. It should be accurate in delivering information and shows faithfulness and commitment to the source and target language so it can be used easily to help in developing other countries. Ex, in medical the term signs which means أعراض Technical translation: it is the translation of special language texts in a certain kind of knowledge. It includes the translation of texts in engineering, medicine, economic, psychology, law and tourism. Such as depression in economic mean كساد أقتصادي Terminology: is the study of terms which refer purposely to specific concepts within particular subject fields. It is a newly coined units or existing lexical units that acquire a new sense. Ex, Antibiotic it is a specific term in medical field.
The differences between scientific and literary translation:
The scientific is objective (focus on the object and facts) and unemotional because you are dealing with facts but the literary text is subjective and emotional.
The aim of scientific and technical translation:
The main goal is to deliver scientific and technical information and presenting these information and facts in a good way. It should be easily (understandable and clear), properly (true) and effectively in terms of truth not as emotions. It refers to it as a communicative service which offers new information for new audience and it should involve three main people the author, the translator and the reader. According to Al-Hasnawi the scientific translator should have some characteristic: 1. Broad knowledge of the subject matter of the text to be translated. 2. A well-developed imagination that enables the translator to visualize the equipment or process being described. 3. Intelligence, to be able to fill in the missing links in the ST. 4. A sense of discrimination, to be able to choose the most suitable equivalent term. 5. The ability to use one’s own language with clarity, conciseness and precision. 6. Practical experience in translating from related fields.
Feature of scientific and technical translation :
The basic feature in general objective, precise, unemotional, accurate and easily (clear). 1. Logical sequence of utterance with a clear indication of the interrelations and interdependencies. It is about the text as a whole not a term. It means something logical such as this is a cause of that and this is a result of that. Each information has a relation with previous or next one not only the term. 2. Domain specific terminology: each scientific field will grow up new words in each field. There is a need to name new concepts to discover the essence of things by coining new words. 3. Use of specific sentence-patterns: a. postulatory: a thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen without proof. (we thirnk it is true but we don’t have evidence). b. Argumentative and formulative: express an idea in a concise or systematic way (limited to certain things). 4. The use of quotations, references and footnotes. 5. Science does not have it own syntax only, but also its own terminology. 6. Impersonality: is required to present the character of the style which should be invariant to all observers: a. using passive construction ex, is assumed to lie b. using general pronoun we ex, we observe c. using third person style d. using abstract nouns formed from verbs and adjectives. Ex, fear, brave.
7. Use of modal verbs it is very important because we are
describing a possibility or a probability whether sth is certain or probable or uncertain. 8. Causative: Make+N+adj (allow, enable, permit, cause, make+inf). 9. condensation: intensive details and information. Lexical feature: 10. It seeks to be economic in terms of using linguistic means such as, mumps التهاب الغدة النكافية 11. simple and informative language. (explicitness) 12. use of metaphors: we use it to explain sth in the scientific text. Ex, black hole or greenhouse effect. Syntactic features: 13. Abstract subject (objectiveness) 14. passive (impersonality) ex, is assumed to lie 15. use of connectors to links between ideas. 16. simple sentence (explicitness) clear. We use to: 1. Reducing the work readers need to do2. Reducing the risk of misunderstanding 17. Nominalization: heavy use of nouns The use of a noun which in the same language or in a TT could be replaced by an expression not containing a noun. Ex, Jordan dinar: الدينار األردني ماحكيت األردن The flywheel housing installation position must be ensured. Why we use nominalization: a. It is easier to write b. Its impersonality avoid commitment to tense. c. It distinguishes the grammar of technical texts from the grammar of the spoken language. d. It is focus on the information using lexical density. Stylistic features: 18. Clarity: we should have clear information. 19. Concision: it should be accurate in meaning. Ex, meeting minutes: تفاصيل االجتماع أو مقدمة في عقد قانوني 20. Correctness: it means recreating the technical terms of the original in the target language and producing accurate target language technical documents despite the mistake in the original. Ex, heavy meals الوجبات الدسمه ليست الثقيلة 21. Addressing specific readership: who is specialist in this field. 22. Technical communication is a tool to deliver information and help the reader in their fields. 23. Mixed style. Such as a book translated by more than one translator it will involve more than one style of translation. ,24. imperative.
Problems of scientific and technical translation:
1. English use Latin or Greek Compound morphemes to express some technical terms such as television which is a term made up of two morphemes telos means remote and vision mean sight or image. This compound term refers to a something that brings image and indicate its purpose. Arabic is not flexible as English language either in borrowing from other language or in using compound morphemes because of its rules.
2. Technical terms that stand for the inventor’s name such as
watt stands for the electric which is named after person who invented it. Pasteurization which refers to a method pf sterilizing especially milk devised by the French scientific louis Pasteur.
3. There is no agreement among the Arabs on the rendering
of scientific and technical terms such as engine translated to موتورand arabicized to محرك. Another example “mobile” it has eight equivalents in Arabic language: sililur, mubayl, burtable, mahmul, jawal, hatif mutahrik, khilyawi and naqqal. 4. Most of the foreign terms are strange and new to the Arab environment and culture which make it difficult to find equivalents for every term in Arabic. Ex, satellite some translator keep its original latin name satalayit other translated it semantically as قمر صناعيand recently it has been a term in Arabic ساتلbut it complicated and not clear. 5. Lexical problem: technical terms totally unfamiliar to the lay translator because they used in technical context only. Ex, mumps in medical التهاب الغدة النكافيه 6. Lexical problem: technical terms familiar to the translator because they are used in non-technical context but look as if they are being used in some technically specialized way in the ST. ex, التماسwe can use it in more than one field (general or specific) 7. Technical terms familiar to the translator because they are used in non-technical contexts but do not obviously look as if they are being used in some technically specialized way in the ST. ex, depression كساد أو اكتئابit depends on the context. Strategies of scientific and technical translation: 1. Transcription/ Arabicization/ transliteration/ borrowing Translating the scientific or technical terms using the Arabic alphabet, without changing how they are pronounced in the SL. Such as Microwave: ميكرويفnot الفرن الموجيbecause it will be not clear and difficult to understand it.
The problem of Arabicization:
1. It does not give the meaning of the word in Arabic. 2. It is not pure Arabic. 3. It is neither serves the Arabic languages nor enriches its vocabulary. The criteria of using Arabicization: 1. It should concern the social use of language because people prefer to use the word which is easier to pronounced and write. 2. Avoid the compound terms with difficult structure. Short terms are more preferable than long ones. Such as the prepositions on and off which are تشغيلand إيقافsome people prefer to use the English terms because they are shorter and easier to pronounce. 3. The most practical method of creating Arabic neologisms and terminology. 4. It is more effective because it deals with mono- morphemic word by applying certain rules but in compound morpheme it is difficult to apply the same rules. 5. It is more flexible and less obstructed.
2. Coinage: presenting new terms in the Arabic language via
three processes: 1. Derivation: it means add affixations and vowels to the roots of a word to coin new word. Ex, Data معطياتfrom أعطىto give. Derivation based on measurements: machine names ex, مفعلlaboratory مخبر. Derivation is less attractive because there is lack of coordination between the Arab neologizers and academic.
Good points of using derivation:
1. It makes understanding of the meaning easier and useful to the reader. 2. It does not violate the identity of Arabic language. 2. Revival: it means to use old Arabic words that were used and give them new meanings. Ex, train قطارit was mean a line of camels. Car سيارةit was mean the night travelers. Neologisms aim to introducing new terms into the Arabic language by translating meaning. Ex, software برمجيات The problem of revival: It is not easy to find the old words. It needs a lot of time and sometimes the word are not suit to our world such as أبدا: البته 3. Circumlocution: it is a method of introducing new terms into Arabic language by giving the meaning of the foreign term. Ex. Ideal: المثل األعلىburglar: لص يسطو على المنازل ليال Sometimes circumlocution leads to a problem of dualism of terminology such as the word “reflex” is translated into Arabic sometimes as االنعكاس الشرطيor االنعكاس الظرفي The problems of technical terms: 1. it produces longer term than the original. Ex, cartoon رسوم متحركة. 2. A phrase not a word that deviates from their real functional meaning. Ex, burglar لص يسطو على المنازل ليال 3. some translator invent their own arbitrary translation that does not follow the linguistic system of Arabic language. Ex, facebook: فيسبوكيةdoes not follow the Arabic language rule. Direct translation: 1. Borrowing/ transliteration: is a word taken from one language into another language alphabet. The problem of borrowing: we do not have an equivalent to the concept in the SL so we use borrowing. ( the concept is not exists in the TL). SARS: سارس/ server: سيرفر 2. calque or loan translation: is a kind of semantic translation. It renders a phrase borrowed from another language keeping the SL structure. Ex, secretary general: األمين العام/ gasohol: بنزحول 3. Gloss translation: it renders the terms and concepts into the Arabic language by translating the lexicon. Ex, HDTV: التلفزيون عالي الوضوح/ DNA: الحمض النووي 4. communicative translation/ explanation/ paraphrasing: render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and form are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readers. Ex, glue: جسيمات صغيرة/ blast furnace: )فرن صهر عال( يستخدم لصهر الحديد 5. literal translation: word for word translation ex, Ahmad is a student احمد يكون طالب/ I love ahmad : انا احب احمد Indirect translation: 1. Transposition: it means changing the part of speech (word order) without altering the meaning ex, Jordan dinar الدينار األردني 2. Modulation: it is the changes of semantics and point of view expressed in the Sl. This strategy is followed when literal translation or transposition can result in unidiomatic or unsuitable text in TL. Ex, you are going to have a child : ستصبحين أما أو ستصبح أبا 3. equivalence: we use it when the translators want to convey the message of the ST using different stylistic and structural idioms, cliches and proverbs. Ex, willy nilly : شئت أم أبيت 4. adaptation: is the changing and/or explaining of cultural differences between an SL and TL. Ex, damn: اللعنه/ hello: السالم عليكم/ boy/girl friend: صديق أو صديقة 5. Addition: it means that we add sth that is not mention in ST. We use it to make grammatical and clear. Ex, night shift: نوبة ليله خطأ الزم نوبة عمل ليلية 6. deletion: we use it when there is repetition and unnecessary information. Ex, يسيطر علىcontrol on is wrong we say control.
Blending: is a term used in descriptive linguistic studies to
refer to a linguistic unit which is composed of elements that function independently in other circumstances. Ex, smog from (smoke+ fog) / برمائي/ اسراطين إسرائيل و فلسطينbarr (land) and ma’ (water). Brunch (breakfast+ lunch) Compounding is to merge two words together it can be compound noun or compound verb Compound noun such as, teatime وقت شرب الشاي, rainfall Compound verb such as, check out The criteria of using blending: 1. It must be only for scientific and technical terms. 2. It must be created according to the Arabic linguistic system. 3. it must be readable. Produce report : أنتج تقريراis not accept in the Arabic language system but أعد تقريراis accepted.