CABLE AND WIRELESS

CHARGING

Abdul Rahman
IST [Company address]
Contents
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction to Wireless Power Transfer ..................................................................................................... 4
Advantages of Wireless charging .............................................................................................................. 4
Ampere’s Law............................................................................................................................................ 4
Faraday’s Law. ........................................................................................................................................... 5
Literature Review .......................................................................................................................................... 6
Inductive coupling and resonance coupling ............................................................................................. 7
Magnetic resonance coupling ................................................................................................................... 7
Microwave power transmission................................................................................................................ 8
Methodology................................................................................................................................................. 9
Research Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 9
Oscillator Design ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Coil Design............................................................................................................................................... 10
Rectifier Design ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Theoretical Calculations .......................................................................................................................... 11
555 timer circuit Calculations ............................................................................................................. 11
Coil Calculations .................................................................................................................................. 12
Results and Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 12
Conclusion and Future Work ...................................................................................................................... 14
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Future Work ............................................................................................................................................ 14
References .................................................................................................................................................. 14
Table of figures
Figure 1 Ampere's Law .................................................................................................................................. 5
Figure 2 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction .................................................................................. 5
Figure 3 Inductive coupling with air medium ............................................................................................... 7
Figure 4 Magnetic resonance coupling ......................................................................................................... 8
Figure 5 Oscillator Circuit ............................................................................................................................ 10
Figure 6 Bridge rectifier and Voltage Regulator ......................................................................................... 11
Figure 7 555 Timer IC in Astable mode ....................................................................................................... 11
Figure 8 Circuit Diagram in P spice ............................................................................................................. 13
Figure 9 Simulation Result without bridge Rectifier ................................................................................... 13
Figure 10 Simulation Result with bridge rectifier ....................................................................................... 13

Table 1 Comparison of Wireless power transfer techniques ....................................................................... 6

Table 2 Output Specifications of Wireless charger ....................................................................................... 9
Table 3 Coil Parameters .............................................................................................................................. 10
Abstract
Wireless charging is emerging field in scientific development due to its superior characteristics as
compared to old wire connected charging. In this report a detailed literature review is done on
various types of technologies currently used under umbrella of wireless charging. Advantages of
Wireless Power transfer (WPT) over wire charging are analyzed. Three types of technologies
named Inductive coupling, Magnetic resonance coupling and microwave power transfer is briefly
discussed in the report. A comparison of various wireless technologies is done based upon compact
design, max power transfer capability, and range of power transfer. Each technology is analyzed
with respect to its environmental impacts and energy efficiency. Finally, a simulation model is
made in P spice software for demonstrating wireless technology using magnetic resonance
technique. Calculations are performed for resonant frequency, coil design, and bridge rectifier.
Simulations results are thoroughly discussed and compared with theoretical calculations.
Introduction to Wireless Power Transfer
Wireless charging is heated topic currently in scientific market. Before the advent of wireless
charging wired charging was fulfilling the need of charging battery in an optimal manner. The
introduction of commercial products and recent advancements in wireless charging technologies
have offered a viable substitute strategy to deal with the electrical energy shortage of battery
powered devices.
Two dominated types of wireless charging includes radiative and non-radiative wireless charging.
Radiative wireless charging uses electromagnetic waves, most often radio frequency (RF) or
microwave frequencies, as a channel to transmit energy. The electromagnetic waves in the
radiative electric field is the basis for the energy transfer. Radiative wireless charging typically
functions in a low power zone because of the safety concerns posed by RF exposure.
Research has long focused on wireless power transfer as a distinct issue from wireless information
transmission. For massive power transfers, free-space beaming along with large aperture antennas
are commonly utilized. As an illustration, the authors in [1] show a small helicopter that was
powered by an Radio frequency source .with a DC .power supply. of 272W operating at 2.45GHz
in the 1960s at a height of 52 feet’s. The authors of [2] use enormous broadcast antenna arrays on
a satellite and receive antenna arrays on a ground station to demonstrate a space-to-earth power
transmission system. Over a transfer distance of 36000km, the power transfer efficiency is 45%
for transmit power of 2.7GW.
RF signals with frequency ranges between 310GHz and as low as 3.1kHz are utilized as a conduit
to carry energy in the form of EMR (Electromagnetic radiation) in RF energy harvesting. One of
the wireless energy transfer methods is RF energy transfer and harvesting. Magnetic resonance
coupling and inductive coupling are the additional methods. Magnetic coupling, which transfers
electrical energy between two coils adjusted to resonate at the same frequency, is the foundation
of inductive coupling. Between two coils, a magnetic field carries the electric current. Evanescent-
wave coupling is used in magnetic resonance coupling [3] to produce and transmit electrical energy
between two resonators. A capacitance is added to an induction coil to create the resonator. The
two methods mentioned above are both near-field wireless.
Advantages of Wireless charging
Wireless charging offers numerous advantages over conventional charging with a wire as given
below[4].
 User friendliness is enhanced because the burden of connecting cables is eliminated. The
same charger can be used with devices from many manufacturers and model ranges.
 It enables the design and manufacture of compact devices without the need of batteries.
 It increases durability of product in terms of waterproof and dustproof.
 It increases flexibility, particularly for devices where battery charging and changing is
expensive. Examples includes different sensors implanted in human body.

Ampere’s Law
Ampere’s Law states that “A wire carrying electrical current generates a magnetic field
proportional to the current”
 H  dL  Ienc
The above equation explains the fact that “The quantity of current flowing through the wire is
equal to the total of the magnetic fields along the path.” Graphical representation of Ampere’s Law
is given in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Ampere's Law

If a current Ienc is circulating in a loop of radius ‘R’ then amount of magnetic field generated by it
can be calculated using formula given below.
𝑰𝒆𝒏𝒄
𝑯=
𝟐𝑹
Faraday’s Law.
Faraday’s Law state that if magnetic flux varies with time across a conductor than it will generate
emf in that conductor. Direction of induced emf can be calculated using Lenz’s law. Faraday’s
law in mathematical form is given below.
𝑉𝑒𝑚𝑓 = −𝑁 × 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥

Figure 2 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

Literature Review
A vast research work with the emphasis on receiver. side (i.e. energy harvesting devices) is done
in [5]. It examines the underlying concepts and applications of three important wireless charging
technologies: inductive coupling (IC), magnetic coupling based on resonance frequency, and
Radio frequency/microwave radiation. The second section examines current international
standards, commercialization, and implementations, while the third section places a focus on
transmitting-side (WPT) approach designs for various network applications. Existing literatures
[6]– [5]also provided pertinent reviews of electrical energy harvesting research, primarily from the
perspective of hardware implementations and device-level approaches. The authors provided a
summary of the sensor.nodes powered by various energy collecting methods in [3]. In [7]
concentrated on methods of ambience energy collecting. The authors of [8] looked at the
architecture of Radio frequency/microwave energy harvesting circuits and surveyed how energy-
efficient the most recent implementations were. Comparison of different WPT technologies
considering efficiency and range of power transfer is done in Table 1.
Table 1 Comparison of Wireless power transfer techniques

In [9] author has briefly described different types of wireless power transmitting technologies in
detail. List of discussed technologies is given below.
 Inductive coupling and resonance coupling
 Magnetic resonance coupling
 Microwave power transmission
Inductive coupling and resonance coupling
Ampere's and Faraday's law of mutual induction serve as the foundation for Wireless power
transfer. The integrated magnetic field surrounding a closed loop (coil) and the electric current
flowing through the loop are related in accordance with Ampere's law. A time-varying magnetic
field and an induced electric field is described by Faraday's law of induction. The coupling
coefficient, which in turn depends on the separation between the two coils, determines the Wireless
power transfer efficiency. As a result, the wireless power cannot be efficiently transmitted across
distances more than a 1-2 millimeters, with inductive coupling frequency is below a few dozen
megahertz. Figure 3 shows inductive coupling environment.

Figure 3 Inductive coupling with air medium

Inductive coupling is the oldest method of wireless power transfer. Most commonly employed
wireless battery charging technique in mobile phones is inductive coupling. In mobile phones one
loop of wire is encapsulated inside mobile back cover over the battery and second pair of wire is
placed on charging pad. Since the 1980s in the United States, inductive coupling has also been
used for wirelessly charging electric vehicles. Wirelessly charged bus was found to be able to
reduce the quantity of CO2 emissions due to high-frequency charging as opposed to cable charging
at a lower frequency.

Magnetic resonance coupling

Magnetic resonance coupling uses concept of transfer of inductive coupling and resonant
frequency. Resonant frequency is that frequency at which object oscillates at its maximum
amplitude. In magnetic resonance coupling inductive power transfer is than at resonant frequency
so that maximum power transfer is done from transmitter coil to receiver coil. Both transmitting
and. receiving coil is tuned to same resonant frequency. Resonant frequency in LC tank circuit can
be calculated using formula given below. Concept of magnetic resonance coupling is shown in
Figure 4.
 1
𝑓=
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶

Figure 4 Magnetic resonance coupling

Microwave power transmission

Any power plant that produces energy must transfer that energy to the locations where it will be
used. Currently, thick transmission lines that need a lot of material and erecting towers are used to
do this. By using wireless power transmission, there is an intriguing prospect of transmitting
electrical energy without these unwieldy structures. There are a number of wireless energy
transmission techniques being researched that could enable us to send bulk amount of power over
vast distances without a conducting connection. Furthermore, the use of wireless transmission
opens the door to the potential of transmitting and receiving electricity from space, which has a
number of practical applications.[10]
There are two types of wireless power transmission (WPT): near-field inductive-based WPT and
far-field WPT. The microwave power transfer is a subset of far-field WPT. Significant power is
transferred from one place to another in an MPT situation. The need to remotely power .unmanned
aerial vehicles. (UAVs) and the .idea of space solar power (SSP), which was initially proposed by
Dr. Peter.Glaser. Little Company in 1968 [11], have served as the primary motivation for MPT
research. The majority of MPT innovations have taken place under the auspices of SSP.
Methodology
Research Methodology
One of the prime objective of this report is to design a wireless charger based on the techniques as
discussed in previous chapters in any simulation software and briefly discuss obtained simulation
results. A wireless charger is designed in P Spice software for charging mobile phone at 5V. This
wireless charger is based on magnetic resonance coupling principle. Description and design of
simulation model is discussed below.
Resonance frequency for the system is decided to be 800 KHz. Wireless charger will provide
200mA current with maximum current delivery of 1A. Output power consumption is set to 1W.
Output specifications are tabulated are in Table 2.
Table 2 Output Specifications of Wireless charger

Quantity Rating
Rated output current (mA) 200
Rated output Voltage (V) 5
Resonant frequency (KHz) 800

Sequence diagram of wireless charger based on magnetic resonance coupling is given below.

DC Battery Half H Transmitter Receiver Full Bridge 5V

Oscillator
bridge Coil Coil Rectifier Regulator
12V

5V 12V
regulator Regulator

Oscillator Design
The oscillator circuit include a half-H Driver (L293d) and a timer IC (TLC555). The TLC555 timer
was used in an astable mode of operation. In other words, a series of High and Low square pulses
with a specific frequency will be generated by the timer. Depending on the voltage level applied
to pin 8, the half-H driver, L293d, which drives the transmitter coil, L1, amplifies the TTL input
into a higher voltage output. The C8 capacitor, which produces resonance, is a resonant capacitor.
The capacitor, which has a capacitance of 10 nF, was chosen since it is commonly available.
Datasheet of TLC555 timer IC was followed for determining size of capacitor C5 and C6.
Prototype diagram of oscillator circuit is given in Figure 5.
 Figure 5 Oscillator Circuit

For capacitors C5 and C6, the capacitance value was fixed to 0.1uF. It will be simpler to reach the
desired resonance frequency of 800 kHz by setting the value of capacitor VC1 to 10 nF. At the
timer's full capacity, 800 kHz was chosen as the resonant frequency. Transmission distance can be
increased by setting higher frequency but higher frequency is also related with more switching
losses. R1 and VR1 are set with values of 3.6Ω and 88.2Ω respectively. Calculation of R1 and
VR1 will be explained in upcoming calculation section.

Coil Design
Parameters of coil design were taken from [12]. All coil design specifications are shown in Table
3.
Table 3 Coil Parameters

Wire Material Enameled copper

Turns of coil 5
Diameter of turn 70
Coil Diameter 1
Turns type Circular

Rectifier Design
Bridge rectifier is used for converting PWM waveform at receiver coil to 5V DC output. Diodes
used in bridge rectifier are selected such that their PIV is greater than output voltage. At the end
of bridge rectifier an output voltage regulator IC LM7805 is used for constant 5V output voltage.
Between bridge rectifier and LM7805 voltage regulator a capacitor C10 is used to remove ripples
from output of bridge rectifier. Size of capacitor C10 is selected according to datasheet of LM7805
voltage regulator. Prototype diagram of bridge rectifier coupled with voltage regulator is shown in
Figure 6.
 Figure 6 Bridge rectifier and Voltage Regulator

Theoretical Calculations
555 timer circuit Calculations
As mentioned earlier that resonant frequency was set 800 KHz for LC tank circuit. We want to
operate 555 timer IC to operate in Astable mode having duty cycle near to 50%.
To operate 555 Timer IC in Astable mode with duty cycle 50% following formulas are
applicable.

Figure 7 555 Timer IC in Astable mode

When duty cycle is 50% Th = TL , for easy availability C1 is chosen to be 10nF. Desirable
resonant frequency is f=800KHz.
Putting all these values in above equations and solving it we calculated
R1=3.6Ω
R2=88.2Ω
Coil Calculations
This project made use of the circular coil. Neumann's equation served as the basis for the coil's
design.

N=Turns in the coil=5

R=Radius of circular coil=0.035
a=radius of wire used=0.001
µ=permeability constant=4πe-7
Putting all these values in Neumann’s equation
8(0.035)
𝐿1 = 52 (0.035)4𝜋𝑒 −7 [ln ( ) −2]
0.001
𝐿1 = 𝐿2 = 4 × 10−6 𝐻
Size of resonant capacitor is already chosen to be 𝐶8 = 10𝑛𝐹.

Results and Discussion

An oscillator is designed to produce 800 kHz square wave. TLC 555 timer IC is used for the
800Khz square wave generation. TLC 555 timer IC is used instead of NE 555 IC because NE 555
IC can generate PWM signal of maximum 10Khz frequency while our requirement is 800Khz.
Square wave generated by TLC 555 IC is then amplified with half-H driver circuit. For half H-
driver circuit L293D IC is used. At output of L293D IC an inductor L1 serve as transmitter coil of
the wireless charging system. Complete circuit diagram in P spice is shown in Figure 8. When
circuit was simulated then results of oscilloscope are shown in Figure 9 and 10. Figure 9 shows
result when bridge rectifier is noted connected and Figure 10 shows result when bridge rectifier is
connected. In Figure 9 output result across receiving LC tank circuit is shown in green color. It is
bipolar wave of magnitude +-5V. In order convert this bipolar wave to DC wave we need bridge
rectifier. When bridge rectifier is connected than result is shown in Figure 10. 555 timer IC
generated square wave of 800 KHz which was then amplified by L293D h bridge. Output along
transmitter coil is shown is red color in Figure 10. Magnitude of voltage across transmitting coil
is 10V. At the output of bridge rectifier, a capacitor is used for smoothing glitches in output signal.
Finally, a 5V LM7805 regulator is used to obtain constant 5V output. 5V pure DC output signal is
shown in green color in Figure 10.
 Figure 8 Circuit Diagram in P spice

Figure 9 Simulation Result without bridge Rectifier

Figure 10 Simulation Result with bridge rectifier

Conclusion and Future Work
Conclusion
A comprehensive literature study on wireless power transfer is made for understanding different
modern techniques used for wireless power transfer. Advantages and future prospects of Wireless
power transfer were thoroughly analyzed. A comparison of different WPT technologies in terms
of efficiency, compact design and range of power transfer is done. A simulation model is made in
P spice software for implementing WPT using magnetic resonance coupling. Simulation model
consist of one 800 KHz oscillator with L293 driving circuit connected LC tank circuit. Both LC
circuit at transmitting side and receiving side were made to oscillate at resonance frequency for
maximum power transfer. Simulation results are deeply analyzed and a through discussion is done
on obtained results.

Future Work
 Oscillator with higher frequency can be made to increase range of WPT.
 Most modern technology for WPT “Microwave power transfer” simulation model should
be implemented for deep knowledge of WPT.
 Transfer capability of presented model should be increased from 1W to at least 5W for
use in piratical appliances.

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