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Design and Implementation of Wireless Power Transmission via Radio

Frequency

Preprint · June 2019

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.12081.94560

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© 2019 IJRAR June 2019, Volume 6, Issue 2 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

Design and Implementation of Wireless Power Transmission

via Radio Frequency
Abhishek Bohare
Visiting Research Student
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee-247667, India
Email: abhi.idfec2017@iitr.ac.in

Abstract- The technique of wireless power transfer has attained increasing popularity in recent years. In this paper, I present the concept of
transmitting power without using wires i.e. Transmitting power in the air gap. This technology is very interesting, especially where the
interconnecting wires are inconvenient or even difficult to handle. This paper presents the design and implementation of a wireless power
transmission system for low power devices via inductive coupling. The system works by using resonant coils to transmit electric power from
an alternating current (AC) line to a resistive load. The design consists of a set of bifilar coils, transmitter circuit and receiver circuit. The
basic circuit elements comprising the transmitter and receiver circuit are presented. The circuit is realized on PCB and integrated to form
the wireless power transmission set-up. The detailed Bill of material used for hardware implementation is presented. Experimental results
show significantly high power transmission efficiency of ~80%. A 12 V DC supply at transmission signal frequency of 40 kHz yielded an
output voltage of 10 V DC at the receiver end, wirelessly through the air gap between the transmitter and receiver coils. Hence, the ‘concept
to implementation’ of power transmission wirelessly from the transmission coil to receiver coil is successfully demonstrated. The work
presented in this paper opens up new possibilities of wireless electricity transmission in our other daily life uses.

Keywords— Wireless power transmission, Radio frequency, non-radiative, WiTricity.

I. INTRODUCTION

We are living in a world of rapid technological advancements. New technologies emerge every day to make our life better and
more simpler. Recently, there has been a boom in the consumption of electronic communication devices and other electronic devices
in the market, thanks to the advanced manufacturing technology, which made it pocket friendly. With an increase in the number of
these devices, a common problem that is faced is charging the devices. Lot of research is on-going to develop batteries that can last
really long. However, the latest features in these devices are power intensive and hence there is a need to recharge frequently.
Unfortunately, we still depend on the conventional and classical wire system to charge our daily use low power devices such as
smartphones, smartwatch, electric toothbrush etc. and even mid-power devices such as laptops [1-8]. The classical wire system makes
a problem when we start charging multiple devices at the same time. The fact is that each device has different type of charging port.
Therefore, there is a need for a single device that can be used to charge different types of devices simultaneously without the use of
classical and conventional wires. The work presented in this paper is based on the idea of wireless power transfer. Inductive coupling
is a simple and effective way of transferring power via this technology [9].

Wireless Power Transmission is a technology that includes many technologies to transmit power in air gap. This technology is very
useful where the interconnection of wires is not possible such as cardiac pacemakers.

It is classified into non-radiative and radiative categories depending on the procedure of energy transfer. Non-radiative or near-field
(short and medium range) power transfer operates at distance less than a wavelength of the transmitted signal [5]. The receiver
distance is less than the diameter of the transmitting coil for the short distance. Inductive and capacitive coupling are two types of this
charging method. In mid-range, the receiver distance varies from one to ten times the diameter of the transmitting coil, Resonant
inductive or capacitive coupling power transfer method fall into this type. Radiative or far-field power transfer operates at distance
more than twice of the wavelength of the transmitted signal.

In the present work, a system for power transmission wirelessly over an air gap from source to load is presented, which is an
obvious answer to most charging problems.

II. BLOCK DIAGRAM

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Fig.1. Block diagram of Wireless Power Transmission system.

Block diagram of the transmitter and receiver setup is shown in Fig.1.

The transmitter setup designed in the present work consists of an AC power source, a rectifier circuit, an oscillator circuit and a
transmitter coil (Tx). The AC power source provides 80V-230V 50 Hz to the input of the transmission circuit which is then converted
into DC with the help of a bridge rectifier. Further, a capacitor filter is used to remove residual ripples in the output of the bridge
rectifier circuit. The DC power source provides constant voltage to an oscillator circuit. DC power is converted to high-frequency AC
power with the help of the oscillator circuit and supplied to the transmitter coil. The transmitter coil, electrified by the high-frequency
AC current, produces an alternating magnetic field.
The receiver module consists of a receiver coil (Rx), a rectifier circuit and a voltage regulator and additional buck converter to get
more current by decreasing output voltage. AC voltage is induced in the receiver coil (Rx) due to the transmission circuit. The
rectifier circuit converts it to DC and the voltage regulator helps to maintain a constant limited voltage at the load.

III. DESIGN AND OPERATION

Circuit design is carried out using CircuitStudio design software. Circuit diagram of the transmitter and receiver circuits is shown
in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 respectively.

A. Transmitter Circuit

Fig. 2. Transmitter circuit design.

An alternating power supply of 80V to 230V with the frequency of 50Hz to 60Hz is used as the supply voltage in the transmission
circuit. A bridge rectifier circuit is used to convert the alternating current (AC) into a direct current (DC), which provides the full
wave rectification from an AC input. This arrangement of four diodes provides the same polarity of the output as in the input.
During the positive half cycle of the input AC waveforms, the diodes D1, D3 are forward biased and D2, D4 are reverse biased.
When the voltages exceed the threshold level of the diodes D1, D3 load current starts flowing through it. During the negative half
cycle of the input AC waveforms, the diodes D2, D4 are forward biased and D1, D3 are reverse biased. Load current starts flowing
through the D2, D4 diodes. Further, a capacitor is used to remove ripples left in the bridge rectification circuit unit. As capacitor
charges, the D6 provides a current pulse to the base of the transistor Q2, setting the circuit into oscillation.
Now, the filtered DC voltage is provided to the high frequency oscillation circuit where oscillation is typically square wave and
frequency range is 20KHz to 50KHz. Hence output current is with very high frequency. The high frequency voltage is applied to the
transmission coil.

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B. Receiver Circuit

Fig. 3. Receiver circuit design.

The receiver circuit has the receiver coil followed by a bridge rectifier circuit which provides full-wave rectification from the AC
Input. The bridge rectifier used here is similar to that explained in the transmission circuit, consisting of four diodes in a bridge circuit
configuration. A voltage regulator is placed to regulate the DC voltage. The voltage regulator may use a simple feed-forward design,
it may include negative feedback, or it can also use an electromechanical mechanism or electronic components.

IV. COIL DESIGN AND INDUCTION OF COIL

Electromagnetic coils can be in the shape of coil, spiral or helix [9]. The Electromagnetic coil is used in the applications where
electric currents interact with magnetic fields, such as an electric motor, generators, inductors, transformers, sensor coils and
electromagnets. When an electric current is passed through the wire of the coil, it produces a magnetic field, or conversely, an
external time-varying magnetic field through the interior of the coil generates an electromagnetic force (Voltage) in the conductor.
In this work, bifilar coils are used in the transmitter and receiver circuit to transfer energy from the source to the load. The
transmitter coil is used to generate an alternating electromagnetic field which generates a current that flows in the receiver coil as a
mirror image to the current flowing in the transmitter coil.
A bifilar coil is an electromagnetic coil that contains two closely spaced, parallel windings. Figure 4 shows the bifilar coil made in
the present work.

Fig. 4. Bifilar Tesla Coil Design.

V. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

Design of PCB layout was carried out using CircuitStudio software [10] as per the circuit design. PCB layouts for the transmitter
and receiver circuits are shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 respectively.

Fig. 5. Transmitter PCB Layout.

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Fig. 6. Receiver PCB Layout.

Component’s Name Component’s Component’s Value and

Symbol Code
Resistor R1 1.2Ω, 2W
Resistor R2 1.2Ω, 2W
Resistor R3 560K, 1/2W
Resistor R4 33Ω, 1/2W
Resistor R5 10Ω, 1/2W
Resistor R6 10Ω, 1/2W
Resistor R7 2.2Ω, 1/2W
Resistor R8 2.2Ω, 1/2W
Resistor R9 20Ω, 20W
Diode D1 1N4007
Diode D2 1N4007
Diode D3 1N4007
Diode D4 1N4007
Diode D5 BA159
Diode D6 DB3(DIAC)
Diode D7 BA159
NPN Transistor Q1 13005A
NPN Transistor Q2 13005A
Capacitor C1 0.022µF, 630V
Capacitor C2 0.0022µF, 630V
Capacitor C3 0.0022µF, 630V
Capacitor C4 0.0022µF, 630V
Capacitor C5 0.0068µF,1.2KV
Capacitor C6 10µF, 250V
Capacitor C7 10µF, 250V
Coil L1 3 TURN
Coil L2 3 TURN
Table 1. Bill of Material of Transmitter PCB.

Component’s Name Component’s Symbol Component’s Value

Diode D1 1N4007
Diode D2 1N4007
Diode D3 1N4007
Diode D4 1N4007
LED D5 3 Volts
Zener Diode D6 3.2 Volts
Electrolytic Capacitor C1 1000µF
Electrolytic Capacitor C2 1000µF
Capacitor C3 220µF
Resistor R1 1Ω 1W
Resistor R2 470Ω
Resistor R3 1K Ω
Resistor R4 1K Ω
Variable Resistor VR1 1K
Voltage Regulator Q1 CTC1351
Receiver Coil (R ) 2. BillL1
Table 155 Turn 27-SWG
of Material of Receiver PCB.

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PCBs were fabricated and the circuit components as per Bill of Material given in Table-1 and Table-2 were assembled to realize
the PCB for transmitter and receiver circuit as shown in Fig. 7 and Fig.8 respectively. The induction coupled bifilar coils of the
transmitter and receiver are shown in Fig. 9.

Fig. 7. Hardware implementation of Transmitter circuit.

Fig. 8. Hardware implementation of Receiver circuit.

Fig. 9. Induction Coupled Tx and Rx Coils.

VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The transmitter circuit, receiver circuit and bifilar coil are assembled and set-up to form a wireless power transmission system. The
induction coupled transmission and receiver coils have a range of 20 cm to 30 cm.

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Input AC Voltage of 80V-230V 50 Hz was supplied to the transmitter circuit, which is converted to 12V DC. The transmission
signal frequency is 40 KHz. At the receiver end, output voltage of 10V DC is obtained with an efficiency of 70% to 80%.

VII. CONCLUSION

This paper presented the technology involved in Wireless Power Transmission for charging low to mid power devices. The work
was focused on demonstration of power transmission without electrical wires or other electrical connection between the source and
load. The presented work has great potential to provide a universal solution to charging requirements of different types of devices.
In this paper, the design and implementation of a wireless power transmission system for low power devices via inductive coupling
was presented. The basic circuit elements required to form the transmission and receiver circuit of the wireless power transmission
system were explained. After analyzing the whole system step by step for optimization, a circuit was designed and implemented.
Design and operation of the transmitter and receiver circuits was presented in detail along with design considerations for the bifilar
coil. Hardware implementation of the circuit was presented with details (BOM) of components used for realization of the circuits.
Experimental results show that significant improvements in terms of power-transfer efficiency have been achieved about 80%. With a
12 V DC supply at transmission signal frequency of 40 kHz, output voltage of 10 V DC is obtained at the receiver end. The
experiments were successfully carried out to demonstrate power transmission wirelessly from the transmission coil to receiver coil
that could be used to charge low power devices.
This concept can be extended to design similar power transmission systems by varying the circuit and coil parameters, depending
upon the requirement.
The concept of wireless power transmission offers greater possibilities for transmitting power with negligible losses. Wireless
electricity transmission could reduce our society’s dependence on batteries, which are currently heavy and expensive. As wireless
technology is getting popular nowadays, the demand for the battery is also decreasing. Transmission power can be sent from source to
load instantaneously without wires, reducing the cost for the long-range. Batteries need to be recharged or changed eventually, hence
the need for this kind of work.
The goal of this paper was to design and implement a wireless energy transmitter for low power devices via inductive coupling.
After analyzing the whole system step by step for optimization, a circuit was designed and implemented. Experimental results showed
that significant improvements in terms of power-transfer efficiency have been achieved to 50%.
It was described and demonstrated that inductive coupling can be used to deliver power wirelessly from the transmission coil to
receiver coil and charge low power device.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research was supported by Inspire Fellowship, Department of Science and Technology India. I thank to DEAN, Sponsored
Research and Industrial Consultancy to provide me facilities at Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. I also thank to Prof. A. K.
Jain, Department of Physics & Prof. Dharmendra Singh, Department of Electronics and communication Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Roorkee for guidance and comments that greatly improved the manuscript.

REFERENCES

[1] N. Tesla, “The transmission of electrical energy without wires,” Electrical World and Engineer, March 1905.
[2] W. C. Brown, “The History of power transmission by radio waves,” Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transaction, vol
32, pp 1230-1242, 1984.
[3] A.B. Kurs, A. Karalis, R. Moffatt, J. D. Joannopoulos, P. H. Fisher, M. Solijacic, “Wireless power transfer via strongly coupled
manginetic resonances,” Science, vol. 317, pp. 83-86, 2007.
[4] A. Karalis, J. D. Joannopoulos, M. Solijacic, “Efficient wireless non-radiative mid-range energy transfer,” Ann. Phys., vol. 323,
pp. 34-48, 2008.
[5] J. D. Joannopoulos, A. Karalis, M. Solijacic, “Wireless non-radative energy transfer,” U. S. Patent Number 7,741,734;
8,022,576; 8,084,889; and 8,076,800.
[6] A. Karalis, A. B. Kurs, R. Moffatt, J. D. Joannopoulos, P. H. Fisher, M. Soljacic, “Wireless energy transfer,” U. S. Patent
Number, 7,825,543; 8,097,093.
[7] A. Karalis, R. E. Hamam, J. D. Joannopoulos, M. Soljacic, “ Wireless energy transfer including interferences enhancement,” U.
S. Patent Number 8,076,801.
[8] M. Kesler, “Highly resonant wireless power transfer: safe, efficient, and over distance,”WiTricity Corporation, 2017.
[9] A. Pramanik, “Electromagnetism: theory and application,” 2nd edition, PHI Learning 2009.
[10] https://altium.com>circuitstudio.

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