1.

Descriptive

Definition: To describe characteristics or features of a thing, for example: where it comes

from, it colour, it size, it hobby, etc. This description only giving information about thing or
specific person that arediscussed. For example: description about “my dog”. These features
of “my Dog” may differ from other dogs.

Communicative purpose: to describe a particular person, place or thing.

Generic structure:

 General classification: Introducing the topic or problem.

 Description: Features of subject, such as: Psychological appearance, quality, general

behaviour, character, etc.

Language features:

 Specific nouns, for example: teacher, house, my cat, etc.

 Detail noun phrase, to give information about subject, for example: She a sweet young
lady.

 Various kinds of adjectives that are describing, numbering, classifying. For example: two
strong legs, etc.

 Relating verb, to give information about subject. For example: it has very thick fur.

 Thinking verbs and feeling verbs to express the author’s personal views of writer about
subject. For example: Police believes that suspect is armed.

 Action verb. For example: Our new puppy bites our shoes.

 Adverbials, to give additional information about behaviour. For example: fast, at the tree
house, etc.

 Figurative language, such as simile and metaphor. For example: John is white a chalk, sat
tight, etc.

2. Recount

Social function: To inform or re-tell various event which has purpose to give information or
to entertain.
 Communicative purpose: Reporting about event, happen or activity which has purpose to
inform or to entertain.

Generic structure:

 Orientation: giving information about what, who, where, and when. Mention the setting
(place or time).

 Events:

Giving information about what happen in general sequence.

 Re-orientation:

Closing for every event.

Language features:

 Using noun and pronoun

 Using action verbs

 Using past tense

 Using conjunction and time connective

 Using adverbs and adverbs phrase

 Using adjectives

3. Narrative

Communicative purpose: To amuse or entertain the reader or listener by real experience or

imagination.

Generic structure:

 Orientation: mention the setting (place/time), introducing the main character

 Complication: development of the conflict.

 Resolution: Problem solving.

  Coda (optional): Change of the character and the lesson which is taken by the reader
from the story.

Language features:

 Certain noun as a noun of thing, person, or specific animal in the story such as
stepsisters, housework, etc.

 Adjective that noun phrase form such as long black hair, two red apples, etc.

 Time connective and conjunction to arrange the event. For example: then, before that,
soon, etc.

 Adverb and adverbial phrases to show the location of the event, such as here, in the
mountain, happily ever after, etc.

 Action verb in past tense form, such as stayed, climbed, etc.

 Saying verbs that marking about say, such as said, told, promised, and

thinking verbs, such as thought, understood, felt, etc.

4. Report

Communicative purpose: To describe the way things are, with reference to a range of
natural, man made, and social phenomenon in our environment.

Description of report text can be a general conclusion such as about simple house by
describing characteristic of that subject up to proper as a simple house category.

Text organization/Generic structure:

 General classification: General statement that describe about subject, information and
classification.

 Description

Language features:

 General noun, such as “Replies in Komodo island”, etc.

  Relating verb, to explain about characteristic, for example: Reptiles are scary animals
(this character used for all reptiles).

 Action verb, in explaining behaviour, for example: Lizards cannot fly.

 Present tense, to say something which is general, such as “komodo dragons usually
weight more than 160 kg”.

 Technical term, such as “water contains oxygen and hydrogen.

 Paragraph with a topic sentence to arrange amount of information.

5. News Item

Communicative purpose: To inform readers, listener or viewer about events of the day
which considered newsworthy or important is.

Text organization/Generic structure:

 Newsworthy Events: Main event (important event)

 Background event: Background, elaboration of people who involved place etc.

 Sources: Sources of information(Comment of witness of event, expert opinion, etc).

Language features:

 Short information written in a headline.

 Using action verbs.

 Using saying verbs, such as say, etc.

 Using adverbs, for example: badly injured, the most beautiful bridge in the world, etc.

6. Anecdote

Communicative purpose: To retell a funny story based on the imagination or a real situation
to entertain.

Generic structure:

 Introduction
  Orientation

 Crisis

 Reaction

 Coda

Language feature:

 Using imperative sentence

 Using action verbs

 Using conjunction

 Using past tense

7. Analytical Exposition

Communicative purpose: To persuade the readers or listeners that something is the case,
along with supporting reasons.

Text organization/Generic structure:

 Thesis: Opinion statement: start from introducing topic and writer position/speaker
allowed with general opinion that it will say.

 Arguments: Eexplain the main argument and elaborating by developing and support for
every point which is explained.

 Reiteration: Reinforcement of opinion.

Language features:

 General nouns, such as: car, pollution, leaded petrol car, etc.

 Abstract nouns, such as: policy, government, etc.

 Relating verb, such as: it is important, etc.

 Action verbs, such as: She must save,etc.

 Thinking verbs: “many people believe”.

 Modal verbs: “we must preserve”.

  Connectives: Firstly, secondly, etc.

 Evaluative language: “important, valuable, trustworthy”.

 Passive voice.

 Using simple present tense and present perfect.

8. Hortatory Exposition

Communicative purpose: To persuade the readers or listeners that something should or

shouldn’t be the case.

Text organization/Generic structure:

 Thesis: statement or announcement of issue concern.

 Arguments: reasons for concern that refers to recommendation.

 Recommendation: Statement of how should or shouldn’t be the case.

Language features:

 Abstract nouns, such as: policy, government, etc.

 Technical verbs, such as: species of animal, etc.

 Relating verbs, such as: it is important, etc.

 Action verbs: “She must save”.

 Thinking verbs: “many people believe”.

 Modal verbs: “we must preserve”.

 Modal adverbs: “certainly, etc”.

 Connectives: “firstly, secondly, etc”.

 Evaluative language: “important, valuable, trustworthy, etc”.

 Passive voice

 Simple present tense.

9. Spoof

Communicative purpose: to retell an event with a humorous twist.

 Text Organization/Generic structure:

 Orientation: Mentioning the setting of place/time and Introducing the character.

 Events

 Twist: Ending which is no guess or funny.

Language features:
 Focuses on person, things, or specific animal.

 Using action verbs, for example: eat, run, etc.

 Using adverb of time and place.

 Using past tense.

 Arranged of events sequenced.

10. Explanation

Communicative purpose: To explain the processes involved in the formation or workings of

natural or sociocultural phenomena.

Text organization/Generic structure:

 General statement: to give the reader’ position.

 A sequenced explanation of WHY and HOW something occurs.

 Closing(optional).

Language features:

 General abstract noun, like word chopping, earthquake, etc.

 Action verbs

 Passive voice

 Simple present tense

 Conjunction of time and cause

 Noun phrase, like the large cloud, etc.

  Abstract nouns, such as “temperature”.

 Adverbial phrases

 Complex sentences

 Technical language

11. Discussion

Communicative purpose: To present at least about two views of an issue(topic).

 Short information written in a headline.

 Using action verbs.

 Using saying verbs, such as say, teal, etc.

 Using adverb. For example: badly injured, the most beautiful bridge in the world, etc.

Text organization/Generic structure:

 Identification: Introducing the topic

 Argument for: Supporting opinion, first main idea, elaboration, second main idea, and
elaboration.

 Argument against about main idea, elaboration.

 Conclusion or recommendation of the result from that issue or topic.

Language features:

 General nouns, to choose the category, such as uniform, alcohol, etc.

 Relating verbs, to give information about issue which is discussed, such as smoking is
harmful, etc.

 Action verbs, such as “she must save”.

 Thinking verbs, to say the author’s personal views, such as feel, believe, etc.

 Additives contrastive and casual connectives, to connect argument, such as similarly, on

the other hand, however, etc.

 Detailed noun groups, to give the detail information, such as “The dumping of unwanted
kittens”.

 Modalities: perhaps, must, should, should have been, could be, etc.

 Adverbials of manner, e.g.: “deliberately, hopefully, etc.

12. Review

Communicative purpose: To critic on event art work or event for a public audience, such as
works of art include: movies, TV shows, books, plays, operas, recordings, exhibitions,
concerts, ballets, etc.

Text organization/Generic structure:

 Orientation: Introducing places where the works is done by special way. It is often
compared with other objects or non-art events.

 Evaluation: Provide the evaluation to hand craft of the art.

 Evaluate summation: Provide the opinions, some of them come from the audiences’
before, about the result of that art overall (summary).

13. Prosedure

Communicative purpose: To describe how something is accomplished through a

sequence/order/step.

Generic structure:

 Goal : introducing the goal

 Material needed

 Step

Language features:

 Using imperative sentence : don’t mix, etc.

 Action verbs: turn, put, etc

 Using connectives

 Using adverbial

14. Public Speaking

Public speaking is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate
manner intended to inform, influence, or entertain the listeners. It is closely allied to
"presenting", although the latter has more of a commercial connotation.

In public speaking, as in any form of communication, there are five basic elements, often
expressed as "who is saying what to whom using what medium with what effects?" The
purpose of public speaking can range from simply transmitting information, to motivating
people to act, to simply telling a story. Good orators should be able to change the emotions
of their listeners, not just inform them. Public speaking can also be considered a community,
Interpersonal and public speaking have several components that embrace such things as
motivational speaking, leadership/personal development, business, customer service, large
group communication, and mass communication. Public speaking can be a powerful tool to
use for purposes such as motivation, influence, persuasion, informing, translation, or simply
entertaining. A confident speaker is more likely to use this as excitement and create
effective speech thus increasing their overall ethos.

In current times, public speaking for business and commercial events is often done by
professionals, with speakers contracted either independently, through representation by
a speakers bureau paid on commission of 25-30%, or via a new crowd sourced model such as
the speakerwiki.org website.
Art and Public speaking knowledge, especially competitive environment in East America also
known as a forensics. Forensic is an adjective that has meaning “General disscussion or
argument”. That word comes from Latin forensis, that has meaning “ from publics”.

ANALYSIS
All of the texts above have the differences. For example: about tenses, verbs, generic
structure, language features, communicative purposes and also the function of the texts are
different each others. All of them are used in different situation. For example: narrative text
is used in fiction such as fairy tale and folktale that is not funny story. Spoof is used to retell
an event with a humorous twist. Recount, to retell someone’ experience, real event, but not
funny story. News item is used to give important information. Discussion is used to give an
idea, opinion, understanding of someone and phenomena. Descriptive is used to describe
person, thing and place as information for other people. Explanation is used to explain of a
theory, understanding, phenomena or definition, etc. We can use all of them to write
something, depend on what we are going to write. There is the procedure and steps of each
it that can make us easier to write. But, when we write something, we have to make our
writing coherence in every paragraph. The most important, we also have to see about
generic structure and language features of each text to make our writing appropriate with
our purpose.