PCN2101 ADVANCED WIRELESS

COMMUNICATION

Prabagarane.N
prabagaranen@ssn.edu.in
 Session Meta Data

Author Prabagarane N

Reviewer

Version Number 1

Release Date 20 Jan 2021

2 v1
 Revision History

Revision Date Details Version

no.

3 v1
 Session Objectives

• The objectives of this session is to introduce

• Statistical modeling
• Doppler Spectra
• Narrowband Channel models

4 v1
 Session Outcomes

At the end of the session, the student will be able to:

• Analyze small scale fading with various statistical distributions

• Interpret the large scale fading with log-normal distribution
• Appreciate the importance of narrowband models in the design of
cellular systems.

5 v1
 Statistical modeling

6 v1
 THE RADIO CHANNEL -Path loss

7 v1
 What is large scale and small scale?

8 v1
 Small-scale fading Two waves

9 v1
 Small-scale fading Two waves

10 v1
 THE RADIO CHANNEL
Small-scale fading (cont.)

11 v1
 Small-scale fading-Many incoming waves

12 v1
 Small-scale fading- Many incoming waves

13 v1
 Small-scale fading- Rayleigh fading

14 v1
 Small-scale fading- Rayleigh fading

15 v1
 Small-scale fading
Rayleigh fading – fading margin

16 v1
 Small-scale fading
Rayleigh fading – fading margin

17 v1
 Small-scale fading
Rayleigh fading – signal and interference

18 v1
 Rayleigh Distribution
• Widely used in wireless communications
• Excellent approximation in a large number of practical scenarios –
confirmed by a multitude of measurements.
• Describes worst case scenario-No dominant signal-large number of
fading dips- Assumption useful for robust system design.
• Depends on single parameter-mean received power- once this
parameter is known, complete signal statistics is known.
• Easier and less error prone to obtain this single parameter either
from measurement or deterministic prediction method than to obtain
multiple parameters of more involved channel models.
• Mathematical convenience – Error probability and other parameters
can often be done in closed form when field strength distribution is
Rayleigh

19 v1
 Small-scale fading one dominating
component

20 v1
 Small-scale fading Rice fading

21 v1
 Small-scale fading
Rice fading, phase distribution

22 v1
 Small-scale fading Nakagami distribution

23 v1
 Small-scale fading Doppler shifts

24 v1
 Small-scale fading Doppler shifts

25 v1
 Small-scale fading Doppler spectra

26 v1
 Small-scale fading Doppler spectrum

27 v1
 Small-scale fading
The Doppler spectrum

28 v1
 Small-scale fading Doppler spectrum

29 v1
 Small-scale fading
Fading dips

30 v1
 Level Crossing Rate
• The Doppler spectrum is a complete characterization of the temporal
statistics of fading.
• Often desirable to have a different formulation that allows more
direct insights into system behavior.
• A quantity that allows immediate interpretation is the occurrence rate
of fading dips – this occurrence rate is known as the Level Crossing
Rate (LCR).
• Obviously, it depends on which level we are considering (i.e., how a
fading dip is defined).
• Falling below a level that is 30 dB below the mean happens more
rarely than falling 3 dB below this mean.
• As the admissible depth of fading dips depends on the mean field
strength, as well as on the considered system, we derive the LCR
for arbitrary levels (i.e., depth of fading dips).

31 v1
 Level Crossing Rate
• LCR is defined as the expected value of the rate at which the
received field strength crosses a certain level r in the positive
direction.

where r˙ = dr/dt is the temporal derivative, and pdfr,r˙ is the joint pdf of
r and r˙.

• Note that √2Ωo is the root-mean-square value of amplitude.

32 v1
 Average Duration of Fades
• Another parameter of interest is the Average Duration of Fades
(ADF).

• We have already derived the rate at which the field strength goes
below the considered threshold (i.e., the LCR), and the total
percentage of time the field strength is lower than this threshold (i.e.,
the cdf of the field strength).

• The ADFs can be simply computed as the quotient of these two

quantities:

33 v1
 Small-scale fading
Statistics of fading dips

34 v1
 Large-scale fading
Log-normal distribution

35 v1
 Large-scale fading
Basic principle

36 v1
 Channel modeling

37 v1
 Narrowband models
Review of properties

38 v1
 Okumura’s measurements

39 v1
 Okumura’s measurements
excess loss

40 v1
 The Okumura-Hata model
How to calculate prop. loss

41 v1
 The COST 231-Walfish-Ikegami model
How to calculate prop. loss

42 v1
 Motley-Keenan indoor model

43 v1
 Summary
We studied the following.

• Statistical description of fading channels

• Small scale fading
• Large scale fading
• Narrowband models

44 v1
 Self Assessment Questions
• What do you understand by the term fading margin?

• Want does the average fade duration quantifies?

• What quantity allow us to make an immediate interpretation of the

occurrence rate of fading dips?

45 v1
 Reference
• Andreas F. Molisch, Wireless Communications, John
Wiley India, Second Edition, 2013.

46 v1