Mixed Signal Group

ARUP SANKAR BHAUMIK

Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016
 Content
• Oversampling
• INL and DNL
• Quantization Noise
• Advantage of oversampling over Q. Noise
• Classification of Delta-sigma Modulator

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 Oversampling
• The input signal x(in) has a bandwidth of B Hz. In practice, the input is usually corrupted by
noise, which can have frequency components outside the frequency range [0 to B]. Thus, x (in)
must be filtered by an anti-alias filter before sampling. The filter eliminates out of band noise,
which would otherwise alias into the signal band after sampling, and degrade the quality of the
samples of x (t).
• If sampling freq. is chosen higher then NR, then transition band of the filter can be widen, which
means filter design become easier and rejection of noise is higher at higher sampling rate.
• Fs/2fb = OSR (over sampling ratio). E.g if B=24 KHz, Nyquist= 2*24=48KHz , take over
sampling rate = 6.144 MHz => OSR = 6.144 MHz / 48 KHz = 128

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 INL & DNL
•
DNL = ‘+’ve

DNL= ‘-’ ve

DNL = -1 (for missing code)

Code k Code k+1
DNL (k) =

INL (k) = , INL (k+1)=

INL (k+1) – INL (k) = DNL (k)

Vk Vk+1

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Quantization Noise

Q.Noise is independent of signal , Noise is

independent from sample to sample (white noise
assumption)
Q. Error is bounded/uniformly distributed between
/2 .
Noise mean sq value =

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Oversampling Advantage

Fig shown :
In the oversampling case‚ the same amount
of error power is spread over a much wider
frequency bandwidth‚ leaving a relatively
small amount of error power within the
signal bandwidth.

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 Q Noise Shaping
• Oversampling reduces the in-band quantization noise by redistributing a fixed amount of noise
power over a bandwidth much larger than the signal bandwidth. The in-band noise is further
attenuated by pushing much of the noise power out of the signal band. This process is known as
the “noise shaping technique”. The output of the modulator can then be low-pass filtered and
finally down sampled to or near to the Nyquist rate.
• For every doubling OSR=>SQNR 3dB
• => resolution 0.5 bit

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 Modulator
• In general‚ for an L th order modulator the SNR improvement is
(6L + 3) dB (or L + 0.5 bits) per doubling the OSR.

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Classification of Delta-sigma M
• Single bit Vs Multi bit Delta-sigma Modulator:
Single Bit Delta-sigma Modulator Multi Bit Delta-sigma Modulator
Linear in nature , because only two levels Non linear in nature , because mismatches
are used for quantization. in quantization steps.

Mismatches of quantization steps doesn’t

exist
Multi -bit quantizer generate approximately
6dB less Q. Noise for every additional bits.
Disadv: More analog circuits are needed,
difficult to design

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Classification of Delta-sigma M
• Single loop Vs Cascade Delta-sigma Modulator:
Single loop Delta-sigma Modulator
Delta-sigma employing only one quantizer
is called single loop delta-sigma modulator
• DT Vs CT delta Sigma Modulator:
DT Delta-sigma Modulator
Loop filter consisting of a discrete time
circuits. Such as switched capacitor or
switched current circuits.
Cascade Delta-sigma Modulator
Cascade Delta-sigma Modulator designed by
cascading several quantizer. Also Called
MASH architecture
Due to instability in higher order single loop
architecture, we can use one or more low
order delta-sigma modulator in cascade
topology, which are relatively stable,.
Disadv: Cascaded topology required tighter
constraints on circuit specifications and
mismatch
CT Delta-sigma Modulator
Loop filter consisting of continuous time
circuits. Such as Trans-conductor &
Integrator.
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Classification of Delta-sigma M
• 2nd order Vs High order Delta-sigma Modulator:
2nd order Delta-sigma Modulator High order Delta-sigma Modulator
e.g ( 1-Z-1)2 . Order is 2 e.g. (1-z-1)n . order is n = 2,3,....

2nd order Delta-sigma Modulator are always As the order of the loop filter increases, the
stable Q.Noise can be suppressed more at low
frequency.

High order Delta-sigma Modulator are

conditionally stable.

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 Next week Plan
• Revisit video lectures on VLSI data Converter
circuits.
• Revisit CTFT,CTLT,DTFT,DTZT and digital filters
(DSP).
• “understanding delta-sigma modulator” book
reading thoroughly.

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