LESSON 1: MANIFESTO STRUCTURE OF A MANIFESTO:

MANIFESTO: Introduction
- A published verbal declaration of the intentions, motives, or ● Thesis Statement
views of the issuer, be it an individual, group, political party ● Precepts
or government. ● Call to Action
- Usually accepts a previously published opinion or public
consensus or promotes new ideas with prescriptive notions Body
for carrying out changes the author believes should be ● Stand
made. ● Evidence
- It often is political or artistic in nature, but may present an ● Explanation
individual's life stance.
- Manifestos relating to religious belief are generally referred Conclusion
to as creeds. ● Summary of all major points
- A manifesto is a document which has the following entries or ● Re-statement of the thesis statement
declarations:
● Intentions - basically what the author wants to do or what
he intends to do
● Vision - things wish to come up with
● Opinions - stand on an issue

A GOOD MANIFESTO HAS THE FOLLOWING:

1. Proactive in nature
2. Should be grounded
3. Should be desired

IN PREPARING A MANIFESTO CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING:

1. Have compelling questions
2. Consider the Audience
3. Develop ideas
4. Research
5. Create an outline
LESSON 2: CONCEPT PAPER ● Goal Statement - provides a broad or abstract intention,
including the research goals and objectives.
CONCEPT PAPER: ● Research Questions - provides a preliminary view of the
- Summaries of projects or issues that reflect the interests, questions the student will investigate.
experience and expertise of the writer or organization. ● An Abridged Methodology - provides the student's best idea
- Generally serve the purpose of providing in-depth discussion on how to conduct the research and analyze the data.
on a topic that the writer has a strong position on, usually ● Timeline - provides a range of time for completion of the
with the intent of obtaining funding for the project from project, highlighting key elements for each stage of the
donors. project.
● References - provides references to material cited in the
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONCEPT PAPER: literature review and elsewhere in the concept paper.
● Concept Design Paper
● Brand Concept Paper CONCEPT PROPOSAL:
● Project Concept Paper - Simply defined as a written proposition of an abstract idea
● Fundraising Concept Paper supplied and speculated by the mind with the purpose of
● Business Concept Paper bringing new thoughts and views.
● Fundraising Concept Paper - Applied in a multitude of ways.
● Event Concept Paper - Can be used in architecture and designs, engineering and
● New Product Development Paper infrastructure, and even the business plan and marketing
● Exhibition Concept Paper plan.
● Research Concept Paper
PROOF OF CONCEPT PROPOSAL:
USES OF A CONCEPT PAPER: ● You have to bring a certain method or idea to reality in order to
● Serves as a foundation of a proposal. demonstrate its feasibility and verify that this concept or theory has
● Helps determine the feasibility of a project. practical potential.
● Piques interest of potential funding agencies. ● One can then assume that a proof of concept proposal is a test of
● Obtains informal feedback prior to preparation of full proposal. effectiveness. It is a method by which a concept, which is abstract,
can be realistic.
MAIN ELEMENTS OF AN ACADEMIC CONCEPT PAPER: ● A simple proposal in many ways gives a futuristic layout of a
subject.
● Title Page - provides the tentative title for the dissertation. ● By using a proof of concept proposal, an organization can then
● Statement of the Problem - provides the purpose for the presume that the idea presented can be actualized.
research.
● Preliminary Literature Review - provides identification of
major literature that supports and validates the topics.
LESSON 3: POSITION PAPER
HOW TO MAKE A POSITION
● CREATE ASSERTIONS
-A confident and forceful statement of fact or belief.
-Assertions are opinions that people may or may not agree with.
They are not general truths: Instead: they are positions on an issue.
-Upon building arguments, one should write down several assertions.
After reading one's assertions, one should evaluate whether all of
these assertions fit a particular theme or main idea.
-This theme, main Idea, or your thesis statement should be the
controlling idea of your position paper.
● ARGUMENTATION AND EVIDENCE
-In most papers, the writer's aim is to find a topic and make a claim
about it. This claim is better known as the writer's argument.
-With it, the writer attempts to win the reader over to his/her view of
the topic, or, at the very least, to show the reader a new perspective
about the subject discussed.
-If the writer is going to make some headway with an argument,
however, he/she must be able to give evidence to support the claims
the paper will make.
-There are three main categories of evidence that are essential to
gain the audience's confidence in the writer's assertions. These
categories are Fact, Judgment, and Testimony.
1. FACTS
-Among the best tools to involve the reader in the argument.
Since facts are indisputable, the writer automatically wins the
reader's mutual agreement by utilizing them.
-Facts are used primarily to get the reader to stand on the
writer's plane of reasoning. For instance, if a writer wanted to
argue that smoking is a detriment to your health, he/she
would begin by citing factual information about the large
number of people who die every year from smoke-related
diseases. This would then force the reader to agree with the
writer on at least one point.
2. JUDGEMENT
-Facts, however, cannot carry the entire argument. It is
necessary for the writer to utilize Judgments as well.
-These are assumptions that the writer makes about his/her
subject after carefully considering the facts.
-The success or failure of the entire argument rests on
whether or not the writer can utilize adequate reasoning in
coming to the right judgments.
3. TESTIMONY
- The final type of evidence used in writing a convincing
argument is Testimony.
There are two types of testimony: 1) the account of an
eyewitness, and 2) the judgment of an expert who has had
the chance to examine and interpret the facts.
-Both of these lend validity to an argument. The eyewitness
can supply important facts for the writer to use, and the
expert can provide valuable judgments in order to give
strength to the argument.
LESSON 4: TYPES OF EVIDENCE
EVIDENCE:
-Is the facts, examples, or sources used to support a claim.
-In the sciences, this might be data retrieved from an experiment or a
scientific journal article.
-In the humanities, it may be a quotation from the text, published
information from academic critics, or a theory that supports your
claims.
-Evidence can be separated into two categories, primary and
secondary sources.
PRIMARY SOURCES
-First-hand experiences, accounts, observations, reports, or
narratives.
-Could include diaries, letters, contemporary newspapers, or
eyewitness accounts of events. Official documents (eg, the Canadian
Charter of Rights and freedoms). data collected from surveys, and
lab results are also primary sources.
-In the humanities, the text you are writing about is also considered
your primary text.
SECONDARY SOURCES
-Are critiques written by academics and scholars.
-These sources are considered secondary because they examine
primary sources to present an argument or support a point of view,
as such, they may be selective with their evidence or insert
themselves in a debate happening among a number of scholars.
-In the sciences, reviews, which are surveys of articles that
demonstrate an understanding of a field, are considered secondary.
It is a good idea to be aware of the bias in secondary sources when
employing them as evidence.
WHEN TO INTRODUCE AND EVIDENCE OF EXAMPLE
● State Information that is not "common knowledge";
● Draw conclusions, make inferences, or suggest implications
based on specific data: need to clarity a prior statement, and
it would be more effectively done with an illustration;
● Need to identify representative examples of a category;
● Desire to distinguish concepts; and emphasize a point by
highlighting a specific situation.
STANDARDS FOR EVIDENCE
● Make sure your evidence is appropriate to the paper you are
writing
● Make sure the evidence does, in fact, support your argument
or your claims
● Tell your reader why this evidence supports your
argument/claims
● Make sure you have an appropriate amount of evidence
● Make sure to appropriately cite your evidence
TYPES OF EVIDENCE
● Numbers (for example, date and time, or any specific
number or measurement: Length of a boat, number of
witnesses, votes for a certain bill, score of a game, etc.)
● Statistics. Although technically just one form of number
evidence, statistics are special enough to count as their own
separate type of evidence, especially because they are so
valuable at making evidence representative
● Names (for example, place names, names of individuals,
organizations, movements, etc.)
● Expert opinion (this refers to the use of someone else's
knowledge or opinion, not that of the author-when the author
quotes or mentions a recognized expert in the field)
● Specialized knowledge (the author's own knowledge, not
common knowledge, usually acquired through some sort of
formal training)
 ● Individual stories/examples, also known as anecdotal
evidence (When the term "anecdotal evidence" is used, it is
generally a negative or critical term suggesting that the
evidence is not representative. Individual stories or
examples, however, are often useful evidence.
● Physical details (sense data)-things you can see, hear,
touch, smell or taste Dialogue (Speech of other people
reported directly, exactly as spoken, usually with quotation
marks [""] around it and set off in separate paragraphs, one
for each speaker. Technically this is a subset of physical
detail, because it is something you can hear, but direct
reporting of what people have said is important enough to be
considered a separate category.)
● Documentary evidence (evidence from documents). This
includes all of the following, among many others:
➢ Letters
➢ Diaries
➢ Unpublished writings (early drafts of works published
later, juvenile works by famous authors, etc.)
➢ Laws
➢ Administrative policies, like the Washington Administrative
Code
➢ Court decisions
➢ Speeches, interviews, and other statements by relevant
people
TYPES OF EVIDENCE IN PERSUASIVE / ARGUMENT PAPERS
Support your position or thesis with evidence. Remember that your
evidence must appeal to reason. The following are different ways to
support your argument:
● FACTS
● STATISTICS
● QUOTES
1. Using facts is a powerful means of convincing. Facts can come
from your reading, observation, or personal experience. Facts cannot
be disputed. This makes them a strong form of evidence. Note: Do
not confuse facts with truths. A "truth" is an idea believed by many
people, but it cannot be proven.
● Grass is green
● All cats are animals.
● Jumping out of airplanes without a parachute is hazardous.
However, facts can be interpreted or presented in skewed ways,
which may result in skewed or erroneous conclusions. Personal
opinions (such as "Dustin Hoffman is the best actor who has ever
lived") are never facts, they are claims. For example Grass is green.
(In the winter?) Stalin was a famous man, loved by many people. It's
a fact that the French are smelly and snobbish.
2. Using statistics can provide excellent support for your argument.
Arguments employing amounts and numbers are concrete and
therefore support claims because they use logic and facts. Be sure
your statistics come from good sources, which you will cite.
● Over 61% of Americans are overweight. Unemployment in Illinois
is at 5%
● During each game, Sean Hill of the NY Islanders spent an average
of 20:09 minutes on the ice.
3. Using quotes from leading experts or authorities in their fields will
support your position-this is a logical appeal and is accepted by other
academics as a good way to back up your claims
● Dr. Kenneth P. Moritsugu, U.S. Surgeon General, described long
term problems associated with underage drinking "Research shows
that young people who start drinking before the age of 15 are five
times more likely to have alcohol-related problems later in life."
● Samantha King, a noted forensic specialist, stated that DNA
evidence is usually indisputable.
4. Using examples or anecdotes from your own experience can
enhance your meaning and also engage the reader. Personal
examples make your ideas concrete. These real-life examples allow
a reader to relate to the issues personally.
● For many years, my best friend's husband beat her- the police did
nothing about it; therefore, we need better laws so domestic abusers
can be punished more stringently. After living in Iceland for a decade,
I can honestly say that the people are kind and warm.
● Immigration laws should allow amnesty to illegals- my father came
here from Mexico twenty years ago, and he has worked 50 hours a
week to support us. If he is deported, he will leave behind his
children, who are citizens. I do not think this is fair to all of us.
For personal experience to be convincing. However, it must also be
applicable, present reasonable background understanding, show
universal or general situations, and be related to the thesis
somehow.
● I've never been to Australia, but it seems from all the movies I've
seen about the place that they all like to drink and barbecue.
● My experience visiting Canada on my high school trip showed me
that their medical systems are superior to ours.
● Cats are not friendly. My neighbor's cat never comes to me when I
call it.
10 TYPES OF EVIDENCE
1. Analogical evidence - uses a comparison of things that are
similar to draw an analogy.
2. Character evidence - this is a testimony or document that is
used to help prove that someone acted in a particular way
based on the person’s character.
3. Circumstantial Evidence aka Indirect evidence - used to infer
something based on a series of facts separate from the fact
the argument is trying to prove. It requires a deduction of
facts from other facts that can be proven and while not
considered to be strong evidence, it can be relevant in a
workplace investigation, which has a different burden of
proof than a criminal investigation.
4. Demonstrative evidence - a visual, graphic, or sound aid
used to explain or illustrate a witness's testimony or the
presentation of the proponent's case.
5. Digital evidence - Can be any sort of digital file from an
electric source. Ex: email, text messages, instant messages,
files, and documents
6. Direct evidence - supports the truth of an assertion directly,
i.e., without an intervening inference It is the most powerful
type of evidence.
7. Documentary evidence - writing or any material containing
letters, words, numbers, figures, symbols or other modes of
written expression offered as proof of their contents.
8. Forensic evidence - criminal evidence acquired through
scientific methods, including ballistics, blood tests, and DNA
tests.
9. Physical evidence - any material object that plays some role
in the matter that gave rise to the litigation, introduced as
evidence in a judicial proceeding to prove a fact in issue
based on the object's physical characteristics.
10. Statistical evidence - provides a particular form of proof
related to the collection of information that is aggregated and
then summarized using some mathematical representation.
LESSON 5: MEMO MEMO STRUCTURE

MEMO Subject Line: summarizes the main idea; think of it as being

-Used within organizations to communicate everything from routine preceded by the words “This memo is about”
details to complete proposals and reports.
-Are often only a few short paragraphs, but they can be much longer, Introductory paragraph: quickly orients the reader to what the memo
depending on their purposes is about
● To inform others about new or changed policy, procedures, ● Give your purpose for writing
organizational details ● Supply any relevant background information
● To announce meetings, events, changes ● Identify any task the memo is related to
● To present decisions, directives, proposals, briefings Body: conveys the information nad supporting details relevant to the
● To transmit documents (internal) memo’s purpose
● Keep paragraphs short and focused; one main idea per
MEMO FORMAT paragraph
Company and/or department name (without address) ● Keep sentences tight and informative
Heading ● Use bullets to list information
● To (who gets it) Close: end courteously
● From (who sent it)
● Subject (what it’s about)
● Date (when it was sent)
Body (conveys messages)
● Introduction
● Main points
● Close

MEMO STYLES
● Concise: make your sentences, paragraph, and overall
memo as brief and as focused as possible
● Clear: get your purpose straight before you start, then plan
what you want to say in what order.
● Direct: speak directly to your reader, as you would in person
or on the phone. Do not pad your ideas with unnecessary
details. Think of what questions your reader wants
answered, and then answer them.
● Clean: reread, revise, copy, edit, and proofread.
LESSON 6: SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
SAMPLING
-Refers to method or process of selecting respondents or people to
answer questions meant to yield data for a research study
POPULATION
-The bigger group from where the researcher chooses the sample
SAMPLE or PARTICIPANTS
A sample can be defined as a group of relatively smaller number of
people selected from a population for investigation purpose.
SAMPLING FRAME
-The list of the members of such population from where the
researcher will get the sample
TARGET POPULATION
-Refers to all members who meet the particular criterion specified for
a research investigation
ELEMENT
-A single entity of any given population which is not decomposable
further. Ex: individual, household, factory, school, etc.
TYPES OF SAMPLING
1. PROBABILITY SAMPLING aka Random
Sampling/Representative sampling - involves all members
listed in the sampling frame representing a certain
population focused on by the study.
● Simple random sampling - pure chance selection
● Systematic sampling - chance and system are the ones to
determine who should compose the sample
● Stratified sampling - the group comprising the sample is
chosen in a way that such a group is liable to subdivision
during the analysis stage. Subgroup is called strata
● Cluster sampling - the groups of elements residing in one
geographical region
2. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING aka Judgement or
non-random sampling - every unit of population does not get
an equal chance of participation, no random selection is
made. Biased.
● Quota sampling - the researchers chooses sample members
possessing the characteristics of the target population.
● Voluntary sampling - the members of the sample self-select
themselves for being part of the study.
● Purposive or judgemental sampling - the researchers
chooses the people who could correspond to the objectives
of the study
● Availability sampling - the willingness of a person as your
subject to interact
● Snowball sampling - similar to snow expanding widely or
rolling rapidly, this sampling does not give a specific set of
samples.

LESSON 7: KINDS OF REPORTS
TECHNICAL REPORT:
-The purpose of a technical report is to completely and clearly
describe technical work, why it was done, results obtained and
implications of those results.
-The technical report serves as a means of communicating the work
to others and possibly providing useful information about that work at
some later date.
-A well‐written report allows the reader to quickly understand what
has been accomplished.
-The report also provides sufficient detail to allow the reader to
recreate the results although the level of detail provided depends
heavily on the report’s audience and any proprietary nature of the
work.
-The key to a well‐written report is organization. A report that is
divided into several sections, occurring in a logical sequence, makes
it easy for the reader to quickly obtain an overview of the contents as
well as locate specific information.
A REPORT IS:
-Informative and fact-based
-Formally structured
-Usually written with a specific purpose and reader in mind
-Written in style appropriate to each section
-Always include section headings
Often use bullet points, includes tables or graphs, offer
recommendation for action
-Clear presentation of results is at least as important as the results
themselves; therefore, writing a report is an exercise in effective
communication of technical information.
FORMAL
-A formal report is an official report that contains detailed information,
research, and data necessary to make business decisions.
-This report is generally written for the purpose of solving a problem.
-Some examples of formal reports include: Inspection Report. Safety
Report.
INFORMAL
-A short document that is shared within an organization to keep
employees informed about important information and policies.
-Informal reports can be delivered in a variety of formats including
memos, letters, web postings, and emails.
FIELD REPORT
-Field reports are most often assigned in disciplines of the applied
social sciences where it is important to build a bridge of relevancy
between the theoretical concepts learned in the classroom and the
practice of actually doing the work being taught to do.
-The purpose of field reports is to describe an observed person,
place, or event and to analyze that observation data in order to
identify and categorize common themes in relation to the research
problem(s) underpinning the study.
SCIENTIFIC REPORT
-It is a specialized type of report that adheres to the scientific method
characterized by attention to detail,reliance on test procedures,
objective analysis, documented research, careful report and
observations based on evidence
SURVEY REPORT
-A document with important metrics gathered from customer
feedback.
-The goal of a survey report is to present the data in a full and
objective manner. The report presents all the results that were
collected.
LESSON 8: TYPES OF SURVEY QUESTIONS 4. Likert scale questions
-Likert scale questions are good survey questions for finding out
1. Open-ended questions what people think about certain things.
-Open up a conversation with this question. -Generally, they come in 5, 7, or 9-point scales.
-These are good survey questions to get more meaningful answers -The questions use statements and a respondent then indicates how
from as people have the opportunity to give you more feedback much they agree or disagree with that statement.
through a text box.
Likert scale questions examples
Open-ended question examples: How satisfied are you today with our customer service?
What are you wearing today? Do you feel affected by the recent changes in the office?
How did you meet your best friend?
5 .Multiple choice questions
2. Closed-ended questions -Respondents are asked to select only the correct (or one) answer
-Some questions just need a one-word answer. Like yes or no. from the choices offered as a list.
-You can use them for finding out some quick tit-bits of
information—then go on to segment your survey-filler-inners Multiple choice questions examples
accordingly. Facebook was launched in… 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006
How many of our restaurants have you visited? 1 | 2 | 3 | 4+
Closed-ended questions examples:
Did you order the chicken? 6. Demographic questions
Are you living in Australia? -Allow researchers to gain background information on their
participants.
3. Rating questions -Asks respondents personal information and collects valuable
-Find out how your survey-takers would rate something. insides.
-It’s a super useful question to ask, as you can gauge peoples’
opinions across the board. Demographic questions examples
-Asks survey respondents to compare different items using a How old are you?
common scale What’s your gender?

Rating questions examples

How would you rate our service out of 5?
Please, rate how valuable our training was today.
LESSON 9: GRAPHS Stem and Leaf Plot – In the stem and leaf plot, the data are
organized from least value to the greatest value. The digits of the
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION least place values from the leaves and the next place value digit
-Is a way of analyzing numerical data. forms the stems.
-It exhibits the relation between data, ideas, information and
concepts in a diagram. Box and Whisker Plot – The plot diagram summarizes the data by
-It is easy to understand and it is one of the most important learning dividing it into four parts. Box and whisker show the range (spread)
strategies and the middle ( median) of the data.
- It always depends on the type of information in a particular domain.

TYPES OF GRAPHS

Line Graphs – Line graph or the linear graph is used to display the
continuous data and it is useful for predicting future events over time.

Bar Graphs – Bar Graph is used to display the category of data and
it compares the data using solid bars to represent the quantities.

Histograms – The graph that uses bars to represent the frequency

of numerical data that are organized into intervals. Since all the
intervals are equal and continuous, all the bars have the same width.

Line Plot – It shows the frequency of data on a given number line. ‘

x ‘ is placed above a number line each time when that data occurs
again.

Frequency Table – The table shows the number of pieces of data

that fall within the given interval.

Circle Graph – Also known as the pie chart that shows the
relationships of the parts of the whole. The circle is considered 100%
and the categories occupied is represented with that specific
percentage like 15%, 56%, etc.
GENERAL RULES FOR GRAPHING REPRESENTATION OF DATA
There are certain rules to effectively present the information in the
graphical representation. They are:

Suitable Title: Make sure that the appropriate title is given to the
graph which indicates the subject of the presentation.

Measurement Unit: Mention the measurement unit in the graph.

Proper Scale: To represent the data in an accurate manner, choose

a proper scale.

Index: Index the appropriate colors, shades, lines, design in the

graphs for better understanding.

Data Sources: Include the source of information wherever it is

necessary at the bottom of the graph.

Keep it Simple: Construct a graph in an easy way that everyone can

understand.

Neat: Choose the correct size, fonts, colors etc in such a way that
the graph should be a visual aid for the presentation of information

MERITS OF USING GRAPHS

● The graph is easily understood by everyone without any

prior knowledge.
● It saves time
● It allows us to relate and compare the data for different time
periods
● It is used in statistics to determine the mean, median and
mode for different data, as well as in the interpolation and
the extrapolation of data.