THE ARCH

n arch is a curved structure that spans an open space, supporting the weight of the structure above it by
distributing the load of the structure down its curved shape to its supports, known as abutments. The arch is a
simple and effective way of constructing a strong, durable, and aesthetically pleasing structure, which has been
used since ancient times.
Arches can be constructed using a variety of materials, including stone, brick, concrete, steel, and timber. The
shape of an arch is designed to transfer the load of the structure above it to the supports, which are typically
positioned at the ends of the arch. The curve of an arch is carefully designed to ensure that the weight of the
structure is distributed evenly across the arch, so that it can support the load without collapsing.
Some common types of arches used in structural engineering include the circular arch, the pointed arch, and
the horseshoe arch. Arches can also be combined with other structural elements, such as columns, to create
more complex and visually striking structures, such as arcades or porticos.
TYPES OF ARCHES
Based on their geometry, arches can be classified as semicircular, segmental, or pointed. Based
on the number of internal hinges, they can be further classified as two-hinged arches, three-hinged
arches, or fixed arches, as seen in Figure 6.1. This chapter discusses the analysis of three-hinge
arches only.

THREE HINGED ARCHES

A three-hinged arch is a type of structural arch that is composed of a curved member supported by three
hinges, one at each end and one at the crown, or the highest point of the arch. The hinges allow the arch to
rotate and deform under load, which helps to distribute the load more evenly and reduce stresses on the arch.

Three-hinged arches are commonly used in bridge construction, where they can span large distances with
minimal material and provide a visually pleasing structure. The three hinges in a three-hinged arch allow for
more freedom of movement than other arch types, making it better suited for long span bridges that may be
subject to thermal expansion and contraction or other types of movement.

The design of a three-hinged arch requires careful consideration of the loads that the structure will be subjected
to, as well as the materials used in its construction. The arch must be able to withstand not only the weight of
the structure, but also any external loads such as wind, traffic, and seismic activity. The selection of materials,
such as steel or concrete, and the design of the arch shape must be optimized to ensure that the structure is
strong, stable, and durable over time.
Derivation of Equations for the Determination of Internal Forces in a Three-Hinged Arch
 THE CABLE
Cables are flexible structures that support the applied transverse loads by the tensile resistance
developed in its members. Cables are used in suspension bridges, tension leg offshore platforms,
transmission lines, and several other engineering applications. The distinguishing feature of a cable
is its ability to take different shapes when subjected to different types of loadings. Under a uniform load, a
cable takes the shape of a curve, while under a concentrated load, it takes the form of several
linear segments between the load’s points of application