STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF G+2 complex mixed BUILDING

Dessie

Wollo University

Institute of Technology
Department of Civil Engineering

Integrated Design II: - Project Submitted to the Department of Civil

Engineering

Advisor: Mr. ALI

By: - MITIKU GETACHEW

MOGES TEFERA
SITOTAW WUDENEH
FISSEHA KASSA
OUMER MOHAMED
BIRUK ABERA
NIGUSIE ESHETU
August, 2015
 Chapter one

INTRODCTION
 Chapter two

2. ROOF TRUSS

A roof truss is basically a framed structure formed by connecting various members at their ends
to form a system of triangles, arranged in pre-decided pattern depending upon the span, type of
loading and functional requirements .In industrial buildings, steel trusses are commonly used and
in most residential buildings wooden trusses are also used. A-shaped truss: This is a type of truss
that has as certain general shape resembling the letter “A”. The steel truss has been designed as
simply supported on columns. The analysis of A-type truss has been done on the basis of
relevant EBCS Standards for the following different parameters:

• Span length of A-type trusses (meters) = 12

• Spacing between trusses (meters) = 6.0
• Roof slope=1 in 3,
• Column height = 9(meters)
• Wind zones = I, II and III
• Permeability = Normal
• Class of structure = A, B, C
• Terrain category = 1, 2, 3, & 4

Common Types of Trusses

Roof trusses - in general, the roof load is transmitted to the truss by a series of purlins. The roof
truss along with its supporting columns is termed a bent. The space between bents is called a
bay.

Pratt Truss – This truss was patented in 1844 by two Boston railway engineers; Caleb Pratt and
his son Thomas Willis Pratt.
 the design uses vertical beams for compression and horizontal beams to respond to tension.
 What is remarkable about this style is that it remained popular even as wood gave way to iron,
and even still as iron gave way to steel
 CHAPTER THREE
3. ONE-WAY RIBBED SLAB

One-way ribbed slab is a floor or roof system supported by closely spaced small beams called
ribs or joists framing into girders, which in turn frame into the supporting columns. To reduce
cost of formwork, supporting girders may be proportioned with the same depth of ribs, which is
usually about 0.18% of the cross-sectional area of topping slab. Alternatively, to provide mesh
reinforcement about 0.1% of the cross-sectional area of topping slab in each direction. If the
spacing between ribs exceeds 1m, the topping slab shall be designed as slab resting on ribs.

Since concrete is weak in tension and its tensile strength is neglected in design, the use of ribbed
slab eliminate much of tension concrete in a slab that results in a saving of weight with little
alteration in the structural behavior of the slab. Ribbed floor slabs are economical for buildings
such as apartment houses, hotels and hospitals where live loads are fairly small and the spans are
comparatively long. Ribbed floors are not suitable for heavy construction, such as in ware houses
and heavy manufacturing buildings.

Minimum thickness of concrete flange or topping slab according to EBCS-2/95 is about 40mm
but not less than 1/10 of the clear distance between ribs. Topping slab is reinforced, primarily for
temperature and shrinkage stresses using small bars placed at right angles to the joists; the area
of this reinforcement is
Generally, ribs (joists) are designed as regular T-beam sections supported by girders. Ribs shall
be not less than 65mm wide. Their spacing shall not exceed 1.5m; and depth of ribs excluding
any topping slab shall be not more than four times their width. The reinforcement of the ribs
usually consists of two bars, one straight bar and one bent bar.
 CHAPTER FOUR
4. STAIR
4.1Introduction
Staircase is an important component of a building providing access to different floors and roof of
the building. It consists of a flight of steps (stairs) and one or more intermediate landing slabs
between the floor levels. Different types of staircases can be made by arranging stairs and
landing slabs. Staircase, thus, is a structure enclosing a stair. The design of the main components
of a staircase-stair, landing slabs and supporting beams or wall. The design of staircase,
therefore, is the application of the designs of the different elements of the staircase.
Stairs are the conventional means of access between floors in buildings. A stair is described as a
set of steps leading form one floor to another and a stair case includes the part of the building
surrounding the stair.
Stairs should be constructed to provide real easy and safe access up and downs, with steps that
are either laborious or difficult to climb with in a compact areas as to take up no excessive floor
area In the building, stairs have two main functions: firstly that of normal every day access from
floor to floor, and secondly they must provide an easy and rapid escape, from the upper floor in
case of emergency (as fire or earth quakes).
For this reason even if most buildings have other means of access between floors as elevators
(lift) or moving stair case they must have also stairs.

4. FRAME INTRODUCTION

The structural analysis is a mathematical algorithm process by which the response of a structure
to specified loads and actions is determined. This response is measured by determining the
internal forces or stress resultants and displacements or deformations throughout the structure.

The structural analysis is based on engineering mechanics, mechanics of solids, laboratory

research, model and prototype testing, experience and engineering judgment.

The basic methods of structural analysis are flexibility and stiffness methods. The flexibility
method is also called force method and compatibility method. The stiffness method is also called
displacement method and equilibrium method. These methods are applicable to all type of
structures; however, here only skeletal systems or framed structures will be discussed. The
examples of such structures are beams, arches, cables, plane trusses, space trusses, plane frames,
plane grids and space frames.

The skeletal structure is one whose members can be represented by lines possessing certain
rigidity properties. These one dimensional members are also called bar members because their
cross sectional dimensions are small in comparison to their lengths. The skeletal structures may
be determinate or indeterminate.

5. BEAM INTRODUCTION

A beam is defined as an element that is structural in nature and one that can resist load primarily
by bending. Beams made of a number of materials.

Beams tackle loads by allowing themselves to bend. The bending force that is generated on a
beam is due to the external loads that are being applied on the beam, beam’s own weight, span
and the external reactions to the loads known as bending moment. Beams work by transferring
loads to their supports and subsequently to columns, walls or girders

Horizontal or inclined structural member spanning a distance between one or more supports and
carrying vertical loads across (transverse to) its longitudinal axis. Like as a girder, joist, purlin,
or rafter. The three basic types of beams are: (1) Simple span, supported at both ends, (2)
Continuous, supported at more than two points, and (3) Cantilever, supported at one end with the
other end overhanging and free.

6. RCC COLUMN INTRODUCTION

A column forms a very important component of a structure. Columns support beams which in
turn support walls and slabs. It should be realized that the failure of a column results in the
collapse of the structure. The design of a column should therefore receive importance.
Supporting the slabs is the main function of the columns… Such slabs are called Simply
Supported Slabs. Simply supported slabs could be either one way slab or a two-way slab. It
depends on the dimensions of the slab.

A column is defined as a compression member, the effective length of which

exceeds three times the least lateral dimension. Compression members whose
lengths do not exceed three times the least lateral dimension, may be made of
plain concrete.

In this article, we are going to discuss in detail the basis of classification of columns and
different types of reinforcement required for a certain type of column.

A column may be classified based on different criteria such as:

1. Based on shape

 Rectangle

 Square

 Circular

 Polygon

2. Based on slenderness ratio

 Short column,?? 12

 Long column,? > 12

3. Based on type of loading

 Axially loaded column

 A column subjected to axial load and uniaxial bending

 A column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending

4. Based on pattern of lateral reinforcement

  Tied columns

 Spiral columns

Minimum eccentricity

Emin > l/500 + D/30 >20

Where, l = unsupported length of column in ‘mm’

D = lateral dimensions of column

Types of Reinforcements for columns and their requirements

Longitudinal Reinforcement

 Minimum area of cross-section of longitudinal bars must be atleast 0.8% of gross section

area of the column.

 Maximum area of cross-section of longitudinal bars must not exceed 6% of the gross

cross-section area of the column.

 The bars should not be less than 12mm in diameter.

 Minimum number of longitudinal bars must be four in rectangular column and 6 in circular

column.

 Spacing of longitudinal bars measures along the periphery of a column should not exceed

300mm.

Transverse reinforcement

 It may be in the form of lateral ties or spirals.

 The diameter of the lateral ties should not be less than 1/4 th of the diameter of the largest

longitudinal bar and in no case less than 6mm.

The pitch of lateral ties should not exceed

 Least lateral dimension

 16 x diameter of longitudinal bars (small)

  300mm

Helical Reinforcement

The diameter of helical bars should not be less than 1/4 th the diameter of largest longitudinal

and not less than 6mm.

The pitch should not exceed (if helical reinforcement is allowed);

 75mm

 1/6th of the core diameter of the column

Pitch should not be less than,

 25mm

 3 x diameter of helical bar

Pitch should not exceed (if helical reinforcement is not allowed)

Least lateral dimension

 16 x diameter of longitudinal bar (smaller)

 300mm

7.FOUNDATION INTRODUCTION
The lowest artificially built part of a structure which transmits the load of the structure to
the ground is called foundation.
The foundation of a structure is always constructed below ground level so as to
increase the lateral stability of the structure. It includes the portion of the structure below
ground level and other artificial arrangements in the form of concrete block, grillage, raft,
piles etc. at its base so as to provide a firm and level surface for transmitting the load of
the structure on a large area of the soil lying underneath.
PURPOSES OF FOUNDATIONS
Foundations are used for the following purposes.
i. To distribute the load of the structure over a large bearing area so as to bring
intensity of loading within the safe bearing capacity of the soil lying underneath.
ii. To load the bearing surface at a uniform rate so as to prevent unequal
settlement.
iii. To prevent the lateral movement of the supporting material.
iv. To secure a level and firm bed for building operations.
v. To increase the stability of the structure as a whole.

TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS.
Foundations can be broadly classified into the following two categories
o Shallow foundations
o Deep foundations

Shallow Foundations

The foundations provided immediately beneath the lowest part of the structure, near
to the ground level are known as shallow foundations. The purpose of this type of
foundations is to distribute the structural loads over a considerable base area at the
foundation bed. Since spread foundations (shallow foundations) are constructed in open
excavations, therefore, they are termed as open foundations
Shallow foundations are further classified into the following types: -
a. Spread or Isolated footings
b. Combined footing
c. Cantilever footing
d. Continuous or wall footing
e. Raft foundation