Raus Blethe Anoche Engr.

Wilfredo Lumagbas

BS Arch 4B 02-01-2024

“ASSIGNMENT 1”

STRUCT 3

1. Explain what is theory of structure?

The theory of structure is a social theory that seeks to explain the creation and

reproduction of social systems based on the analysis of both structure and agency effects.

It is a complex and multifaceted concept that has been developed by various scholars,

including Anthony Giddens, Kenneth Waltz, and Alexander Wendt. The theory of

structuration, proposed by Giddens, emphasizes the duality of structure and agency,

where structures exist both internally within agents and externally as conditions of action.

The theory of structure is concerned with the relationship between social structures and

human agency, and how they interact to shape social behavior and outcomes. It is an

important concept in sociology and other social sciences, providing a framework for

understanding the complex interplay between social structures and human agency in

shaping social systems.

2. What are the different types of structures and give an example?

Concrete Frame Structures: These are very common in modern building

construction and consist of a frame or skeleton of concrete. They involve horizontal

members called beams and vertical members called columns. Concrete frame buildings
can be clad with various materials such as glass, aluminum panels, stone sheets, and

ceramic facades.

Precast Concrete: This type of concrete is manufactured in a controlled factory setting

and then transported to the construction site. It is commonly used for walls, staircases,

concrete blocks, and poles due to its high quality and controlled production environment.

Reinforced Concrete: This type of concrete involves embedding steel within the

concrete to enhance its strength. It is widely used in various construction applications due

to its ability to resist forces and support structural loads.

Prestressed Concrete: This concrete is pre-compressed to counteract the stresses that

will occur when the structure is subject to loads. It is commonly used in bridges, parking

structures, and building components to improve the performance of the concrete under

various loading conditions.

3. What are the different types of beams and loadings?

Common types of beams:

 Simply Supported Beam: A beam supported or resting freely on the supports at its

both ends.

 Cantilever Beam: A beam that is supported at only one end, with the other end

projecting into space.

 Fixed Beam: A beam whose both ends are fixed or built-in walls.

 Continuous Beam: A beam which has more than 2 supports. It is an extended form of

a simply supported beam

Common Types of loadings:

 Point Load or Concentrated Load: A load that acts on a single point of any section or

member.

 Uniform Distributed Load (UDL): A load that is spread over a beam or section

uniformly along the length.

 Uniformly Varying Load: A load that is spread on the section of a member such that

the rate of loading varies from the point to point. It is also known as a triangular load.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. ACI

The American Concrete Institute (ACI) is highly regarded for its contributions to the

concrete industry and is known for its comprehensive approach to addressing the needs of

the concrete construction industry.

2. ASTM

"American Society for Testing and Materials." However, it is now known as ASTM

International.ASTM standards are developed by committees of relevant industry

professionals who meet regularly to create standards such as test methods, specifications,

guides, and practices. These standards cover a wide range of areas, including metals,

paints, plastics, textiles, petroleum, construction, energy, the environment, consumer

products, medical services, devices and electronics, advanced materials, and much more.

3. BAR NUNMBER

The term "bar number" typically refers to the size or diameter of reinforcing steel

bars used in concrete construction. These bars are commonly referred to as "rebar," and
their size is designated by a number that corresponds to the bar's diameter in millimeters.

The bar number is an essential consideration in the design and construction of reinforced

concrete structures, as it impacts the strength and durability of the concrete and its ability

to resist forces and support structural loads.

4. BUNDLE OF BARS

A "bundle of bars" refers to a grouping of reinforcing steel bars that are used in

concrete construction. These bundles typically consist of multiple individual bars that are

grouped together to form a single unit, which is then used to reinforce concrete elements

such as beams, columns, and slabs. The use of bar bundles can provide advantages in

terms of construction efficiency, handling, and placement of the reinforcement within the

concrete members. Additionally, bar bundles are subject to specific guidelines and

requirements related to their spacing, arrangement, and use within concrete elements to

ensure structural integrity and performance.

5. CONCRETE COVER

Concrete cover, in the context of reinforced concrete, refers to the least distance

between the surface of the embedded reinforcement (such as rebar) and the outer surface

of the concrete. It acts as a protective layer for the reinforcing steel, safeguarding it from

corrosion and ensuring the structural integrity of the entire system. The concrete cover

depth is a critical factor in preventing the influences of aggressive elements on the

reinforcement steel bars, and it is essential for protecting the steel from corrosion, fire,

and other potential damage. The required concrete cover depends on various factors,

including environmental conditions, the size of the reinforcing steel, and the concrete
strength. Adequate concrete cover is vital for maintaining the structural strength,

durability, and long-term performance of reinforced concrete structures

6. CONSTRUCTION JOINT

A construction joint is a planned point of control for cracks and movement, or is

required to actually construct the project. It is any joint that is constructed within a

structure to be built, to limit the amount of cracking that could occur, or to facilitate the

construction process. The purpose of a construction joint is to allow for some horizontal

movement, while being rigid against rotational and vertical movement. Construction

joints prevent the premature failure of the concrete structure. They are used when a new

section of concrete is poured adjacent to another concrete section that has already set.

These joints can have several different geometries, including straight wall butt joints and

tongue and groove joints.

7. EXPANSION JOINT

An expansion joint, also known as a movement joint, is a structural assembly

designed to safely absorb the heat-induced expansion and contraction of building

materials, such as those caused by temperature changes, sway from wind, seismic events,

static load deflection, and live load deflection. It is commonly found between sections of

buildings, bridges, sidewalks, railway tracks, piping systems, ships, and other structures.

The joint allows for axial, lateral, or angular deflections, and it is essential for preventing

structural damage due to the movement of building materials. Expansion joints can be

non-metallic or metallic, with the latter often referred to as bellows type. They are used to

accommodate movements while minimizing the pressure created by pumps or gravity in

piping systems.
8. FLAT SLAB

A flat slab is a type of reinforced concrete slab that is supported directly by concrete

columns without the use of beams. This results in a "flat" soffit, or underside, of the slab,

without the need for additional formwork or false ceilings. Flat slabs are often used in

high-rise buildings and structures where the absence of beams allows for greater

flexibility in the layout of services and partitions, and can provide a shallow floor depth,

which can be beneficial in high-rise construction. They are also known for their simple

formwork, ease of construction, and flexibility in the positioning of columns.

9. FOUNDATION

A foundation refers to the natural or prepared ground or base on which a structure

rests. It provides the necessary support for the building or structure above it. Foundations

can be made of materials such as stone or concrete and are essential for distributing the

load of the structure and preventing settlement or movement. There are different types of

foundations, including shallow foundations (such as strip foundations and raft

foundations) and deep foundations (such as pile foundations and caissons), each suited to

different soil and site conditions.

10. GRADE BEAM

A grade beam, also known as a grade beam foundation, is a structural element used

in construction to support and distribute the load of a building or structure. It is typically

made of reinforced concrete and is used in situations where traditional shallow

foundations, such as spread footings or slab-on-grade foundations, may not be suitable

due to soil conditions or other factors. Grade beams are commonly used in regions with

expansive soils, high water tables, or poor soil conditions, and they provide stability to
the structure, especially in areas where there may be concerns about differential

settlement, which can lead to structural issues. Grade beams can be designed to

accommodate variations in elevation, making them suitable for use on sloping sites or

sites with irregular terrain. They can also be a cost-effective alternative to deep

foundations like piles or piers, especially when the load-bearing capacity of the soil is

adequate.

11. LAP SPLICE

A lap splice, in the context of reinforcing bars (rebar) in concrete construction, is the

most common method of creating a single structural entity from two rebar segments. It

involves overlapping two pieces of reinforcing bar to create a continuous line of rebar.

The length of the lap splice varies depending on concrete strength, the rebar grade, size,

spacing, and other factors. Lap splices are essential for providing continuity and strength

in reinforced concrete structures, and their design and construction are subject to specific

guidelines and requirements to ensure the integrity and performance of the reinforced

concrete elements. The lap splice length is typically indicated on structural drawings and

is an important consideration in the proper transmission of forces within the concrete

structure.

12. LONGITUDINAL BAR

A "longitudinal bar" typically refers to a reinforcing steel bar (rebar) that is placed in

concrete elements such as beams, columns, or slabs in the longitudinal direction to

provide tensile strength and reinforcement. These bars are essential for withstanding

tensile forces and preventing the concrete from cracking under load. The specific use of
longitudinal bars varies depending on the structural design and the intended application

within the concrete element.

13. MONOLITHIC

The term "monolithic" is used to describe something that is massive, uniform, rigid,

and unchanging. It can refer to a single, solid, or unbroken entity, or to an organization or

system that is very large and slow to change, lacking diversity or different parts with

distinct characteristics. The term can also be used disapprovingly to describe something

that is very large and plain, lacking character or interesting differences.

14. PEDESTAL

A pedestal is a base or foundation that supports something like a statue or work of art. It

can also refer to a supporting structure or piece, such as a base for a column or a tall

structure on which something rests. The term is often used to describe an architectural

support for a column, statue, vase, or similar object.

15. PLAIN CONCRETE

A plain concrete is a type of concrete that contains no steel reinforcing bars or wire

or contains not more than two tenths of one percent of reinforcing. It is a brittle material

with low tensile strain and strength capacities, making it weak in tension and good in

compression. Plain concrete is most commonly used for paving and flooring, and it is

made from a mix of cement, aggregate, and water. The different types of aggregate and

ratio of materials used will give different types of plain concrete. The density of plain

concrete varies between 2200 and 2500 Kg/meter cube, and the compressive strength is

200 to 500 kg/cm2. Plain concrete is often used in areas where there is less demand for

high tensile strength, such as in the construction of pavements and buildings.

16. POST-TENSIONING

Post-tensioning is a method of reinforcing (strengthening) concrete or other materials

with high-strength steel strands or bars, typically referred to as tendons. This process

involves tensioning the tendons after the concrete has hardened, allowing the prestressing

force to primarily be applied to the concrete. Post-tensioning is commonly used in

various concrete applications, including slabs, beams, bridges, and foundations, and it is

known for its ability to reduce cracking and improve the structural performance of

concrete members. The use of post-tensioning techniques has become widespread in the

construction industry, particularly in the development of high-performance concrete

structures, landmark bridges, high-rise residential towers, and other types of buildings

and infrastructure.

17. RETAINING WALL

A retaining wall is a structure designed to hold back soil or other materials and

prevent them from sliding or eroding. Retaining walls are typically used to create level

areas on sloping terrain, to prevent soil erosion, or to protect structures from soil

movement. They can be made from a variety of materials, including concrete blocks,

poured concrete, treated timbers, rocks, or boulders. Retaining walls can be designed to

be gravity walls, which rely on their own weight to resist the pressure of the soil behind

them, or reinforced walls, which use additional materials such as geogrids or steel

reinforcement to provide additional strength. Retaining walls can be used in a variety of

applications, including landscaping, road construction, and building foundations.

18. SUPERTRUCTURE

In the context of building and construction, the term "superstructure" refers to the

part of a building or structure that is located above the foundation. It encompasses all the

elements of the building above the ground, including walls, columns, beams, and the roof.

The superstructure is responsible for bearing the load of the building and transferring it to

the foundation. It plays a crucial role in creating a stable and robust building structure,

ensuring the building's durability and ability to withstand various types of loads,

including natural disasters.

19. T BEAM

A T beam is a type of structural beam that is shaped like the letter "T" when viewed

in cross-section. It is commonly used in construction to provide support for floor slabs,

bridges, and other structures. The top of the T-shaped beam, known as the flange, resists

the compressive forces, while the vertical stem of the T resists the tensile forces. T beams

are often used in situations where the depth of a standard rectangular beam is limited, and

they are designed to efficiently resist bending and shear forces.

20. YIELD STRENGTH

Yield strength is the maximum stress a material can withstand before it undergoes plastic

deformation. It is one of the most important mechanical properties of a material and is

used to determine the maximum allowable load in a mechanical component. Yield

strength is typically used in the context of ductile materials, or materials that can deform.

It is determined by conducting a tensile test on a material specimen, and it is plotted on

graphs and calculated using a formula. Yield strength is different from tensile strength,

which is the maximum stress a material can endure before it fails and breaks.
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