GATE EC BY RK Kanodia

CHAPTER

8.7
WAVEGUIDES

Statement for Q.1–3: Statement for Q.6–7:

A 2 cm by 3 cm rectangular waveguide is filled In an air-filled rectangular waveguide the cutoff

with a dielectric material with e r = 6. The waveguide is frequencies for TM11 and TE03 modes are both equal to
operating at 20 GHz with TM11 mode. 12 GHz.

1. The cutoff frequency is 6. The dominant mode is

(A) 3.68 GHz (B) 22.09 GHz (A) TM10 (B) TM 01
(C) 9.02 GHz (D) 16.04 GHz (C) TE01 (D) TE10

2. The phase constant is

7. At dominant mode the cutoff frequency is
(A) 816 rad m (B) 412 rad m
(A) 11.4 GHz (B) 4 GHz
(C) 1009 rad m (D) 168 rad m
(C) 5 GHz (D) 8 GHz
3. The phase velocity is
(A) 1.24 ´ 108 m s . ´ 106 m s
(B) 154 8. For an air-filled rectangular waveguide given that
. ´ 10 m s
(C) 305 8
(D) 7.48 ´ 10 m s
8
æ 2 px ö æ 3py ö
Ez = 10 sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷ cos (10 t - bz) V m
12

è a ø è b ø
4. In an an-filled rectangular wave guide, the cutoff
frequency of a TE10 mode is 5 GHz where as that of TE01 If the waveguide has cross-sectional dimension
mode is 12 GHz. The dimensions of the guide is a = 6 cm and b = 3 cm, then the intrinsic impedance of
(A) 3 cm by 1.25 cm (B) 1.25 cm by 3 cm this mode is
(C) 6 cm by 2.5 cm (D) 2.5 cm by 6 cm (A) 373.2 W (B) 378.9 W

(C) 375.1 W (D) 380.0 W

5. Consider a 150 m long air-filled hollow rectangular
waveguide with cutoff frequency 6.5 GHz. If a short
pulse of 7.2 GHz is introduced into the input end of the Statement for Q.9–10:

guide, the time taken by the pulse to return the input In an air-filled waveguide, a TE mode operating at
end is 6 GHz has
(A) 920 ns (B) 460 ns æ 2 px ö æ py ö
E y = 15 sin ç ÷ cos ç ÷ sin ( wt - 12 z) V m
(C) 230 ns (D) 430 ns è a ø è b ø
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 UNIT 8 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Electromagnetics

9. The cutoff frequency is 16. The cross section of a waveguide is shown in fig.
(A) 4.189 GHz (B) 5.973 GHz P8.7.16. It has dielectric discontinuity as shown in fig.
(C) 8.438 GHz (D) 7.946 GHz P8.7.16. If the guide operate at 8 GHz in the dominant
mode, the standing wave ratio is
y
10. The intrinsic impedance is
(A) 35.72 W (B) 3978 W
2.5 cm
(C) 1989 W (D) 71.44 W
mo, eo mo, 2.25eo

z
Statement for Q.11–12. x
5 cm

Consider an air-filled rectangular wave guide with Fig. P8.7.16

a = 2.286 cm and b = 1016

. cm. The y-component of the (A) -3.911 (B) 2.468
TE mode is (C) 1.564 (D) 4.389
æ 2 px ö æ 3py ö
E y = 12 sin ç ÷ cos ç ÷ sin (10 p ´ 10 t - bz) V m
10

è a ø è b ø Statement for Q.17–19:

Consider the rectangular cavity as shown in fig.
11. The propagation constant g is P8.7.17–19.
(A) j4094.2 (B) j400.7 y

(C) j2733.3 (D) j276.4

z
12. The intrinsic impedance is
b c
(A) 743 W (B) 168 W
(C) 986 W (D) 144 W
x
a 0

Fig. P8.7.17–19
Statement for Q.13–14:

Consider a air-filled waveguide operating in the 17. If a < b < c, the dominant mode is
TE12 mode at a frequency 20% higher than the cutoff (A) TE011 (B) TM110
frequency.
(C) TE101 (D) TM101

13. The phase velocity is

18. If a > b > c, then the dominant mode is
(A) 1.66 ´ 108 m s (B) 5.42 ´ 108 m s
(A) TE011 (B) TM110
(C) 2.46 ´ 108 m s (D) 9.43 ´ 108 m s
(C) TE101 (D) TM101

14. The group velocity is

(A) 1.66 ´ 108 m s (B) 4.42 ´ 108 m s 19. If a = c > b, then the dominant mode is
(A) TE011 (B) TM110
(C) 2.46 ´ 108 m s (D) 9.43 ´ 108 m s
(C) TE101 (D) TM101
15. A rectangular waveguide is filled with a
polyethylene ( e r = 2.25) and operates at 24 GHz. The 20. The air filled cavity resonator has dimension a = 3
cutoff frequency of a certain mode is 16 GHz. The cm, b = 2 cm, c = 4 cm. The resonant frequency for the
intrinsic impedance of this mode is TM110 mode is
(A) 2248 W (B) 337.2 W (A) 5 GHz (B) 6.4 GHz

(C) 421.4 W (D) 632.2 W (C) 16.2 GHz (D) 9 GHz

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 UNIT 8 GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Electromagnetics

SOLUTIONS
frequency, the TM1 mode propagates through the guide
without suffering any reflective loss at the dielectric
interface. This frequency is
2 2
v æmö æ nö
1. (A) fc = ç ÷ +ç ÷
er1 = 4 Incident wave er2 = 2.1 1 cm
2 è aø è bø
2 2
3 ´ 108 æ1ö æ1ö
z = ç ÷ + ç ÷ = 3.68 GHz
2 6 ´ 10 -2 è2 ø è 3ø
Fig. P8.7.34
(A) 8.6 GHz (B) 12.8 GHz
2 2
(C) 4.3 GHz (D) 7.5 GHz æf ö w æf ö
2. (C) bp = b 1 - çç c ÷÷ = 1 - çç c ÷÷
f
è ø v è f ø
Statement for Q.35–36: 2
2 p ´ 20 ´ 10 9 6 æ 3.68 ö
Þ bp = 1 -ç ÷ = 1009 rad m
A 6 cm ´ 4 cm rectangular wave guide is filled with 3 ´ 108 è 20 ø
dielectric of refractive index 1.25.
w 2 p ´ 20 ´ 10 9
35. The range of frequencies over which single mode 3. (A) vp = = = 1.24 ´ 108 m s
bp 1009
operation will occur is
(A) 2.24 GHz < f < 3.33 GHz v
4. (A) For TE10 mode fc = ,
(B) 2 GHz < f < 3 GHz 2a
v 3 ´ 108
(C) 4.48 GHz < f <7.70 GHz a= = = 3 cm
2 fc 2 ´ 5 ´ 10 9
(D) 4 GHz < f < 6 GHz
v
For TE01 mode fc = ,
2b
36. The range of frequencies, over which guide support
v 3 ´ 108
both TE10 and TE01 modes and no other, is b= = = 1.25 cm
2 fc 2 ´ 12 ´ 10 9
(A) 3.35 GHz < f < GHz

(B) 2.5 GHz < f < 3.6 GHz c 3 ´ 108

5. (D) v = = = 6.975 ´ 108 ms
2 2
(C) 3 GHz < f < 3.6 GHz æf ö æ 6.5 ö
1 - çç c ÷÷ 1 -ç ÷
è f ø è 7.2 ø
(D) 2.5 GHz < f < 4.02 GHz
2l 2 ´ 150
t= = = 430 ns
37. Two identical rectangular waveguide are joined end v 6.975 ´ 108
to end where a = 2 b. One guide is air filled and other is
2
filled with a lossless dielectric of e r . it is found that up 3 ´ 108 æ 3ö
6. (C) 12 ´ 10 9 = 0+ç ÷ Þ b = 375
. cm
to a certain frequency single mode operation can be 2 è bø
simultaneously ensured in both guide. For this 3 ´ 108 æ 1 ö æ 1
2
ö
2

. ´ 10 9 =
12 ç ÷ +ç ÷ Þ a = 1.32 cm
frequency range, the maximum allowable value of e r is 2 èaø . ´ 10 -2 ø
è 375
(A) 4 (B) 2
Since a < b, the dominant mode is TE01 .
(C) 1 (D) 6
v 3 ´ 108
7. (B) fc 01 = = = 4 GHz
38. A parallel-plate guide operates in the TEM mode . ´ 10 -2
2 b 2 ´ 375
only over the frequency range 0 < f < 3 GHz. The
dielectric between the plates is teflon ( e r = 2.1). The 8. (C) Ez ¹ 0, this must be TM 23 mode ( m = 2, n = 3)
maximum allowable plate separation b is 2 2
3 ´ 108 æ2 ö æ 3ö
(A) 3.4 cm (B) 6.8 cm fc = ç ÷ + ç ÷ = 15.81 GHz
2 ´ 10 -2 è6ø è 3ø
(C) 4.3 cm (D) 8.6 cm w 1012
f = = = 159.2 GHz
************* 2p 2p
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Waveguides GATE EC BY RK Kanodia Chap 8.7

2 2 ho 377
æf ö æ 15.81 ö h1 = = = 406.7 W
hTM = 377 1 - çç c ÷÷ = 377 1 - ç ÷ = 375.1 W 2 2
f
è ø è 159.2 ø æf ö æ 3ö
1 - çç c ÷÷ 1 -ç ÷
è f ø è8ø
9. (B) m = 2, n = 1, bp = 12, f = 6 GHz In dielectric medium
2 2 c 3 ´ 108
w æf ö 2 p ´ 6 ´ 10 9 æf ö fc = = = 2 GHz
bp = 1 - çç c ÷÷ Þ 12 = 1 -ç c ÷ 2 a er 2 ´ 0.05 2.25
v è f ø 3 ´ 10 8
è6ø
ho 377 251.33
Þ fc = 5.973 GHz h= = = 251.33 W, h2 = = 259.23 W
er 2.25 æ2 ö
2

1 -ç ÷
377 377 è8ø
10. (B) hTE = = = 3978 W
2 2
æf ö æ 5.973 ö h2 - h1 259.23 - 406.7
1 - çç c ÷÷ 1 -ç ÷ G= = = -0.22
è f ø è 6 ø h2 + h1 259.23 + 406.7
1 + |G| 1 + 0.22
s= = = 1564
.
11. (B) m = 2, n = 3, 1 -|G| 1 - 0.22
2 2 2 2
c æmö æ nö 3 ´ 108 æ 2 ö æ 3 ö
fc = ç ÷ +ç ÷ = çç ÷÷ + ç ÷ v æmö æ nö æ pö
2 2 2

2 è aø è bø 2 ´ 10 -2 è 2. 286 ø è 1016
. ø 17. (A) fr = ç ÷ +ç ÷ +ç ÷
2 è aø è ø
b ècø
= 46.2 GHz
where for TM mode to z
10 p ´ 1010
f = = 50 GHz m = 1, 2, 3...... ,
2p
2 2 n = 1, 2, 3...... ,
w æf ö 2 p ´ 50 ´ 10 9 æ 46.2 ö
bp = 1 - çç c ÷÷ = 1 -ç ÷ p = 0, 1, 2 ......
v è f ø 3 ´ 108 è 50 ø
For TE mode to z
= 400.7 m -1 , g = jbp = j 400.7
m = 1, 2, 3.....,
377 377 n = 1, 2, 3.....
12. (C) hTE = = = 986 W
æf ö
2
æ 46.2 ö
2
p = 1, 2, 3...... ,
1 - çç c ÷÷ 1 -ç ÷
è f ø è 50 ø 1 1 1
if a < b < c, then > >
a b c
13. (A) v = c, f = 1.2 fc The lowest TM mode is TM110 with
2 2
v æ1ö æ1ö
8 fr1 = ç ÷ +ç ÷
v 3 ´ 10 2 èaø è bø
vp = = = 5. 42 ´ 108 m s
2 2
æf ö æ f ö The lowest TE mode is TE011 with
1 - çç c ÷÷ 1 - çç c ÷÷
è f ø è 1.2 f c ø 2 2
v æ1ö æ1ö
fr 2 = ç ÷ +ç ÷
2 2
2 è bø è cø
æf ö æ f ö
14. (A) v g = v 1 - çç c ÷÷ = c 1 - çç c ÷÷ = 1.66 ´ 108 m s fr 2 > fr1 , Hence the dominant mode is TE011
è f ø è 12
. fc ø
1 1 1
377 377 18. (B) If a > b > c then < <
15. (B) h = = = 251.33 W a b c
er .
15
The lowest TM mode is TM110 with
h 251.33
hTE = = = 337.2 W v æ1ö æ1ö
2 2

æf ö
2
æ 16 ö
2
fr1 = ç ÷ +ç ÷
1 - çç c ÷÷ 1 -ç ÷ 2 èaø è bø
è f ø è 24 ø
The lowest TE mode is TE101 with
2 2
16. (C) Since a > b, the dominant mode is TE10 . v æ1ö æ1ö
fr 2 = ç ÷ +ç ÷
2 èaø è cø
c 3 ´ 108
In free space fc = = = 3 GHz
2 a 2 ´ 0.05 fr 2 > fr1 Hence the dominant mode is TM110 .

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1 1 1 Mode TE10 TE01 TE11 TE20

19. (C) If a = c > b, then = <
a c b
lc (cm) 14.4 6.8 6.15 7.21
The lowest TM mode is TM110 with
2 2
v æ1ö æ1ö
fr1 = ç ÷ +ç ÷ l > lc . Hence TE10 mode can be used.
2 èaø è bø
The lowest TE mode is TE101 with 26. (C) Let a = kb , 1 < k < 2
2 2
v æ1ö æ1ö 2 2
fr 2 = ç ÷ +ç ÷ c æmö æ nö . ´ 108
15
2 èaø è cø fcmn = ç ÷ +ç ÷ = m 2 + k2 n2
2 è aø è bø a
fr2 < fr1 Hence the dominant mode is TE101 .
. ´ 108
15
Dominant mode is TE10 , fc10 =
2 2 2
a
v æmö æ nö æ pö
20. (D) fr = ç ÷ +ç ÷ +ç ÷ . ´ 15
12 . ´ 108
2 è aø è bø ècø 3 GHz > 12
. fc Þ 3 ´ 10 9 >
a
2 2
3 ´ 108 æ 1 ö æ1ö Þ a > 6 cm
= ç ÷ + ç ÷ = 9 GHz
2 ´ 0.01 è 3 ø è2 ø . ´ 108
15
The next higher mode is TE01 , fc 01 = ,
b
21. (A) m = n = 1, p = 0, a = b = c, fr = 2 Ghz, 0.8 ´ 15
. ´ 108
3 GHz < 0.8 fc 01 Þ 3 ´ 10 9 <
2 2 2 b
v æmö æ nö æ pö
fr = ç ÷ +ç ÷ +ç ÷ Þ b < 4 cm, Thus (C) is correct option.
2 è aø è bø ècø
3 ´ 108 2 c 3 ´ 108
2 ´ 10 9 = Þ a = 10.6 cm 27. (C) fc = = = 2.3 GHz
2 a 2 a 2 ´ 0.065

2 ´ 3 ´ 108 c 3 ´ 108
22. (A) fc =
mc
= = 10 ´ 10 9
Þ er = 9 vp = = = 4.7 ´ 108 m s
2 2
2 b er 2 ´ 0.01 e r æf ö æ 2.3 ö
1 - çç c ÷÷ 1 -ç ÷
è f ø è 3 ø

23. (A) For a propagating mode f > fcm ,

28. (B) For TE10 mode
mc mc 2 fb e r
fcm = , f > Þ m<
2 b er 2 b er c 1 pfm p ´ 9 ´ 10 9 ´ 4 p ´ 10 -7
Rs = = = = 0.0568
sc d sc . ´ 10 7
11
2 ´ 30 ´ 10 9 ´ 0.01 2.5
m< Þ m < 316
.
3 ´ 108 æ 2 b æ fc ö ö÷
2
æ . æ 3.876 ö ö÷
2 ´ 15
2

Rs ç 1 + çç ÷÷ 0.0568ç 1 + ç ÷
ç a è f ø ÷ ç 2.4 è 9 ø ÷ø
The maximum allowed m is 3. The propagating mode ac = è ø= è
2 2
will be TM1 , TE1 , TM 2 , TE2 , TM 3 , TE3 and TEM æf ö æ 3.876 ö
bh 1 - çç c ÷÷ . ´ 10 -2 ´ 233.8 1 - ç
15 ÷
Thus total 7 modes. è f ø è 9 ø

= 0.022
mc
24. (B) fcm = , fc 2 = 2 fc1 = 15 GHz
2 b er sd 10 -15 10 -15
29. (B) = =
c 3 ´ 108 we 2 p ´ 9 ´ 10 9 ´ 2.6 ´ 8.85 ´ 10 -12 1.3
f = = = 20 GHz
l 0.015
sd 1 c 377
2 2 << 1, hence v » = , h» = 233.8
æf ö æ 15 ö we me 2.6 2.6
vg2 = c 1 - çç c ÷÷ = 3 ´ 108 1 - ç ÷ = 2 ´ 10 m s
8

è f ø è 20 ø
s 3 ´ 108
fc = = 3.876 GHz
2 ´ 2.4 ´ 10 -2 2.6
2 2
c æmö æ nö 2
25. (A) fc = ç ÷ + ç ÷ , lc = sdh 10 -15 ´ 233.8
2 è aø è ø
b æmö
2
æ nö
2 ad = = = 1.3 ´ 10 -13 Np m
ç ÷ +ç ÷
2 2
æf ö æ 3.876 ö
è aø è bø 1 - çç c ÷÷ 2 1 -ç ÷
è f ø è 9 ø

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30. (D) Dominant mode is TE10 mode æ mp ö

2
æ np ö æwö
2 2
æ p ö
2
æ 2p ´ 1.5 ´ 1.875 ö
g= ç ÷ + ç ÷ -ç ÷ = ç ÷ -ç ÷
c 3 ´ 108 è a ø è b ø ènø è 0.08 ø è 3 ´ 108 ø
fc = = = 2.08 GHz
2 a 2 ´ 0.072 = j439
.
-7
pfm o p ´ 3 ´ 10 ´ 4 p ´ 109
Rs = = = 1.429 ´ 10 -2 W 34. (B) The ray angle is such that the wave is interface
sc 5.8 ´ 10 7
2.1
For TE10 mode at Brewster’s angle q B = tan -1 = 35.9 °.
4
æ 2 b æ fc ö ö÷
2

Rs ç 1 + çç ÷÷ -2 æ 2 ´ 3.4 æ 2.08 ö ö The ray angle q = 90 °-35.9 ° = 54.1°

ç a è f ø ÷ 1.429 ´ 10 ç 1 + 7.2 çè 3 ÷ø ÷ 3 ´ 1010
ac = è ø= è ø c
fc1 = = = 7.5 GHz
æf ö
2
æ 2.08 ö
2
2 b e r1 2 ´ 1´ 2
bh 1 - çç c ÷÷ 377 ´ 0.034 1 - ç ÷
è f ø è 3 ø fc1 7.5
f = = = 12.8 GHz
-3 cos q cos 54.1°
= 2.25 ´ 10 Np m
1 1
e- a c z = Þ z= ln 2 = 308 m c æmö
2
æ nö
2
2 ac 35. (A) fc = ç ÷ +ç ÷
2 er è aø è bø
31. (B) c 3 ´ 108
fc10 = = = 2 GHz
2 2 2 2 a2 e r 2 ´ 125
. ´ 0.06
c æmö æ nö 3 ´ 108 æ m ö æ n ö
fcmn = ç ÷ +ç ÷ = ç ÷ +ç ÷
2 è aø è bø 2 ´ 0.01 è 8 ø è 10 ø c 3 ´ 108
fc 01 = = = 3 GHz
2 2 b2 e r 2 ´ 125
. ´ 0.04
æmö æ n ö
= 15 ç ÷ + ç ÷ GHz
è 8ø è 10 ø 2 GHz < f < 3 GHz

fc10 = 1.875 GHz 2 2

3 ´ 108 æ1ö æ1ö
fc 01 = 15
. GHz, fc11 = 2.4 GHz 36. (C) fc11 = ç ÷ + ç ÷ = 3.6 GHz
. ´ 10 -2
2 ´ 125 è ø
6 è4ø
fc 20 = 375
. GHz , fc 02 = 3 GHz,
3 GHz < f < 3.6 GHz
fc 21 = 4.04 GHz, fc12 = 354
. GHz,
fc 30 = 5.625 GHz , fc 03 = 4.5 GHz 2 2
c æmö æ nö
If fc < f , then mode will be transmit. Hence six mode 37. (A) fc = ç ÷ + ç ÷ , In guide 1 e r = 1
2 er è 2b ø è bø
will be transmitted.
c
lowest cutoff frequency fc10 =
2(2 b)
32. (C) For dominant mode (m = 1, n = 0)
c
2 2 Next lowest cutoff frequency fc 20 =
c æmö æ nö 3 ´ 108 2b
fc = ç ÷ +ç ÷ = = 375
. GHz
2 è aø è bø 2 ´ 0.04 c
In guide 2 lowest cutoff frequency fc¢10 =
Since given frequency is below the cutoff frequency, 3 2 e r 2 (2 b)
GHz will not be propagated and get attenuated c
Next lowest cutoff frequency fc¢20 =
2 2 2 2 e r 2 ( b)
æ mp ö æ np ö æ w ö
g = a + jb = ç ÷ +ç ÷ -ç ÷
è a ø è b ø ènø For single mode fc¢10 < f < fc¢10
b = 0, Since wave is attenuated, c c
Þ <f < Þ er < 4
2 2 2 2 2(2 b) 2 e r ( b)
æ mp ö æ w ö æ p ö æ 2 p ´ 3 ´ 10
9
ö
a= ç ÷ -ç ÷ = ç ÷ - çç ÷÷ = 47.1
è 0.04 ø è 3 ´ 10
8
è a ø è ø
c ø v 3 ´ 108
38. (A) f < fc Þ f < =
2 b 2 ´ b ´ 2.1
2 2
c æmö æ nö
33. (B) fc = ç ÷ +ç ÷ 3 ´ 108
2 è aø è bø Þ 3 ´ 10 9 < Þ b < 3.4 cm
2 ´ b ´ 2.1
c 3 ´ 108
fc10 = = = 1.875 GHz
2 a 2 ´ 0.08 *******************

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