DYBCSDms113; DYBITDms113; DYCPEDis123:

Discrete Structures

MARY ANN T. LIM

Faculty, College of Computer Studies

Declaration:
This learning module is an exclusive property of Dr. Yanga’s Colleges, Inc., as an essential part of the
REIMAGINED Learning Program for the Academic Year 2020-2021, and shall only be used by and for
DYCIans. No part of this learning module shall be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, and/or sold, without
the consent of DYCI.
 <<Week No. 4>>
<< APPLICATION OF THE UNION
AND INTERSECTION OF SETS>>

This module discuss about addition to count the elements of the set as well as the
use of Venn diagram and set operations to solve word problems

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Understand the importance of knowing how to count elements of set.
2. Use Venn diagram to solve word problems.

The number of elements in A  B, is denoted by | A  B | also known as the cardinal

number can be determined by adding the number of elements in A to the number of elements
in B

Additive Principle with sets

Given two sets A and B, if there is no element in common to both A and B or sets
are disjoint then

| A B | = | A | + | B |

Addition of 2 intersecting sets

When the sets are NOT disjoint what happens to the additive principle. Suppose that
that |A |=10 and | B | = 8, find | A  B |. This is not enough information though. We do not
know how many of the 10 elements of A are also elements of B.

But, let us say | A  B | = 6, then we can now say exactly how many elements are
in A, and, of those in B. See the following venn diagram

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 1. Place the elements in the circle starting
| A | = 10 with the intersection elements U
|B|=8 2. Complete the elements of A. Since we
|AB|=6 already counted 6 at region of AB, we
4 2
only need 4 to complete the 10 elements
of A.
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3. Lastly complete the elements of B. Since
we already counted 6 at region of A  B,
A B
we only need 2 to complete the 8 elements
of B.

Figure 5.1 | A  B |

Therefore, 2 sets with common elements when added, we use

|AB|= |A|+|B|-|AB|
12 = 10 + 8 - 6

Addition of 3 intersecting sets

Let :
A= Letters from the words “COMPUTER SCIENCE”
B= Letters from the words “COMPUTER ENGINEERING”
C = Letters from the words “INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY”

What is the cardinal number of the union of A and B and C?

Answer : 17

A = { C,O,M,P,U,T,E,R,S,I,N } Remember no repetition of elements in one set, so |A| = 11

B = { C,O,M,P,U,T,E,R,N,G,I } Again, no repetition of elements in one set, so |B| = 11
C = { I,N,F,O,R,M,A,T,E,C,H,L,G,Y } Again, no repetition of elements in one set, so |C| = 14

There are common elements between the three sets A  B  C = { C,O,M,T,E,R,S,I}

Therefore, | A  B  C | =8

There are common elements between the two sets,

A  B = { C,O,M,P,U,T,E,R,I,N } , | A  B | = 10
A  C = { C,O,M,T,E,R,I,N }, |A  C|=8
B  C = { C,O,M,T,E,R,I,N,G }, |B  C|=9

|A  B C| = |A|+|B|+|C|-|A B|-|A  C|-|B  C|+|AB

2 C |
17 = 11 11 14 10 8 9
 |A  B C| = |A|+|B|+|C|-|A B|-|A  C|-|B  C|+|ABC |
17 = 11 11 14 10 8 9 8

Sets Application to Word Problem

In the BSCpE class, it is expected that 41 students will take the Calculus, 38 will take
Discrete Math, and 20 will take both. How many students will be taking Calculus only?
How many students will be taking Discrete Math only? How many students are there in the
class?

Solution

Let C = Caculus takers | C | = 41

D = Discrete Math takers | D | = 38
C  D = Calculus and Discrete Math takers | C  D | = 20

Using Venn diagram, we have

U U

20 20
C D 21
C D
41-20 = 21

Fig 5.2 | C  D | = 20 Fig 5.3 | C | = 41

U U

20 20
18
38-20 = 18 21 21 18
C D

Fig 5.4 | D | = 38 Fig 5.5 Ex. 1 Venn Diagram Representation

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 From the Venn diagram representation of the given word problem,

How many students will be taking Calculus only?

Answer : 21

How many students will be taking Discrete Math only?

Answer : 18

How many students are there in the class?

Answer : 59 ( 21 + 20 + 18 ) or using formula

| A  B | = | A| + | B | - | A  B | = 41 + 38 -20

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1. Find the cardinal number if set A = { p,m,ô,ß,100 }

Answer : 5. Cardinal |A| number is the number of elements in the set.

2. If B = { x| x is a natural number less than 10} how many elements in B?

Answer : 9 { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 }

3. Let A= 45 laptop, B=35 desktop, how many computers are there in all?

Answer : 80 { A and B are disjoint sets, therefore we use |A| + |B|, 45 + 35 = 90 }

Sets Application to Word Problem

Example 1:
From all DYCI freshmen, 600 are enrolled in Swimming Class, 700 are in Team
Sports Class, 500 are in Calisthenics class. Of these freshmen 100 are in both Swimming
and Team Sports Classes, 250 are in both Team Sports and Calisthenics Classes and 150
are in both Swimming and Calisthenics Classes. 50 of these freshmen are enrolled in all
classes. What is the total number of enrollment in all three classes?

Let :
S = students enrolled in Swimming Class
T = students enrolled in Team Sports Class
C = students enrolled in Calisthenics Class
| S | = 600
| T | = 700
| C | = 500
| S  T | = 100; | T  C | = 250; | S  C | = 150;
| S  T  C | = 50

What is the total number of enrollment in all three classes?

Answer : 1550

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 Using formula with three sets:
| A  B  C | = | A | + | B | + | C | - | A  B | - | A  C | - | B  C | + | A  B  C|

|S  T C| = |S|+|T|+|C|-|S T|-|S  C|-|T  C|+|STC |

= 600 + 700 + 500 - 100 - 150 250 + 50
= 1550

Using Venn Diagram ( Plot the values in the diagram and add all the numbers in the inside the circles )

U S
T

400 50 400

50
100 200

150

Figure 5.6 Example 1 Word Problem Venn Diagram

Example 2:
In a performance monitoring of 100 contractual workers, it was found that 36
finished task A, 26 finished task B, 45 finished job C, 18 finished task A and B, 25 finished
task B and C, 32 finished task A and C, 15 finished all three tasks.

How many workers finished exactly one of the tasks?

How many workers at least one of the tasks?
How many workers finished exactly two of the tasks?
How many workers didn’t finished any of the tasks?

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Solution:
| U | = 100
| A | = 37
| B | = 29
| C | = 45
| A  B | = 18
| B  C | = 25
| A  C | = 32
| A  B  C | = 15
Figure 5.7. Example 2 Word Problem Venn Diagram

| U | = 100 total number of elements of Universal Set

- 51 = ( 2 + 3 + 1 +17 +15 + 10 + 3 ) total number of elements inside the circles

49 number of elements outside the circles but within the rectangle or Universal Set

Find:

How many workers finished exactly one of the tasks?

Look at the shaded region of the Venn Diagram, this is what you are looking for

Answer : 6 ( 2+ 1 + 3 )

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 How many workers at least one of the tasks?

Answer : 51 ( 2 + 3 + 1 +17 +15 + 10 + 3 )

How many workers finished exactly two of the tasks?

Answer : 30 (3 + 17 + 10)

How many workers didn’t finished any of the tasks?

Answer : 49

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Name: _____________________________________________ Rating: ________________
Year and Section:_____________ Professor / Instructor: __________________________
Due of Submission: _____________________________

<< Week No.4>>

<< Application of the Union
and Intersection of Sets >>

Solve the following using the formula or Venn Diagram.

1. On a survey conducted with CCS students on what device will they use on their
blended/online learning, it was found that there are 30 of them will use LAPTOP,
55 will use mobile phones, 20 students will use both laptop and mobile phone and 3
students don’t have neither laptop nor mobile phone.

Find the following:

a. Total number of students asked in the survey.
b. Total number of devices that will be used by the students.

2. Among 150 DYCI faculty members, 50 own a car, 60 own a motorcycle and 20 own
both car and motorcycle. Find the number of faculty members who:
a. Do not have a car
b. Have car only
c. Have motorcycle only
d. Have neither car nor motorcycle

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 3. A survey conducted to 250 lady viewers regarding the You Tube vloggers they are
watching, revealed the following information
90 are watching Alex Gonzaga’s (AG) Vlogs
145 are watching Ranz and Niana’s (RN) Vlogs
88 are watching Anna Cay’s Vlogs
25 are watching AGs and ACs vlogs
38 are watching RN and AC’s vlogs
59 are watching RN and AG’s vlogs
15 are watching the three vloggers

a. How many watch AGs vlogs only?

b. How many are watching AC and RN’s vlogs but not AG’s?
c. How many are watching AG and RNs vlogs but not AC’s?

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Malang, P., Malang, B., Tiongson I. and Sandoval, C. 2011. Discrete Structures. HFM
Publishing

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