PCB Design of Rogowski Coil with Strong Anti-Electromagnetic
Interference
Suhong Zhang
CRRC ZHUZHOU ELECTRIC CO., LTD, Zhuzhou, China, 573135656@qq.com, corresponding author
ABSTRACT
In this paper the working principle of ideal air core coil is modeled
and analyzed firstly. Using Matlab tool, the dynamic performance of
the mathematical model of air core coil is studied, and the influence
of the structural parameters of air core coil on the frequency band
width and sensitivity is analyzed. It is proved that it has the charac-
teristics of wide working frequency band and fast response speed. It
is concluded that the sensitivity of air core coil can be improved by
reducing the internal resistance of air core coil, reducing the height
of skeleton, reducing the number of turns and reducing the ratio
of internal and external diameter. However, the increase of inter-
nal resistance, the height of skeleton, the number of turns and the
ratio of internal and external diameter can enhance the induction
ability of air core coil and obtain better low-frequency response.
On this basis and analyzing various potential electromagnetic in-
terference, the single board wiring mode of PCB air core coil and
the connection mode of multiple boards in series are designed to
make it have strong ability to resist external interference magnetic
field. Through the theoretical simulation analysis of the transient
and steady-state operation of the air core coil, it is concluded that
the PCB transformer has the protection function and measurement
performance in case of short-circuit fault.
CCS CONCEPTS
• Computing methodologies → Modeling and simulation; Model
development and analysis.
KEYWORDS
PCB air-cored coil, Amplitude frequency characteristics, Step re-
sponse, Anti electromagnetic interference
ACM Reference Format:
Suhong Zhang. 2022. PCB Design of Rogowski Coil with Strong Anti-
Electromagnetic Interference. In 2022 3rd Asia-Pacific Conference on Image
Processing, Electronics and Computers (IPEC’22), April 14–16, 2022, Dalian,
China. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 8 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544109.
3544194
1 INTRODUCTION
With the continuous rise of GDP, the requirements for power sys-
tem are higher and higher. During the 12th Five Year Plan period,
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https://doi.org/10.1145/3544109.3544194
478
5000 intelligent substations will be established in all parts of the
country. Since 1999, the national standard for electronic transformer
began to formulate a series of regulations to unify the standard. By
2002, the formulation of IEC60044-8 improved the signal output
standard. The research on electronic transformer started relatively
late compared with some developed countries with advanced scien-
tific and technological level, such as the United States, Japan and
the former Soviet Union. From the 1970s, China began to step into
the research journey of electronic transformer. The initial stage
was mainly theoretical research. Until the 1990s, with the gradual
improvement of theoretical knowledge and the investment of many
manufacturers, the research work of electronic transformer was
carried out and operated rapidly. In 1991, 110kV optical fiber current
transformer was successfully developed and put into operation by
China Electric Power Research Institute and Tsinghua University
[1]. From 1993 to 1998, Huazhong University of science and tech-
nology successively developed the prototype of single-phase and
three-phase 110kV photoelectric voltage and photoelectric current
sensors with the assistance of Guangdong Xinhui Electric Power
Bureau and Guangdong Shunde special transformer and put them
into operation [2]. In 2005, Henan Electric Power Research Institute
and XJ Electric Co., Ltd. jointly developed a 500kV photoelectric
electronic transformer with a maximum voltage of 1000kV and an
accuracy level of 0.1, which was put into operation [3]. So far, Ts-
inghua University, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Dalian University of
technology, Hunan University, Wuhan University, Huazhong Uni-
versity of science and technology, Harbin University of technology,
North China Electric Power University [4-7], Wuhan High Volt-
age Research Institute, Shenyang Transformer Factory, Xi’an High
Voltage Switchgear Factory, Shunde special transformer factory,
Nari Jibao Electric Co., Ltd., XJ Electric Co., Ltd The research of
electronic transformer by the pilot test Institute of Shaanxi Electric
Power Bureau and other institutions has entered a deeper level
of exploration, gradually pushing the research of electronic trans-
former from theory to practical stage. At present, each province
has 1∼2 digital substations [8, 9]. With the continuous maturity of
theory and practice and the accumulation of experience, the optical
current transformer developed by Beijing Xuji power optics Co., Ltd.
has zero fault operation record. In April 2011, Guodian Nari all fiber
electronic current transformer was successfully put into operation
in Yan’an 750kV substation, the world’s highest voltage intelligent
substation, which played an important leading role in the construc-
tion of smart grid. Recently, the first 220kV intelligent substation
will start construction in Zhejiang Province, and Yongjing, Gansu
Province, is also starting to install 330kV intelligent substation.
The calibration and accuracy measurement of electronic trans-
former is an important condition for the stable and safe operation
of substation. Since the 1950s, Harbin Institute of electrical instru-
ments has developed the first electromagnetic transformer calibra-
tor. The principle adopted is the principle of error measurement,
IPEC’22, April 14–16, 2022, Dalian, China Suhong Zhang

which is composed of standard transformer, measured transformer

and mutual inductance calibrator [10]. In China, the electromag-
netic transformer calibrator has moved towards digitization and is
widely used in China, but the problem of accuracy measurement of
electronic transformer was not put forward until 2003. In recent
years, the Research Institute of electric power transformer of Henan
University of science and technology, Hubei Institute of electric
power technology and some other domestic institutions of higher
learning have been committed to the verification method of electric
power transformer [11], such as Wuhan University of science and
technology, Hubei Electric Power Research Institute, etc.
Some foreign developed countries have studied passive electronic
current transformers since the 1960s, such as abb, Westinghouse,
trench, etc; In recent years, Ritz, abb and other large companies Figure 1: Structure diagram of air-cored coil.
have also attached great importance to the research of active elec-
tronic current transformer. The 1960s to 1980s was a transitional
stage of foreign research on electronic transformer. Based on the the central part is the primary side bus, that is, the measured cur-
theoretical basis and relevant practical experience in this period, rent [14]. The cross-section of the skeleton is divided into circular
when China was in the initial stage, some foreign countries with and rectangular structures. In view of the PCB coil structure stud-
advanced science and technology had gradually turned to the re- ied in this paper, the cross-section area is rectangular. Therefore,
search of high voltage and ultra-high voltage. At the end of last the model structures analyzed below are rectangular cross-section
century, the United States, as the leader in the research of electronic structures, structure diagram is shown in Figure 1.
transformer, has developed optical fiber current transformer with When the current carrying conductor passes through the air-
working voltage up to 345kV, accuracy grade up to 0.3 and mea- cored coil with rectangular cross-section area along the axis, the
surement range up to 2000a. Following the United States, abb in change of current leads to the change of the magnetic field passing
Switzerland has also developed a new current transformer with through the coil cross-section, the induced electromotive force is
∮ ⇀ ⇀
working voltage of relay protection and measurement up to 300kV produced. According to the ampere loop current law( Hd l = i):
[12]. At the end of the 20th century, electronic current transformers the induced electromotive force is generated with the change of
of various voltage levels developed and produced by ABB Power Co., the magnetic field in the annular winding space:
Ltd. and 3M company have been put into trial operation in multina-
i
tional high-voltage power grids. Alsthom company of France has H= (1)
put its electronic transformer into trial operation in substations in 2πr
the Netherlands, Belgium, the United States, France and Canada. therefor
µ 0i
The 123kv-765kv optical voltage/current transformer was launched B = µ0H = (2)
2πr
in 1997 [13]. Similarly, the optical fiber current transformer de-
from Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction:
veloped by Siemens has been successfully operated all over the
world. For the calibration of electronic transformer, large foreign dΨ
e(t) = − (3)
companies have their own set of standard measurement methods dt
and equipment. magnetic flux is
Based on the principle of electromagnetic induction and the ∮
−
∮
µ 0i
∫ R2
µ 0ih µ 0ih R 2
working mechanism of air core coil, a PCB electronic transformer Φ= B ·dS = dS = hdr = ln (4)
2πr R 1 2πr 2π R1
with strong resistance to external magnetic field interference is
designed in this paper. This paper focuses on the wiring mode of so the total flux ψ is:
PCB and the connection mode between boards, and analyzes the ψ = NΦ (5)
anti-interference principle under this wiring mode. The dynamic and the induced electromotive force e(t) can be calculated:
performance and amplitude frequency characteristics under various
dψ µ 0 Nh R 2 di
structural parameters are studied. It solves the disadvantages of e(t) = − =− ln · (6)
poor anti-interference and large measurement error of ordinary dt 2π R 1 dt
air core coil, and puts forward the specific method of PCB making, because mutual inductance of air-cored coil M can be calculated
which provides a direction for engineering application. by:
µ 0 Nh R 2
M= ln (7)
2 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF PCB 2π R1
ROGOWSKI COIL L = MN (8)
the calculation formula of induced electromotive force can be sim-
2.1 Measuring principle of Rogowski coil
plified as:
The ideal structure of air core coil is that the enameled wire is evenly di
and closely wound on the ring-shaped non-magnetic skeleton, and e(t) = −M (9)
dt

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PCB Design of Rogowski Coil with Strong Anti-Electromagnetic Interference
Figure 2: Equivalent circuit of air-cored coil.
where i is the current of the tested conductor, N is the number
of turns of air-cored coil, r is the any radius of the air-cored coil
frame, h is the height of the skeleton, R1 is the inner diameter of the
skeleton, R2 is the outer diameter of the skeleton, µ0 is the vacuum
permeability of coil.
It can be shown in formula (7) to (9) that, the mutual inductance
between the measured conductor and the air-cored coil is related
to the number of turns, internal and external diameter and skeleton
height of the air-cored coil. The mutual inductance coefficient is
directly proportional to the ratio of the inner and outer diameter of
the coil, the height of the skeleton and the number of turns of the
coil.
2.2 Influence of structural parameters of
Rogowski coil on frequency characteristics
When the frequency of the measured current is relatively low, the
stray capacitance of the coil can be completely ignored when the
Rogowski air-cored coil is applied to the measurement of the power
system, and its equivalent circuit diagram [15] is shown in Figure
2.
It can be seen from Figure 2, the voltage at both ends of resistance
R is the output voltage u0, and its value is:
u 0 (t) = i(t)R
from formula (9) and Hall’s Law:
di L du 0 (t) u 0 (t)
−M = +r + u 0 (t) (11)
dt R dt R off frequency of the air-cored coil moves to the left, which mainly
the transfer function is derived by simultaneous formula (8) and
(9):
U (s) Ms MRs
=−L =− (12)
I (s) s + ( r + 1)
R R
Ls + r + R
for rectangular coils, the internal resistance is:
2 ∗ N ∗ (R 2 − R 1 )
r =ρ (13)
h ∗ h1
where h1 is the thickness of copper coating.
According to the transfer function, the analysis of the dynamic
characteristics of the air-cored coil is beneficial to the study of the
performance of the coil structure. The reliability and accuracy of
the air-cored coil can be improved by optimizing the relationship
between the electromagnetic parameters and the parameters in the
coil structure. For the analysis of dynamic performance, the selected
input signal is step signal, because the system with good dynamic
performance under step signal input can also meet the dynamic
performance requirements under other forms of input signals [16].
In this paper, according to the calculated transfer function and
with the help of Matlab tool, the effects of skeleton thickness, coil
IPEC’22, April 14–16, 2022, Dalian, China
turns, external and internal meridians and coil internal resistance
on coil amplitude frequency characteristics and response time are
analyzed in detail. Among them, the step response curve is deter-
mined under the condition of ideal integration, and the analysis
method is the same in the following cases. Figure 3 is amplitude
phase frequency characteristic diagram and step response curve
with the change of skeleton thickness when R2=49mm, R1=38.5mm,
N=2400, h1=35µm. It can be seen from Bode characteristic curve
that the increase of skeleton height makes the cut-off value of low
frequency gradually smaller. From the step response curve, it can be
concluded that with the increase of skeleton thickness h, the time
to reach the stable state becomes longer and the reaction speed de-
creases. According to the calculation formula of mutual inductance
coefficient, the M coefficient can be increased with the increase
of skeleton height h, which can improve the induction ability of
primary side current signal. Therefore, only by changing the height
of the skeleton, the induction strength and sensitivity can not be
combined with the low-frequency characteristics.
Figure 4 shows the step response curve and amplitude phase
frequency curve with the increase of the internal resistance of the
air-cored coil when R2=49mm, R1=38.5mm, N=2160, h=0.2mm,
h1=35µm and the values of the internal resistance are 40Ω, 80Ω,
160Ω respectively. The change of internal resistance has relatively
little impact on the high-frequency part, but has a great impact on
the low-frequency characteristics. With the increase of coil internal
resistance, the cut-off frequency of low frequency decreases gradu-
ally. However, the step response time increases with the increase
of the internal resistance coefficient, that is, the time required for
the system to reach the stable state increases and the sensitivity de-
creases. Therefore, under the premise of ensuring the low-frequency
characteristics, the internal resistance coefficient should be as small
as possible, so as to improve the sensitivity of air-cored coil. In
(10) the process of PCB manufacturing, the internal resistance can be
changed by changing the thickness or width of copper.
When R2=49mm, R1=38.5mm, h=0.2mm, h1=35µm, Fig. 5 shows
that with the increase of the number of turns, the low-frequency cut-
affects the low-frequency characteristics and has no effect on the
high-frequency. However, it can be seen from the step response
curve that with the increase of coil turns, the time to reach the
steady state becomes longer, that is, the broadening of frequency
band is at the cost of the decrease of sensitivity. It can be seen from
equation 5) that as the number of coil turns increases, the magnetic
induction line passing through the wire turns increases. The output
voltage induced by the change of magnetic induction line increases.
Therefore, on the premise of ensuring the bandwidth and response
time, the output voltage can be increased by increasing the number
of coil turns of each board. However, due to the influence of the
safe distance of wire turns and machining accuracy, the number of
coils is limited.
When R2=49mm, h=0.2mm, h1=35µm, N=2400, Figure 6 shows
that the frequency band width and step response changing with the
outer diameter, that is, when the outer diameter becomes larger, the
frequency band width becomes larger, which basically has no effect
on the high frequency, but the rise time of step response becomes
larger and the sensitivity decreases. From the expression of induced
electromotive force, it can be seen that with the increase of outer
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IPEC’22, April 14–16, 2022, Dalian, China Suhong Zhang

Figure 3: Curves when R2=49mm, R1=38.5mm, N=2400, h1=35µm, (a) Amplitude phase frequency characteristic curve, (b) Step
response curve with the change of skeleton thickness.

Figure 4: Curves when R2=49mm, R1=38.5mm, N=2160, h=0.2mm, h1=35µm and the values of the internal resistance are
40Ω, 80Ω, 160Ω respectively, (a) Step response curve, (b) Amplitude phase frequency curve with the increase of the internal
resistance of the air-cored coil.

diameter and a certain inner diameter, the induced output voltage
increases and the ability of induced voltage increases at the same
time. It can truly reflect the change of primary side current. In the
actual production, according to the processing and manufacturing
requirements of the coil, the general processing size is limited to a
certain range, and the skeleton height of the sample produced in
this paper is 1.6mm.
From the Bode characteristic curves of Figure 3 to Figure 6, it
can be seen that the structural parameters of the coil basically have
no effect on the high-frequency characteristics, and only have a
better response to the high-frequency. It has good high-frequency
characteristics and is suitable for measuring pulse current. When
measuring AC with high current, the step response curve shows
that the reaction time can be basically ignored. When used in power
protection devices, due to the short-circuit current time, the sensor
is required to respond very quickly. Therefore, the rise time can be
limited to a smaller numerical range by optimizing the structural
parameters of the coil to improve its measurement accuracy. Under
the limitation of the external structure of the coil, the structural
requirements of the project are that the outer diameter shall not
exceed 100mm and the inner diameter shall not be less than 75mm.
The final production parameters of this paper are shown in Table 1.
3 ROUTING DESIGN OF PCB ROGOWSKI
COIL
3.1 Wiring mode of PCB board and connection
mode between boards
Rogowski air-cored coil is divided into three types according to
different manufacturing processes: ordinary air-cored coil, machine-
made air-cored coil and PCB air-cored coil. The fabrication error of
the air-cored coil is the same as that of the coating material, which

481
PCB Design of Rogowski Coil with Strong Anti-Electromagnetic Interference IPEC’22, April 14–16, 2022, Dalian, China

Figure 5: Curves when R2=49mm, R1=38.5mm, h=0.2mm, h1=35µm, (a) Amplitude phase frequency curve, (b) Step response
curve.

Figure 6: Curves when R2=49mm, h=0.2mm, h1=35µm, N=2400 and different coil outer diameter, (a) Amplitude phase fre-
quency curve, (b) Step response curve.

Table 1: Coil fabrication parameters

Para-mete-r R2 (mm) R1 (mm) h (mm) Numbe-r of Numbe-r of Numbe-r of Numbe-r of

turns of coil 1 turns of coil 2 turns of coil 3 turns of coil 3
Valu-e 38.225 48 1.6 240*12 240*10 240*10 240*12

may lead to the same degree of thermal expansion of the air-cored
coil, and the manufacturing error of the coating material itself is the
lowest, which may lead to the same degree of thermal expansion
of the air-cored coil, The coil is formed by laser etching, which can
overcome the disadvantages of poor temperature characteristics
and low measurement accuracy of ordinary air-cored coil, but it
has the disadvantages of complex manufacturing process and low
design flexibility [17].
PCB Rogowski coil is different from the first two. After the
wiring mode is designed by computer-aided tools, it is processed by
advanced NC processing technology [18]. The ring coil generally
adopts double-sided PCB board, and the upper and lower layers
of wires are connected by vias. Starting from the anti-interference
measures, the coil rules can be flexibly designed to greatly improve
the test accuracy and stability. Through advanced PCB processing
and manufacturing technology, not only the production cycle can
be shortened, but also the coil parameters can be concentrated in
a range, so the error can be reduced. The routing of some top and
bottom layers of the air-cored coil is shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7 shows the design of a single board, which is completed
in two circles. In the first circle, the top layer of the outer ring runs
around a through hole to form a wire turn on the skeleton, which

482
IPEC’22, April 14–16, 2022, Dalian, China Suhong Zhang

Figure 8: Position deviation diagram of conductor measured

Figure 7: Schematic diagram of PCB air-cored coil routing. by PCB air-cored coil.

interference magnetic field can be divided into the interference

goes down successively until one circle is wound. When one turn
magnetic field of parallel coil and the interference magnetic field
is completed, the winding starts from the bottom layer. Similarly,
perpendicular to the coil. When the external magnetic field parallel
the routing of the bottom layer of the outer ring bypasses a via
to or perpendicular to the coil direction exists around the coil, the
and forms a wire turn on the skeleton until it is output. Because
current induced by the change of the magnetic line of the coil will be
the coil material has the reason of expansion coefficient, with the
superimposed with the voltage generated by the measured current,
passage of current and the increase of temperature, the conductor
resulting in error [19]. For the process of making the distribution
coil can expand, resulting in measurement error. Therefore, in order
of the air-cored coil tend to zero, as shown in Figure 8.
to prevent this situation, pay attention to the consideration of safety
The magnetic induction intensity generated by the measured
distance in the selection of coil coil number. air-cored coil does not
current i(t) at a distance of λ from the center of the coil is:
contain iron core, and the thickness of each plate is limited due to
µ0
the processing and manufacturing process. Therefore, theoretically, Bp (k, t) = · i(t) (14)
2πk
its mutual inductance coefficient is small, and the generated current
is very weak. Especially in the case of measuring small current, the and the magnetic induction intensity perpendicular to the coil
error is greater, and the value of induced electromotive force when section is:
the tested current is verified by simulation and experiment is very Bp (λ, t) = Bp (k, t) · cos a (15)
small. In this case, the external interference has a great influence it can be deduced from the cosine theorem:
on the output induced electromotive force. The theoretical analysis ρ 2 + k 2 − λ2
shows that the output value can be changed by increasing the cos a = (16)
2ρk
number of winding turns, increasing the ratio of outer diameter to
inner diameter, increasing the thickness of skeleton and increasing k 2 = ρ 2 + λ2 − 2ρλ cos θ (17)
the mutual inductance coefficient. However, the thickness of the µ0 ρ 2 + k 2 − λ2
Bp (λ, t) = Bp (k, t) · cos a = · i(t) ·
framework is limited by the processing technology of PCB and 2π 2ρk 2
price factors, and the increase of the number of coil turns will µ0 ρ − λ cos θ
reduce the width of the copper wire. Not only the current carrying = · i(t) · 2 (18)
2π ρ + λ2 − 2ρλ cos θ
capacity of the copper wire is limited, but also the width is too small,
the induced electromotive force of the wire turn at this point is
which reduces the process accuracy and increases the dispersion.
∫2 h ∫b
1
Therefore, neither of the above two methods is desirable. Because
−µ 0 di(t) ρ − λ cos θ
the PCB processing process reduces many external effects of human e(p) = · dρdh
factors on the air-cored coil, it can be considered that the dispersion 2π dt ρ 2 + λ2 − 2ρλ cos θ
− 21 h a
of coil parameters of each group can be basically ignored. Therefore,
2
multiple boards can be connected according to certain rules, so
−µ 0h k 2 + ( aλ ) − 2λk
a cos θ di(t)
as to increase the induced electromotive force and improve the = · ln( )· (19)
4π λ 2 2λ
1 + ( a ) − a cos θ dt
measurement accuracy.
since the coils wound by the PCB are evenly distributed, the total
3.2 Influence of position error on induced electromotive force generated is:
measurement accuracy ∫2π 2
N −µ 0 Nh di(t) k 2 + ( aλ ) − 2k aλ cos θ
∫
For the ordinary wound air-cored coil, due to the influence of human e 1 (t) = e(p) dl = · ln( )dθ
2πa 8π 2 dt 2
1 + ( aλ ) − 2 aλ cos θ
factors and its own processing process, it is easy to be affected by the 0
induced voltage by the external magnetic field, and any external (20)

483
PCB Design of Rogowski Coil with Strong Anti-Electromagnetic Interference
Figure 9: Partial enlarged view of PCB air-cored coil.
therefore,
µ 0 Nh R 2 di
e 1 (t) − e(t) = − ln · magnetic field near the off-line coil through the coil is large, that
2π R 1 dt
∫2π 2 Therefore, the electromotive force induced at both ends of the coil
−µ 0 Nh di(t) k 2 + ( aλ ) − 2k aλ cos θ
− · ln( )dθ
8π 2 dt 2
1 + ( aλ ) − 2 aλ cos θ
0
Through the analysis of Matlab tool, the difference of the formula
(21) is 0, that is, when the coil is evenly distributed, the eccentric
position error of the measured current will not appear. Therefore,
limited by the process, when the linear density and cross-sectional
area of the ordinary wound air-cored coil are not equal everywhere,
the air-cored coil will be affected by the deviation of the conductor
from the center of the circle, so as to reduce the measurement
accuracy. However, under the PCB air-cored coil, this error can be
greatly reduced.
3.3 Influence of external changing magnetic
field on coil
For ordinary coils, due to the winding process of the coil, the loop
section in the end-to-end transition process can not make the coil
section perpendicular to the skeleton, resulting in the reduction of
anti-interference strength. Analyze how the air-cored coil can resist
the interference of external magnetic field from the local enlarged
view of PCB shown in Figure 9.
In Figure 9, the black line segment is the top layer routing, and
the gray line segment is the bottom layer routing. The circuit from
via a to turning point B is completely perpendicular to the skele-
ton, but during the transition from point B to via C through the
gray line segment, the section BFC cannot be equal to the section
perpendicular to the skeleton, which belongs to an oblique section.
Therefore, for the interference magnetic field component perpen-
dicular to the coil, if the coil section is completely perpendicular
to the skeleton and the magnetic flux passing through the coil sec-
tion is zero, the corresponding induced electromotive force will
not be generated, but in the section BFC, it will interact with the
interference component perpendicular to the torus, so as to change
the output induced electromotive force. However, when analyzing
from the second circle in the single plate structure, the current
direction of the DGE loop of the section is just opposite to that of
the BFC of the section. Therefore, the magnitude and direction of
the induced electromotive force generated by the external vertical
interference magnetic field in the two circuits are equal, and the
induced electromotive force generated just counteracts each other.
IPEC’22, April 14–16, 2022, Dalian, China
The coil can also resist the interference of external electromag-
netic field by making the electromotive force induced by external
electromagnetic wave between two adjacent plates the same size
and opposite direction. The connection mode is: the output of the
first version is connected with the output of the second version, the
input of the second version is connected with the input of the third
version, and so on until the required quantity. The connection in
this way can add the electromotive force induced by the change of
the measured current, and the electromotive force induced by the
external magnetic field can just offset each other. One thing to note
is that the selected quantity must be even.
For the parallel component of the near-field interference mag-
netic field, the magnetic flux passing through the coils in different
directions will be different. The magnetic flux generated by the
is, the value of the induced electromotive force is relatively large.
(21) will not be zero, which will have a certain impact on the measure-
ment accuracy of the coil. For the far magnetic field interference
source, the parallel component of the interference magnetic field
can be evenly distributed on the coil plane. For its symmetrical two
points, the induced electromotive force in the coil is equal in size
and opposite in direction.
For near-field interference, when the interference magnetic field
of the vertical component of the section passes through the space
surrounded by the coil, the induced electromotive force of the inter-
ference magnetic field is superimposed with the induced voltage of
the measured signal magnetic field, which affects the measurement
accuracy. Therefore, in order to correctly reflect the bus current, an
aluminum shield can be added to the sensing head of the air-cored
coil to make the flux of the measured magnetic flux intersect with
the flux of the measured current, By opening a gap in the direction
perpendicular to the axis of the metal box, the inner side of the
metal box also opens a gap, the bus induced magnetic field can
enter the air-cored coil through the gap, and there will be no circu-
lation, and the external magnetic field can be shielded [14]. In this
experiment, highland barley paper with good insulation effect is
used as insulation material between plates to prevent interference
between plates.
3.4 Transient response and steady state
response of Rogowski coil
It can be seen from formula (12) that when the sampling resistance
is infinite, the effective value ratio of output to input is Mw, ideally,
a phase difference of 90 degrees is generated. When the sampling
resistance is not infinite, the ratio of amplitude is √ Mw2 R .
(r +R) +(Lw )
2
wL .
The phase difference is φ = −arctд R+r
When a short-circuit fault occurs in the power system, the ap-
proximate expression of the instantaneous value of the short-circuit
current with symmetrical components is:
√ t
i 1 = 2Ip [e − T . cos(θ ) − cos(wt + θ )] (22)
where, Ip is the effective value of symmetrical component and θ
the initial phase angle when short-circuit current occurs. When its
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IPEC’22, April 14–16, 2022, Dalian, China Suhong Zhang

primary side is i(t)=8000(e-t/0.3-cos(100π t)) under the ideal integra-

tion condition. It can be seen from the figure that if the integration
is excellent, it can truly reflect the transient current at the primary
side. In practical circuit applications, the parameters in the sec-
ondary circuit will directly affect whether the transient current can
approximately respond to the secondary side.

4 CONCLUSION
This paper analyzes the principle of air core coil output induced
electromotive force and the influence of structural parameters on
dynamic performance, and selects the parameters of air core coil
based on Bode characteristic diagram and step response output
curve. This method has guiding significance for the selection of coil
parameters. According to the requirements of anti magnetic field
interference, the copper wire routing mode is designed through the
Figure 10: Transient waveforms of input and output. design tool Altium designer08, so that the air core coil has good
performance of anti external magnetic field interference.
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