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ICSE CLASS -10
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PHYSICS
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CHAPTER -5
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REVISION NOTES

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REFRACTION AT LENS
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PAGE.. 1 TO 7
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ICSE CLASS -10 PHYSICS 1

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REFRACTION AT LENS |REVISION NOTES5

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LENS
A lens is a transparent refracting medium A Convex lens in a concave lens in
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bounded by two curved surfaces which are its upper part has its upper part has
generaly spherical. a prism with its a prism with its
base downwards base upwards and
Types of lenses : Lenses are of two types in its lower pari
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and in its lower

(1) convex or converging lens, and Dart has a prismn has a prism with
2) concave or diverging lens. with its base upwards its base downwards
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(1) Convex or converging lenS
a ray of light incident on a prism, on refraction through it
A convex lens is thicker in the middle and
thinner at its periphery. always bends towards the base of the prsm.
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A light beam converges on passing through it.
The prism in the upper part of the

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tAree type of convex lens lens bends the incident ray A
downwards,

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central part is a parallel
sided glass block passes the

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incident ray B undeviated.
Bl-CONVEX PLANO-CONVEXONCAVO
CONVEX prism in the lower part of the

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lens bends the incident ray C
(2) Concave or diverging lens upwards
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A concave lens is thicker at the periphery and
thinner in the middle. convex lens comverges the parallel rays to a point F
A light beam diverges on passing through it. | a
Therefore comvex lens is calleda converging lens
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three types of concave lens

The prism in the upper part
of the lens bends the incident
ray A upDwards

central part is a parallel

sided glass block passes the
BI-CONCAVE PLANO-CONCAVE CONVEXO incident ray B undeviated.
CONCAVE

REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH prism in the lower part of the

CONVEX LENS AND CONCAVE LENS lens bends incident rayC
downwards
concave lens diverges the parallel rays as if they are
coming from a point F situated on the side of rays
incident on the lens. There fore,
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a concave lens is called a diverging lens.

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TERMS RELATED TO A LENS

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ACTION OF LENS AS A SET OF PRISMS

2 PAINCcIPAL OPTICAL
AXIS GENTRE
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OPTICAL PRINCIPAL
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We consider a lens as made CENTRE AXIS

up of a rectangular block at| Convex len Concave lens
the centre and one prism
on either side of it (i) Centre of curvature
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a lens has two spherical surfaces, so there are two

Conver iens Concave lens centres of curvature of a lens. C and Cq
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| REVISION NOTES
REFRACTION AT LENS

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i) Radius of curvature First focad point For a convex lens,
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for a thin lens, the distance of centre of curvature from is a point F, on principal axis of lens such that
the optical centre is the radius of curvature the rays of light starting from it or passing
For an equi- convex or equi-concave len8, through it, after refraction through the lens,
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the radii of curvature of both the surfaces are equal. become parallel to the principa axis of the lens

(ti) Principal axis :

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A
I is the line joining the centres of curvature of
thetwo surfaces ofihe lens. PRINCIPAL AXIS
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iv) Optical centre

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it is a point on ihe principal axis of ihe lens such
that a ray of lighi passing through this paint

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emerges parallei io its direction of incidence. First focal length
It is marked by the letter O
First foca point For a concave lens,

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a ray
of ight incident at the optical centre O, of lens. is a point F on the principal axis of lens such that
incident rays of ight appearing to meet at it,
is slightly displaced paraliel to its original direction.
after refraction from the lens become parallel to

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the emergent ray is thus parallel to the incident ay the principal axis of the lens
and the lateral shift of the ray takes place
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PRINCIPAL AXIS

Convex lems Concave lens

lens is thin, so the lateral shift is small enough
and it can be ignored. Thercfore,
a ray of ight directed towards the optical centre
of a thin lens can be considered as passing
undeviated and undisplaced
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First focal length
Second focal point For a convex lens,
is a point F2 on principal axis of the lens such
that the rays of light incident parallel to thee
principal axis, after refraction from the lens, pass
through ir

PRINCIPAL AXIS
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(v) Principal foci

lens has two principal foci which are situated at
equal distances from the optical centre, one on Second focal length
either side of the lens. These are
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irst focal poinn (or first focus) F, and

secona focal point (or second foCus) Fa. Conver ens Concave lens
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It has a real focus. It has a virtual focus.

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REFRACTION AT LENS REVISION NOTES|

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Second focal point For a concave lens,
is a point F, on principal axis of lens such that|
Similarly, if a parallel beam of light is incident
obliquely on a concave lens, after refraction it appears
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o diverge from a point B in the second focal plane as
the rays of light incidernt parallel to the principal
axis, after refraction from the lens, appear to be
diverging from this point
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-PRINCIPAL
AXIS
PRINCGIPALAXIS
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FOCAL PLANE

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Second focal length

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The focal length of a lens diepends on the following
two factos:
Jocus, mean the second focal point. Hence

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focal length of a iens igplies the second focal iength of lens. (i) The refractive index of material of lens relative
to its surrounding medium. ifa lens is placed in water
A Convex lens has a real focuS instead of air, as focal length increases.

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Cbecause the paralle rays incident on a convex lens actually pass (ii) The racti of curvature of the two surfaces of lens,
through this poin)
,while in a concave lens the focus is virtual lens has less focal lengeh than a thin lens of same
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A thick
(because the parallel rays incident on a concave lens appear
to diverge from this point)
material.

fa part of the len is covered, is focal iength

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focal plane Pemains wnchamged, only the nsensity of light entering the
A plane passing through the focal point and normal lens decreases dhue to which the intensiy of the image formed
to the principa axis of lens is called the focal plane. by it also decreases.

FORMATION OF MAGE BYA LENS

Only a beam of light incident paralle to the principal three principal rays are used for the
axis converge to the focus) F2 0on the principal axis
construction of the ray diagrams.
after refraction through the convex lens.
If the parallel beam of light is obliquely incident (i.e., the
rays are not parallel to the principal axis of the lens), it
does not converge at the principal focus F2. but it is
brought to focus at some pointB in the second focal plane
of the lens

OBLIOUE
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PARALLEL FOCAL PLANE

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BEAM

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REFRACTION AT LENS REVISION NOTES5
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CHARACTERISTICS AND L0CATION OF IMAGES FOR
OF,
A CONVEX LENS
= OF
Case : When the object is at infinity (ie, a very
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distant object)
2

object
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AB
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Characteristics and location of the image formed
The image is at the focus (or on the focal pane) on the other side of the lens.

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It is (a) real, (b) inverted, and (c) highly diminished.

Application:
1a is used as a bu7ning glass
convex lens

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the rays of light from the sun (at infinity) are brought to focus on a piece of
paper kepL in the second focal plane of the lens. Duc to sufficient heat of the
Sun rays, the paper burns.

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2 as'acameralens.
In a camera, the object lies very far (at infinity) from the lens and the image
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is formed at the camera film which is at the second focus

Case2 Wben the object is beyond 2F,

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Characteristics and location of the image formed

The image is between F and 2F, on the other side of the lens. It is
Types of images (a) real, (6) inverted, and (c) diminished.
) real, and (i) virtual Applicationa

Distinction between a real and a virtual image In a camera lens,

when the object, not very far, is to be photographed.
Real image Virtual image
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1. A real image is formed 1. A virtua image is formed|

due to actual intersection when the refracted (o Case 3 When the object is at 231
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of refracted (or reflecied) reflected) rays meet if

rays. they are procuced
backwards.
2. A real image can be 2. A virtual image can not
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obtained on a screen. be obtained on a screen.

3. A real image is inverted 3. A virtual image is erect
with respect to the object. with respect to the object
Exampie: The image of Example: The image
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a distant object formed of an object formed Charectertstics and location of the image formed
by a convex lens. Dy a concave lensS. The image is at 2F, on the other side of the lens. It is
(a) real, (b} inverted, and (c) of the same size as the object.
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ICSE CLASS -10 PHYSICS

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R FRACTION AT LENS REVISION NOTES

Application Characteristics and location of the image formed

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in a terrestrial telescope for The image is on the same side as the object, but it is
erecting the inverted image formed by objective lens behind the object. It is (a) virtual, (b) erect or upright,
and (c) magnified.
Application
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Case When the object is between F and 2F

using a convex lens as a reading lens (Le., a magniying
glass or a simple microscope)
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2 CHARACTERISTICS AND LOCATION
OF IMAGES FOR A CONCAVE LENS
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Case () : When the object is at intinity

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Characteristics and location of the image formed
The image is beyond 2F, on the other side of the lens.

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It is (a) real, (b) inverted, and (c) magnified.
Application

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in cinema and slide projectors.
slide or filnm is put just beyond the focus in upside down
(i.e., inverted) position so as to obtain an erect image on

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the screen.

Case 5 When the object is at F

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IOINFINIHTY
Characteristics and location of the image formed
The image is at infinity ie., at a very far distance, on
the other side of the lens. It is (a) real, (b) inverted, and
(c) highly magnified.
Characteristlcs and locaton of the image
The image is at second focus F2 or on the focal
plane at F, on the side of the object. It is
(a) virual, (b) erect, and (c) highly diminished.
Application
in Galilean telescope.

Application When the object is between infinlty and

in collimator of a spectrometer Case i)
the optkcal centre of the concave lens
to obtain a parallel beam of light

When the object is between lens and

Case 6
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focus (ie., between O and F)

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Characteristics and location of the lmage

The image is between the lens and focus on the sicdee
2F of object. It is (a) virtual, (b) erect, and (c) diminished.
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Application
in spectacles for the short-sighted persons.
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REFRACTION AT LENS REVISION NOTES
If two thin lenses are.placed in contact,
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POWER OF A LENS
When a beam of light passes through a lens, it the combination has a power equal to the
gets deviated from its path. The deviation algebraic sum of the powers of the two lenses.
produced is expressed in terms of power of the MAGNIFYING GLASS
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lens. OR
Hence SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
power of a lens is expressed or ( measured)
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to see an object by the naked eye, distinctly
in terms of the reciprocal of focal length
in metre, it is necessary to place it at a minimum
distance of 25 cm from the eye it is called
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1 least distance of distinct vision (D) for a normal eye.
power of a lens

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focal length. in metre. The eye is able to see an object distinctly if the
object subtends am angle not less than 1' (= )

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at the eyye
Its unit is dioptre (symbol D)
To observe a small object which subtends an angle
A lens has a power of 1 dioptre (1 D),

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less than 1' at the eye when placed at the least

if its focal length is 1 m ( 100 cm).
distance of distinct vision from the eye, we takec
the help of a convex lens of short focal length.

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greater focal length
less deviation of ight
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ess power of lens. ea*******anaa*zarevwwaenevoneass
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less focal length

more deviation of ight| A
more power of lens.
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Principle of a simple microscope

A lens having surfaces of more curvature or magnifying glass or reading glass).
is We hold the convex lens infront of our eye such
of short focal length that the object lies between its optical centre and
and focus so.that the image obtained is erect, virtual
it deviates the rays more, and magnified and it is formed on the same side
as the object, but behind the object.
Depending on the direction in which a light
ray is deviated by ihe lens, its power is either Magnitying power of simple microscope
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posve or negative. is the ratio of

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angle subtended by the image AB' at the eye (or lens

fa lens deviates a ray towards its centre,
angle isubtended by object AB placed at the least distance
ihe power is positive
and of distinct vision 1D = 25 cm) at the eye,
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a lens deviates the ray away from its centre

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Ihe power is negative.
Therefore LBOA
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MagnifyinE power m=
the power of a convex lens 1S positive DOA*
the power of a concave lens is negative. fis the focal length of the lens.
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REFRACTION AT LENS REVISION NOTES
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EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION Determination of Focal Length of convex
OF FOCAL LENGTH OF A CONVEX
LENS lens by one pin method
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object Convex plane

(1) Estimatdon of focal ength by the distant
pin, lens, mirror
object method - The approximate focal length off eye
a convex lens can be determined by using the
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principle that a beam of parallel rays incident on at a distance
a convex lens from a distant object gets converged 25 cm behind
in the focal plane of the lens.
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object pin O

TTTT UTIUiUTTTTTY

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optical bench.
focal iength

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inverted image is seen when
WHITE WALl tip of the inverted image I coincides with tp of the object pin

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30 20 10 The image I is inverted, real and of size same as that
FOCAL LENGTH- of the object O

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Note the position of the object pin (say, z,) and
The ray diagram for it is shown the position of lens (say, x2) on the optical bench. The
difference (x2 x) gives the focal length of the convex
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lens, i.e.,

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(2) By auxillary plane mirror method

no paralax EYE CLAMP

IMAGE PIN

VERTICAL
STAND

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To check for parallax,

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the eye is kept vertically above the tip of the pinn

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moved sideways. f the pin and its image shift
together, then parallax is removed.
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focal length of the lens

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