INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

Axially Loaded Members

(Contd..)
Lecture 7

Instructor: Prof. Umesh Kumar Sharma

Thermal Effects

• Importance of Secondary effects like

thermal effects.
• More important in the design of
indeterminate systems than in
determinate systems.
• Thermal expansion or contraction.
Idealized expansion shown in Fig.
Thermal strains and stresses are resulted.
• For most materials, thermal strain is
proportional to temperature change.

• Units of coefficient of thermal

expansion.
• Sign conventions for thermal expansion.

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Thermal Effects

• Thermal stresses:

• Significance of thermal stresses. Can

not be ignored.
• Most materials expand with increase in
temperature and contract with
reduction in temperature. But there are
few exceptions.
• For homogeneous and isotropic
material with uniform increase in
temperature, the change in dimension:

• Temperature-displacement relationship
• Uniform and non-uniform expansion

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Thermal Effects: Determinate and Indeterminate
Systems

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Thermal Effects: Example

• A prismatic bar AB of length L is held between

immovable supports (See Fig.). If the
temperature of the bar is raised uniformly by an
amount Delta T, what thermal stress is
developed in the bar? (Assume that the bar is
made of linearly elastic material.).
• Because the temperature increases, the bar tends
to elongate but is restrained by the rigid
supports at A and B. Therefore, reactions RA
and RB are developed at the supports, and the
bar is subjected to uniform compressive
stresses.
• Equation of Equilibrium:

• Equation of Compatibility:

• To determine this change in length, we remove

the upper support of the bar and obtain a bar
that is fixed at the base and free to displace at
the upper end.
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Thermal Effects: Example Contd…

• Equation of Compatibility becomes:

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 Misfits and Pre-strains

• Significance of misfits and pre-strains.

• Effects on determinate and indeterminate

systems

• Examples in Figures.