d'ffi rent people and ideas get mixed together /osing their differences

melting pot - а р/асе _where

I
е t' g the fib ers of cotton from the seeds
cotton gin - а machme for separa т t or cinema that опе сап visit without /eaving one's саг
drive-in - а facility such as а re staиran 1
take out - sold to Ье eaten somewhere е se
onrush - а rushing forward

А View from Across the Ocean

America is а relatively young nation
and still estaЬlishing its society, and, as
uch it is difficult to indentify. From theth
:nd ~fthe 18th century and well into the 20
century, the United States was tradition-
ally known as the Melting Pot. Nowadays,
however, the academic opinion is empha-
sizing its cultural diversity, multiplicity of
components and pluralistic views, in short,
the Salad Bowl.
А general American lifestyle is that of
being busy, moЬile and comfortaЫe. Since
its early years all sorts of inventions have
been implanted into American homes, farms and factories to make life easier, such as steam
engine, cotton gin, gas refrigerator, sewing machine, incandes-
cent light, radio and later television . The latter, however, has
been severely undeпnined Ьу the onrush of the multifunctional
world wide web, which for some time now has been webcasting
the radio and TV programm es.
Nowaday s, various gadgetry assists Americans in their
daily life: cars, moЬile phones, personal computers, washing
machines, satellite receivers, Web shopping, etc. А most typi-
cal example of their lifestyle is drive-in cinemas, churches, fast
food restaurants. Most American s will wait behind several cars
to order take-out food rather than go inside. Having in mind
this car-dependent society the foпner President George W. Bush
said: "America is addicted to oil."

~ LEADING-/ N
О What facts do you know about the USA? 1s it ап attractive country to visit? То live in?
Сап you describe typical Americans ? ln what way would they differ from typical Ukrainians
?

~ READING
@ Read the text А View from Across the Осеап and speak about
а) the difference between the Melting Pot and the Salad Bowl
b)American lifestyle and technology
с) America's main addiction

4
►

~ • -G1m rn ю
envisage - to imagine that_ it is true, rea/ or likely to happen
conceal - to keep from d1scovery, hide
empower - have the authority or power
outrageous - _ипассерtаЬ/е or very shocking
gratuity - а gift 0 ~ r:1oney to someone who has done something for уои
tip - ап add1tюnal
. . раутепt
. ·
fo r good serv,ces apart from the standard charge
humid - contammg а gh
h1 percentage of water vapor

Му First Visit to the USA

Му ideas of America largely came from books periodicals and Hollywood movies. All
my life I envisaged to set foot on American soil and' finally this dream came true. The federal
program tош revealed а lot about the nature of America and Americans.
On my fiight to Atlanta, Georgia, which
took more than 16 hoшs, I sat next to an
American gentleman who was eager to leam
about my country. Не told me about his fam-
ily, his beautiful child and his good wife living
in Califomia, where he works as а commercial
farmer. 1 admired his freedom to talk to а stran-
ger. If an American likes you, you know it. If
he is mad at you, you still know it. Americans
never conceal their feelings. They are mostly
affiпnative and empowering, too. One uni-
versity student said, "I think it's important for
people to know what you think so they don't
misunderstand you." Americans want to know
you before they can have business with you. If
Arnericans notice а talent in you, they would give you the resources to bring out уош best.
Americans, naturally, love freedom of speech. They believe that all issues, however offen-
sive, should Ье argued and debated in the open, in what they call "the market place of ideas."
Besides, I had to get used to the custom of gratuity, а token of appreciation given to а service
provider for а good service. It applies in several circumstances and places like restaurants, bar-
bershops and private transportation. lfyou order а meal in the restaurants, the waiters should Ье
given а tip of 15 to 20 per cent of the bill.
From Washington I flew to Los Angeles on the West coast. 1 discovered that the time zones in
the USA are never the same. Washington is ahead of Los Angeles Ьу three hours. It means when
you fly from the East coast to the West coast, you gain three hours. However, you lose three hours,
when getting back. Unlike Washington, Los Angeles is а different place. It is humid, desertlike
and predominantly Hispanic. LA is а lot faster in terms oflife style - plenty of cars, ring highways

@) Read the text Му First Visit to the USA and try to guess the country of the author's origin.
Canada Mexico South African RepuЫic
Сап you explain your choice?

5
 and sky-scra pers. You have to Ье rich to live in Los Angeles . It is indeed fascinating to visit the
film studios in Hollyw ood. It is а place where fairy tales are meant to look like reality. Hollywood
сап make you feel like а foolish dreamer trying to build а highway to the sky.

After а week in Los Angeles , we headed for Atlanta, Georgia, а diverse city and pretty calm
in lifestyle compar ed to other parts in the United States. While flying in the skies of Georgia, I
wanted to see the red hills refeпed to in Martin Luther Кing 's speech "I have а dreaщ."
It is amazing how accents vary in the United States. The locals in Atlanta have that south-
ern accent - slow but sure. People in Washin gton and other parts in the north are rather faster
in their speech.

О Match these words to their contextual explanations. Use them in your own
sentences to describe our
national traits or customs.
1. mad а. causing someone to feel deeply hurt ог апgгу
2. set foot Ь. vегу апgгу
3. fairy tale с. enter, go into
4. offensive d. ап additional payment given for good services
5. tip е. а story for children involving magical events and imaginary creatures

0 L/STENING
@ Which of the following do we usual/y do when we visit someone for the first time?
shake hands with the master
bring flowers buy а present kiss the hostess
of the house
American, and Мо·
► 01 @ How do we usually behave abroad? Listen to а conversation between Ronald, ап
nique, а French woman coming to the US for the first time. What is Monique going to do? What cultural
customs are the speakers talking about?

6
 drain - to exhaust or make constant demands оп
robust- strong and hardy
дFS - American Field Service, ап international youth exchange program

Eventually, America, like

any other country, is not а perfect
world. 1t has its own proЫems
and challenges. Immigration and
homelessness in places like Los
Angeles and Washington are in-
deed big issues. True, America is
а superpower, but there are also
poor people out there. Where
there is plenty, some people still
go hungry.
Тhеageing Americans re-
quire more financial benefits thus
draining the federal budget. The
American dollar is devaluating in
comparison with other currencies.
American c1t1zens are willingly
losing their right to privacy under
, the threat of teпorism both from
home and abroad.
All in all, America is а great
robust society. А society where
nobody could become somebody.
lt is а part of the American Dream,
rooted in а philosophy of liberty,
opportunity and the trust in God. It
is for this reason that some people
believe that they can start their life
all over again in America.

Linda Кraal,
an AFS Intercultural Program participant

@SPEAКING
fi Role-play а dialogue between Monique and her host family as she first visits them in the
USA.

(f\ WR/TING
es as to
\:!) 0Your friend has sent you an invitation to visit the USA. Write an answer, state your preferenc
to see.
the dates and duration of your stay. List the locations you would like to visit and sights

7
 indigenous _ belonging to the home country, not brought in from outside . .
heritage _ anything from the past that had Ьееп handed down Ьу trad,tюn
lure - ап attraction or promise .
дmerican Dream _ the notion that the American socia/ system makes success poss,Ыe for everyone

А Nations ' Nation

More than any other country in the world ·12..9 ~ 281.О
1-44,1

the United States has welcomed immigrants -0 .7

and still admits up to 700,000 persons per . · ' ~ 237,б 1-77.4
year. Along with the bom ~erican s, they +76.о

make up а wide range of ethn1c, cultural and ~~

+54.7
279.2 +47,5
religious backgrounds: ethnic groups live ~ L@J~;;;;;;;;~t!•!!!!~И~!·•
side Ьу side, they support and participate in
each other's festivities, their children grow
~===~===¾: и-и
:::;:=;::;:::;=:::::::::;;:::::;=1,' 320.7
•139.6

1
+163.0
+158.о
up Ьilingual and recognize both their indig-
; il •' 309,2 +171.4

enous roots and American heritage.

,m +153.t
tt rn i ,, Ш1) +147.6
363.3
343,8
Ukrainian people have been no excep- 1-245.2
4Ф&8 +2os.9
111=;;;;.._;==-......;;.---._ ·
tion to the lure of the American Dream. rм+ ·· · IJ +197,7
398.3
Numbering almost one million, Ukrainian [ ~..}ilBfЩ?;~ :_,. . .. 340.8 +3зз.о_
~: ., .- ,
Americans constitute а large Ukrainian dias- '427.2 +1634)
pora, second only to Canadian Ukrainians. The largest Ukrainian immigration wave took place
in the early l 990s after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The newcomers tend to settle down
mostly in metropolitan areas, creating eth-
nic neighborhoods in such cities as New
York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Los Angeles
and Detroit.
Colin Powell, the former US Secretary
of State, used to say: "America is а nation
of nations, made up of people from every
land, of every race and practicing every
faith. Our diversity is not а source ofweak-
ness; it is а source of strength, it is а source
о f our success. "

@ LEADING-JN
О Which nationalities inhablt the US? What do you know about each of these symbols of the USA?
Statue of Liberty American Flag Uncle Sam Liberty Bell
@ READING
@ Read the first half of the text А Nations' Nation and decide whether the following are true or false.
а . AII children in America speak one language.
Ь . The American Dream also attracts Ukrainians.
с . The Ukrainian diaspora is the largest in the USA.
d. Ukrainians usually settle in the American countryside.

8
 founding Fathers - the delegates to the Constitutiona/ Convention in Philadelphia in 1787
sound - thorough, complete
Е pJuribus Unum - опе out of тапу (Latin)
outing - а short pleasure trip, excursion

Although not without its proЫems, America's success, as had been visioned Ьу America's
Founding Fathers, is first and foremost in setting up а government of, Ьу and for the people.
American Constitution forms а firm foundation of democratic development and guarantees
basic freedoms of speech, assemЬly and religion. Following are some social values underlying
those principles.
• All American children, as well as those of illegal immigrants,
are guaranteed а free puЬlic school education. Americans be-
lieve that а sound education is а success in communication
and development, in mutual understanding and in independent
thinking. Moreover, America has made its universities acces-
siЫe to foreigners , in order to encourage the brighter brains to
contribute to its well-being.
• Even in its earlier days American
colonies were home to Spanish
missionaries, French Huguenots,
Dutch reformists, Anglicans, Puritans, Quakers, including
Catholics, Jews, Orthodox and Muslims. Dr. Diana L. Eck of

.
. ~~
,___
("J
Harvard University, referring to one of the RepuЫic 's mottos
"Е Pluribus Unum," said: Our pluribus is more striking than
1 ., ....,

\ ·~~.:-~=·~~ .,;.- 1
ever - our races and faces, our jazz and qawwali mus1c,
our Haitian drums and Bengali taЫas ,
our hip-hop and bhangra dances, our
\7~ Islamic minarets and Hindu temple
'
--- towers, our Mormon temple spires and
golden gurdwara domes."
• American character begins at home, within the family, which is а
core community cell. As elsewhere, the family gives children love
and support to become confident and successful citizens. In many
ways and on different levels Americans tend to Ье active commu-
nity members: they organize celebrations in small towns or parties
in urban neighborhoods, they help to deliver food or medical as-
sistance to the elderly, they instruct their children's sports teams
or take their families for а weekend outing.

@) ln the second half of the text, give each of the marked paragraphs their suЬtitles.
• Diversity • Family
• Charity • Education
Using the lnternet find more information оп the items listed Ьу Dr. Diana L. Eck in the second marked
paragraph.

9
 & ~ (llif]tm
• A.mericans eagerly volunteer in and contribute. to
charitaЫe causes. Brian O'Connell, the foundшg
president of Independent Sect~r а~, Тufts Un~versity
in Medford, Massachusetts, sa1d: Volunteenng ob-
viously begins with the individual - the golden rule
of Iending а hand. Volunteers inform, protest, assist,
teach, heal, advocate, comfort, support, solicit, do-
nate, guide, feed, monitor and in many other ways
serve people, communities and causes."
l'm Тrying to See it your Way...
А/ех: Неу, Femando! You don't look like yourself these days, friend. What's on your mind?
Femando: Hi, buddy! I'm ОК, thanks. Got а phone call from my parents. They miss us а lot
there. And they are going to put up а new tombstone on our Granny's grave and need
financial help.
А/ех: Yeah, 1 see. Large expenses? What about your son? He's finishing high school this year.
You could have put that money in his college fund.
Fernando: We believe it is our duty to remember and honor our elders first. It's absolutely ex-
pected in my home country.
А/ех: But isn't it your oЫigation to рау for your son first? It would Ье а wise investment. And
we aren 't making much
money in this God-
forsaken gas station.
Fernando: That's not the issue.
We want our children
to respect the family's
history and honor our
ancestors whatever our
income might Ье.
А/ех: I'm trying to see it your
way, but, still, 1 would
рау for my kid's college
education first.

О Role-read the dial_ogue /'m Trying to See it your Way between Alex and Fernando, two gas station attend·
ants. Who do you th1nk has been staying in America longer? What would you do in Fernando's place?
1
@ SPEAКING
@ Do you th ink that ethnic diversity adds to America's strength? Would America's Founding Fathers ар·
p~ove of th e current American values? Which qualities do Ukrainian immigrants bring along to America?

\ D1scuss these issues in groups.

10
l 11
 ~ u:m w ~ l!J1Ifi1 \J
About 28 million , ог 10%, of the US population come from countries outside of the United States.
Almost 47 million , ог 18%, of Americans оvег the age of five speak а language other than English at
home.
The Washington Post estimated that there аге about 11 million illegal immigrants in the country at а
time.

• • рт

0LISTENING
historical impersonator - а performer who p/ays famous historic personalities
stilts - а pair of po/es with foot supports for wa/king high above the ground
regal bearing - monarch-like manners, dress and behavior
draped - beautiful/y covered with flexiьte material or fabric, usually in folds

- wag one's finger - to move the finger as а sign of warning or criticism

torch
wholesome
- а f/aming /ight оп а ро/е carried ceremonial/y
- suggestive of good health and we/1-being
е embark - to start а new project
scathing - severely critical .
~ 02 <D You are going to hear а story about other American symbols. Listen and match the words from each
column into а phrase and explain their meanings.
1. firework ~ а. and stripes
2. gгay-bearded Ь. еmЬгасе
3. stars с . celebrations
4. overseas d. cartoons
5. warm е. fellow
6. political f. adventures
What have you learnt from the story? Why aren't these symbols too popular nowadays?
Q) W.RITING
6 Write а newspaper article about the history and popularity of your favorite дmerican symbol(s).

11
 stem from - to have as а source, originate (from stem - стебло)
mix with - to get along, associate
spouse - а partner in marriage

Concerned and Indifferent

Has there ever existed an absolutely happy nation on Earth? Hardly does it seern
is it with а relatively well-off American society, whose adult populati on is getting everso. So
and more worried about their and their children 's future. This uncertai nty stems from Ill~re
· 8
economic and environmenta1cons1·deratюns.· ос1а\
,
In the l 950s, the average family
was usually made up of а working fa-
ther, а tireless staying-at-home mother,
two children and sometimes а pet. Such
families were quite active in community
affairs and religious matters and would
regularly mix with similar families.
Divorce was а disgrace and almost а
taboo topic. The crack in this ideal was
gradually coming out in the last decades
of the past millenn ium and holds full
puЫic attention today. Over 50% of mar-
ried couples end up in divorce which has
led to а Ыended family, where spouses
live with children from each others' pre-
vious marriages. Tight economic pres-
sure is often the cause of "extend ed
families" which include related adults of
several generations, for instance а wid-
owed woman living with her maпied
child and her grandchildren; or а maпied
couple living with one of their parents.

@ LEAD/NG -IN
О What proЫems are the most ur tf . .
dominate American society? gen or our soc1ety? What k1nd of social and economi c proЫems rn ighl
@ READING
@ Read the text Concerne d and lndiffl
1. What proЫems appeard in Americaer;пt -~ nd give answers to these question s.
2. What is an extended family? Why dn a~ilie~ at the end of the 201h century?
. · oes 1t exist?
3. Why аге s1ngle parent household s Ье . ·
· •
4 . Wh а t d о 1mm1grants tend to bring intocom1ng
А .
mоге common?
. ·
5. What is а Ыended family? merican soc1ety?
6. Comment оп the statistics of Ameг1·can с
oncerns · Ноw ·15 ·t1 d.ff
1 erent from Ukrainian social proЫems ?·

12
L
hush down - to Ье silent about
aьsorbed into - to Ьесоте part of
immunity against - ап abl/ity to resist

А single parent household is also on

the rise. In most cases it is а single divorced
mother or а young mother who does not
marry. А single father households are also
increasing. ln split-up families, grandpar-
ents are likely to provide most care for the
children.
While homosexuality was hushed
down in the past idealized era, now both
genders are getting more open as to their
lifestyles. In certain states they can apply for
the same sex marriage license or create civil

unions, though this issue is controversial and many

think it is wrong Ьу social or religious considera-
tions. Immigrants to the United States still bring in
stronger family values, but as they get absorbed
into American society, they tend to lose immunity
against the pressures of contemporary realities.

Another concem has its origin in both domestic

and world economy and the way they relate to each
other. Here are several issues and percentage of the
surveyed Americans who are concemed about
• fuel / oil prices / energy crisis 29%
• economy in general 14%
• health care / hospitals 12%
• terrorism 4%
• education / access to education 4%
• unemployment / job security 3%
• immigration / illegal aliens 3%
• taxes 3%.

13
 l
rebate - а sum of топеу returned from ап amount paid, а discount
emission - the production and discharge of something, e.g. gas or radiation

.:
:-:-- - . .
1

Another major concern involves climate change. 87% of American citizens support the
investments into renewaЫe energy technologies which in itself can cut down carbon dioxide
emissions consideraЫy. More than 80% back up tax rebates for the buyers of fuel-efficient
vehicles and solar panels. 65% support the requireme nt for the United States to cut its haпnfu!
emissions Ьу 90% Ьу the year 2050.
About 60% are willing to рау for electricity more if it is generated from altemative energy
sources.

~ LISTENING
~ trash - useless or unwanted matter or objects
1 clear cut - а passage, channe/, path, etc., cut or hollowed out (вирубка дерев)
lumber - wood split into boards or planks
1 pulp - the soft, wet, and sticky mass of wood used in making paper
landfill - а low area of land built ир from deposits of garbage in /ayers covered Ьу soil
dump - а р/асе or area where waste materia/s are unloaded
1 recycling programs - the р/ап to reuse goods which have served their original purpose
corporate boardroom - business corporation council
hazardous - fu/1 of risk
fertilizer - апу substance added to soil or water to increase its productivity
contamina te - pol/ute
sweatshop - а workshop where employees work long hours under bad conditions for /ow wages

14
 An Important Decision
Rebecca: You, Americans! You don't help your children in the most important things in their
lives.
Jessica: You mean our daughter going out with her new boyfriend?
Rebecca: That must Ье her second or third boyfriend she has had this summer.
Jessica: What's wrong with that? Shall I meddle in her private life? She's past nineteen now.
Rebecca: You sent her out into the wide world to find love with no advice at all.
Jessica: Well, 1 cannot make her decisions for her. Nor does she expect те to, either. Her life is
her life. And I can only advise her occasionally.
Sarah: Му son, who just turned eighteen, told me outright that he wouldn't stand anyone guard-
ing him off with their advice unless asked for.
Rebecca: 1 would still Ье more cautious in this crazy world of ours. At least, 1 would help with
some guidelines. Back in ту home country we trust our parents and rely on their views
in such an important decision as selecting someone to spend their life with in marriage.

03 @) Cities are overcrowded places. Under the pressure of limited space such proЫems as clean air, lack of
greenery and garbage disposal are getting more and more consideration. Listen to а story about а person
who got preoccupied with рrоЬаЫу the most repulsive опе - garbage. Take note what these numbers
refer to.
890 20 40 50,000 223
О Explain the following from what you've just heard.
shoulder-high clear cut areas municipal tough regula- toxic waste
incinerators tions

~SPEAКING
0 ln groups speak about the most urgent proЫems in our country. Think of possiЫe solutions.
@ Role-read the conversation Ап lmportant Decision and say what opposite points of view are being
discussed. What could Ье Rebecca's home country? How could such tradition help in the current social
crisis? How difficult or easy would it Ье to introduce it in America?
WR/ТING
] а
t1 Prepare speech for your local council meeting on how to develop your district to make it more envi-
ronmentally friendly.

15
 . . t оп it using coloured threads
tapestry - а /arge piece of heavy cloth _w,th а р,с ~re sewn
wrought iron - а type of iron that is eas1ly formed mto shapes
verge оп - approach, a/most overlap
/ove seat - а small sofa for two реор!е who сап fa~e each ot~er
rec/iner _ ап armchair with а ьасk that сап Ье adJиsted at d1fferent angles

А Home from the Inside

American homes are usually built in either а traditio~al European or ~ con_temporary sty\e.
The most popular examples of the former include Loшs XV and the V1ctorian styles. Their
rooms are often sy~etrical, wall space
is much Iarger than wшdow space, colors
gently melt into one another. Fumishings
from these eras can Ье very intricate and
detailed. Modern houses display more ar-
chitectural freedom. Silk tapestries can
overlay brick walls, wrought iron might
verge оп antique hardwood. Whatever the
style, the following functional rooms are
practically found in every American home.
1

Living Room
The centerpiece of а typical living room
in America is the television set. It is often
placed together with other electronics such
as DVD players, video games, satellite re-
ceivers and stereos, because much of the rec-
reation involves these media pieces. Living
rooms also contain а sofa, а Iove seat, some-
times а recliner or а chair.

@LEADING-IN . .
О Look at the p1ctures and dec1de where American homes differ from the typical Ukrainian ones. w?
Does the furnishing of а house usua/ly reflect its occupants' profession or rather personality? lf 50• hO
@ВEADING
@ Read the text А Ноте from the lnside and find the answers to the following.
1. What do Victorian houses look like?
2. Where do Americans spend most of their free time?
з. ln what way would you further improve а typical American house?

16
gizmo - а gadget, esp. опе whose пате is not known
futon - а thin mattress оп а low wooden frame which сап Ье used as а bed or folded into а chair
wicker - long thin sticks that have Ьееп woven together to make baskets or furniture
utensil - ап implement, container or other article for household use
cutlery - implements used for eating, such as knives, forks and spoons
cablnet - а piece of furniture containing shelves, cupboards or drawers
recess - ап indented space, such as а niche or alcove

Bedroom
American bedrooms, as а rule, also contain а TV, but some
people start resenting it. American beds usually have а lot of giz-
mos. Some beds are adjustaЫe, allowing you to sit up like in а
couch. There are also water beds, air beds that inflate themselves,
sofa couches and futons .

Кitchen

Most American kitchens will have an oven, а sink and а refrig-

erator as basics. You may also have а microwave oven, а dishwasher,
and а garbage disposal. То decorate the kitchen, most people hang
pictures, pots and pans on its walls. Wicker decorations are also very
popular. Some people try to equip their kitchens with machines, uten-
sils and cutlery 'in а particular finish such as stainless steel, which
could Ье viewed as а sign of good taste and wealth.
Dining Rooms
In Ьigger houses there's usually а
dining room where people gather for meals. Generally there are
а large dining tаЫе and chairs, apart from а china cablnet, buffet
and а liquor cabinet.
1n smaller houses, and in apartments, dining is generally done in
а small recess, created Ьу а Ьistro tаЫе and chairs. Many people also
purchase small kitchen taЫes to allow them to eat right in the kitchen.
Other Americans just use wheeled trays and dine in front of the ТV.
@) Match the words and their definitions.
1. stereo а. а piece of equipment that changes broadcast signals into sound ог pictures
2. receiver ь. а piece of furniture with display shelves
3. utensils с. а boxlike part of а stove, in which food is baked, roasted ог heated
4. recess d. а player with two separate loudspeakers
5. oven е. an indented part of the wall, niche
6. cablnet f. tools ог containers that аге used in the kitchen, such as cooking pots
6 Find the words in the text which mean the following.
а. furniture ог appliances in а house ог office
Ь. heavy, often handwoven cloth dicorated with designs ог pictures
с. soft but tough metal, easily worked оп
d. а centrally placed unit
е. а machine for washing dishes and kitchen utensils
f. final treatment of а surface

17
 The Ьiggest
House in America is
the Biltmore Estate
in Asheville, North
Carolina with 250 rooms
spread out over 175,000
square feet. lt was built
Ьу George Washington
Vanderbllt II from 1889
to 1895 in the style of
the French Chateau.

The smallest house in America is claimed to

have Ьееп built Ьу Jim Reid in 2003 in San Francisco,
СА*. lt is а 1О-Ьу-10-foot (ЗхЗ meters) structure that
is comfortaЫe enough for опе person at а time. lt is
complete with а bath, kitchenette, washer/dryer, clos-
et and loft bed. The house is fireproof, soundproof
and earthquake safe. lt could Ье the solution to the
proЫem of homelessness. ~·

0
~
- -----~-
LISTENING
tiny
~~~------_.,_..-----~~
- ve,y sma/1
d

fossil fuel
- natura/ fue/ extracted from th
greenhouse
- а Ь ш'fd'mg with transparent w е ground ts
- апу gепега/ ог unspecifi1 d a/1s ап d roof, иsиа//у heated for the cultivation of p/an
stuff
- requiring тисh ener,gy е dsU}:stance ог accumulation of objects
8
arduous
loft · . а roof п e11ort
- th е space ms1de
palatial
- resemЬJing а ра/асе
downsize - make smal/er
* State abbreviations аге listed
on р. 161

18
 to lo?k like а basket case - said of а person who is suffering from extreme nervous strain
to dr1ve smb. up the wall - make someone very irritated or angry (загнати в кут, дiстати)
freeloader - а person who habltua/ly depends оп the charity of others for food, she/ter, etc
hit the road - to set out оп а journey
to fall ~part - Ье~оте emotiona/ly disturbed and ипаЬ/е to think calmly
white l1e - а lte meant to avoid hurting someone's feelings, and not for ап evil purpose

ТЬе House Guest

]il/inda: Неу, Kevin. What's going on? You look like а basket case!
Kevin: Уои can say that again. Му wife's brother dropped in from out of town, so I offered to
lodge him for а few days. He's driving me up the wall. For one thing, he's eating me out
of the house. Не stays up watching TV, then raids the fridge before he goes to bed.
Ji/linda: How gross. 1 can't handle people like that. Does he at least give you а hand around the
house?
Kevin: Не doesn't lift а finger! 1 bend over back-
wards cleaning up all day and he sleeps in
until noon. Then he gets on the phone with
his friends and invites them over.
Jillinda: Man, what а freeloader. You better do
something quick or he'll never hit the road.
After all, he's got an easy time of it here.
Kevin: Уои think he might stay even longer? !
Jillinda: Now, don't go f alling apart. Just kick him
out... but do it with kid gloves. 1 know! Tel1
him а white lie like you're getting the house
disinfected !
Kevin: And that wouldn't Ье а lie !
04 0 You are going to hear а story of how ordinary people adapt to the growth of housing prices. Jay
Shafer's first tiny house was under nine square meters and now he helps others downsize as well. Shel-
ley Schlender, а radio correspondent, has interviewed this American who took downsizing as а way out of
the tough economic situation. Note down
the size of Jay's childhood house _ _ __ _ the things his original tiny house had - - - - -
how often he cleaned it and with whom _ _ __ the size of Jay's house after he got married _ __
why smaller houses аге more ecological _ __ the number of Jay's followers _ __ _ _ __

05 @ Melissa and Robert are sharing their views about the homes of their dreams. Listen and say who men-
tions the following
ocean park movie fireplace renting а са г по neighbors
swimming pool

8 Kevin is telling Jillinda about his house guest. As you read their conversation The House Guest try to
figure out Kevin's mood and the reasons for that. What advice does he get from Jillinda? How would you
deal with such ап unwelcome guest?
--.-,
~ SPEAКING
0 ln small groups, decide what kind of home would Ье ideal for your future family. Consider your profes-
sional occupation, hobby, eating hablts and preferred recreational activities.
J) WR/T/NG
0 Prepare а project about building the home of your dreams.

19
 ~
Ь learnt answe r these questions.
1. Looking back at wbat you ave
1. What is the custom of gratuity in the USA?
h for Americans?
2. What does freedom of speec mean . . ? What do ou think of . .
З. Why is а smaller house more e0olog1cally frieпclly · . у
.
living tlJly?
- ~ J.': А erican soc1ety?
4. What are the most urgent concerns 10r m
5. Who should Ье responsiЫe for choosing your life-long partner, you or your Parents?

11. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.

1. American society is still refeпed to as the Melting Pot nowadays.
2. It is usual for Americans to order food without leaving their cars.
З. When you eat out in а restaurant, the waiters are USUally paid more than the indicated
sum.
4. There are no poverty-stricken people in America.
5. The peak of Ukrainian immigrants to the USA occuпed at the end of the 2о•ь century.
6. Only the children of American citizens can attend puЫic schools.
7. An extended family consists of parents and children from the spouses' previous
mamages.
8. Most Americans are interested in non-traditional energy sources .
9. The most essential thing in an American living room is а ТV-set .
1О. А tenth of the total American population was bom elsewhere.

Ш. Explain the following word comblnations within tbe thematic con-

text of Unit 1.
Multiplicity of components (р. 4), to bring out your best (р. 5), head for (р. 6), а nation of
nations (р.8), first and foremost (р. 9), to honor ош elders (р. 1О) , altemative energy sources (р.
14), meddle in one's private life (р. 15).

IV. Comment on the following rhyme. Does it correspond to your idea of

building an ideal home?
А houseis made of walls and beams ·
'
А home is made with love and dreams.

20
 ..
.
UNIT 2 ..
.
..
: This unit is abou t
.
Co m m un iti es .. ✓ The Amish community and their . ✓ American holidays

an d .. unique ways
✓ The proЫems and solutions of
.... spending quality time
Ne ig hb or ho od s . families in American
. .
•
•
~ .,~~ . (i/1 ~ , •

-~ ~,l . . . .
I '- " •
•
•
. 11.~ . ,. • . . о •
•
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••• •••• •••• •••• ••••• •
•
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 ~ 1tt Вfri:Git.!:б"Jv ~ ~tr•m
low-key _ оп а sma/1 scale rather than impressive ог showy
applicaЫe - аЬ/е to Ье applied, fitting

American Holidays
Besides these, there is а num-
ber ~unofficial holidays, such as St.
Valentine's Day, April Fool 's Day,
Arbor Day, Мау Day, Mother's Day,
Father's Day, Flag Day and Halloween.
As а multicultural society,
Americans also celebrate the holi-
days of different ethnic communities -
Hispanic, Chinese, Jewish, Hindu and
numerous other cultures, e.g. Cinco
De Мауо , Chinese New Year, Mawlid al-Nabi,
Mardi Gras, St. Patrick's Day, Purim, Shavuot, Rosh
Hashanah, Diwali, etc. Although these are rather
low-key celebrations , they enjoy much popularity
and serve а good tourist attraction.
_ Americans have three national holidays
.., shared with many other countries: Christmas, New
Yearis Day and Easter Sunday. Eight other holi-
days, i.e. Martin Luther King Day, President's Day,
Memorial Day, Independence Day or the Fourth of
July, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day and
Thanksgiving Day, have uniquely American coloring.

@ LEAD/NG-IN
- О What American holidays do you know? What historical events or religious traditions are they con-
nected with?

@ READING
@ Put the three paragraphs of the text American Holidays in their right order. Which of these holidays are
also celebrated in Ukraine?
@) Fill out the tаЫе about American holidays.

Name of Ukrainian
Date Reason for celebration Equivalent
the Holiday
(if aDDlicaЫe l
beginning of the new calendar уеаг
February Ьirthdays of two famous Presidents: George Wash-
ington and Abraham Lincoln
Easter movaЫe Christs's resurrection
March - April
lndependence Day Ьirthday of the United States

22
 <Э:ш , fii)! 1iffit;Q бJirD ~ C!RJJu' §
prominent - important, famous
civil rights - peop/e 's rtghts to equa/ treatment and opportunities
clergyman -
8
та/е pnest or minister of а Christian church
rear - the back part of something, esp. а building or vehicle

Martin Luther Кing Day

The history of Afro-Americans '
emancipation goes back to American
national roots, as the Ыacks' labor and
culture also lie in the foundation of the ,
United States. One of the most promi-
nent figures in the civil rights move-
ments was African-American clergyman
Martin Luther Кing, Junior. In 1956, Ье- . .
cause Ыacks were to occupy the rear pari
of the buses, he headed а 381-day boy-
cott in Montgomery, Alabama. Не tried
to win equal rights for his people through
non-violent means and was also the lead-
er of numerous protests.
1n 1963, Martin Luther Кing Jr.
joined 200,000 Ыасk and white protest-
ers in Freedom Marches at the Lincoln
Memorial in Washington, D. С. His fa-
mous speech 1 have а dream moved the
entire nation. Martin Luther Кing also
helped African-Americans in their le-
gal cases, social integration in schools,
churches and other puЫic places. In
1964, Martin Luther Кing Jr. won the
Nobel Реасе Prize.

Septem ber honoring the nation's working people and the spirit
of enterprise
Octobe r Columbus' landing in the New World оп October
12, 1492
Novem ber 11 honouring of American veterans who fought in wars
(esp. the Vietnam war)
Novem ber relatives and friends gathering to give thanks to
God
Ьirth of Jesus Christ

rity among American Ыacks as

О ln the text Martin Luther Кing Day find the explanation for Кing's popula
death?
we/1 as whites. Who do you think was interested in Martin Luther King's

23
~~~
assassination - а sudden ог secretive killing, esp. of а politica/ly prominent person
swelter - to suffer under oppressive heat
hew - to strike (something, esp wood) with cutting Ыows, as with ап ахе ~

г
jangle - to sound discordantly, harshly ог unpleasantly

Since his assassination on April 4, 1968, memorial services have marked his Ьirthday on
January 15. In 1986, that day was substituted Ьу the third Monday of January, which was de-
clared а national holiday.
Here is part of Martin Luther King's famous speech / Have а Dream.
"1 have а dream that опе day оп the red hills
of Georgia, the sons offormer slaves and the sons
offormer slave owners will Ье аЬ/е to sit down to-
gether at the tаЬ/е of brotherhood.
1 have а dream that опе day even the state
of Mississippi, а state sweltering with the heat of
injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression,
will Ье transformed into ап oasis offreedom and
justice.
1 have а dream that ту four little children
will опе day live in а nation where they will not Ье
judged Ьу the color of their skin but Ьу the content
of their character.
1 have а dream today !
1 have а dream that опе day, down in Alabama,
little Ыасk boys and Ь/асk girls will Ье аЬ!е to join
hands with little white boys and white girls as sis-
ters and brothers.
This is our hope, and this is the faith that 1 go
back to the South with.
With this faith, we will Ье аЬ!е to hew out of the mountain of despair а stone of hope.
With this faith, we will Ье аЬ/е to transform the jangling discords of our nation into а beautiful
symphony of brotherhood. With this faith, we will Ье аЫе to work together, to pray together, to
struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand ир for freedom together, knowing that we will
Ье free опе day. "

0 Decide whether these statements about King's speech are true or false.
1. Martin Luther King Jr. used aggressive methods to fight against unjust laws.
2. Не was awarded the Nobel Реасе Prize.
з. Blacks could not occupy the front seats оп the buses before the 1950s.
4. King headed а boycott in Washington, D. С.
5. Не was imprisoned in 1968.

24
~ ln the middle of the 191h century, before the American Civil War
brok~ out, many people and political leaders of the North had been
worr1ed "":hether the western agricultural territories would become
slavehold1ng .states . and join the southern Confederate stа t es, wI·th
со tt оп as th eIr maIn produce.

The indus~rial North would not allow the further spread of slav-
ery. Abrah~m .L1n~oln (1809- 1865), the US President (1861 -1865)
had one a1m in view - that of preserving the Union , because the
southern states threatened to leave the US.
Оп ~anuary 1, 1863 President Lincoln issued Emancipation
Proclamatюn , thus freeing the slaves of the South. The Confederate
states, rep~lsed Ьу such political interference, rebelled against the
North. The1r army, led Ьу а noted tactician and strategist General
Robert Е . Lee (1807-70), invaded the North, but was defeated at
the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. Eventually, the South surrendered
1865, bringing the war to an end .

The first
convention оп
women's rights
was held in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848.
Following the Declaration of lndependence it
claimed that "all men and women are created
equal."
With the Civil War over and the abolition-
ists' goal achieved , American women took the
opportunity to put forward their demands. But
the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 clearly de-
fined voters as masculine. ln 1898, Charlotte
Perkins Gilman raised the issue of economic
equality for women and severely criticized
the family role of women in her popular book
Women and Economics.
After the First World War, following suit of the Netherlands in 1917, Great Britain in 1918,
Germany in 1919, the United States adopted the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1920
allowing women the right to vote.

~LISTEN/NG
five score - опе hundred (score = 20)
hallowed spot - а sacred р/асе
desolate - without friends, hope ог encouragement
segregation - the official practice of keeping реор/е apart because of their different races ог religions
threshold - а strip of hardwood at the bottom of а doorway (порiг)
creed - а set or system of principles or religious beliefs (cf. кредо)
06 <D Listen to а fragment of Martin Luther Кing's famous speech and give answers to these questions.
1. Which American President does King refer to?
2. What kinds of actions, peaceful or aggressive, does he insist оп?
3. What was Martin Luther King saying about the American dream?
4. How might his listeners interpret the word 'dream'?

J)WRIТ/NG
,..., 8 Get to know more about American holidays and write an essay about their history and popularity.

25
 vehicle - апу device for carrying or conveying persons or objects . .
the Mennonites - а Protestant sect originating in Friesland in the 16th century, empha5 ,zm~ adult baptism and
rejecting church organization, military service, and риЬ/iс office; after Меппо Stmons (1496?-
1561
а Dutch reformer ),
buggy - а light horse-drawn carriage having either two or four wheels

Out of this World

Can you imagine а comшunity which denies all kind of elec-
A Пlisь·
1
tric and electronic equipment? А comшunity that believe that the
conveniences we take for granted, such as electricity, motor vehi-
cles, telephones and broadcasting services, could lead to inequal-
ity, or disrupt their close brotherhood? А comшunity that value 5d
simplicity and asceticism over comfort and leisшe? Store
And would you ever believe that such а comшunity is in the
United States, the leading industrial power?
• Being persecuted Ьу both Catholic and Protestant
Christians, а split-up group of Swiss Mennonites, eagerly took
up William Penn's offer of religious freedom in the Aшerican colony of Pennsylvania. The first
Amish imшigrants arrived in Pennsylvania
-;,,· : , , -,
in 1707, the second wave settled in Kansas
,_,.., • ' >\е . . from 1815 to 1860. Although their popula-
•·. --·•. ... . '
••"'!""••--- ·~ • r·.'
.
~--
"fri.i"> . .
• l~~-;·:, .'!ff. .•.. i·:·
. tion increases, they avoid cities and towns.
'1 :f::'1:- ,, ' ...... .,,,_4.· Instead, their settlements grow up in rural
, "t\(,. .. J;.4~.(.~
. ' ~?'"" :,t;'
Ohio, Indiana, Tennessee, Wisconsin, Main
' :.],.-~
1 ••

~
~~
•;
~ .

--_.::
'
; --
\ .
~ \.;;_ -
'
\ and Ontario in Canada.
This community, known as the Amish,
. ,__- _ farm with outdated equipment, do without
electricity and get around in their distinctive
t • horse-drawn buggies. They usually practice
farming because living in the country enaЫes
them to keep away from the rest of the world,
to which they refer simply as the "English."

@ LEAD/NG-IN
О Do you know of any isolated communities in Ukraine? ln the world? What is their way of life? How do
they communicate with the rest of the world?

@ READING
@ Read the text Out of this World and match its parts to the following suЬtitles.
• Family Life
• Old Values in а New Ноте
• Attitude to Modern Conveniences
• Upbringing the Young
• The Amish Dress Code

26
LoW German - а language of Northern Germany, spoken in rural areas; it is closer to Dutch than to standard
High German
worship - show your respect to the god, for example Ьу saying prayers
дscension - свято вознесiння /суса Христа
pentecost - свята п'ятидесятницi, трiйцi

Тhе Amish speak Low German, or Pennsylvania Dutch, within their community, for wor-
shiping services they use High Gennan and with the rest of the world they communicate in
English.
The Amish live according ·to the Ordnung, their basic law. 1t dictates almost every aspect
of their life, from dress and hair style to buggy style and fanning techniques; it also provides
guidance into the Amish faith and defines what it means to Ье Amish. The Ordnung varies in
different communities, which explains why we could see some Amish riding in cars, while oth-
ers do not even use battery-powered lights.
The Amish usually observe such religious holidays as
Thanksgiving, Christmas, Good Friday, Easter, Ascension
Day, Pentecost, and Whit Monday (the day after Pentecost).
The reasons for these observances are to fast and meditate
on scriptures related to these sacred days.
Because of the early persecution, the Amish do not
have churches of any kind. Instead, they have the tradi-
tion ofworshiping in their homes. They select the home for
services on а rotating basis, thus every home has the nec-
essary equipment for religious ceremonies. On а Sunday
moming such а home would have а lot of horse-drawn
buggies parked around.

27
 1

lapel - the part оп each side of а coat or jacket immediately below the collar (вилога)
crease - а /ine or mark produced Ьу folding, pressing or wrinkling (зморшка, складка)
cuff - the part of а s/eeve nearest the hand, sometimes turned back and decorated (манжет)
suspenders _ а pair of straps wom over the shoulde~s Ьу теп for holding ир the trousers (п/дтяжки, шлейки
vest а ог со//аг
- close-fitting waist-length garment, w1thout sleeves )
hook and еуе - а fastening for c/othes consisting of а sma/1 hook and а /оор (гачок i вiчко)
hat rims - the upper ог outer edge of а hat (криса)
chore - а sта/1 routine task, esp а domestic опе

• Similar to their faith and way of life, the Amish

clothing reflects modesty and isolation from the wider
world. Their dark, plain garments are home-made, al-
lowing for the most basic omamentation. Men usually
wear straight-cut suits and coats without collars, lapels ~~ ~iiJJ
or pockets. Trousers are without creases or cuffs and
are worn with suspenders. Belts are forЬidden, as well
as sweaters, neckties and gloves. Shirts fasten with but-
tons, while suit coats and vests have hooks and eyes.
Young men shave prior to marriage, while married men
are required to grow beards. Mustaches are forЬidden
as they are seen as military feature.
Amish women usually wear solid-color, long-
sleeved dresses and а full skirt with an apron. Hair is
never cut, but wom in а braid or bun on the back of the
head hidden under а small white сар or Ыасk bonnet. ~
Stockings are Ыасk cotton and shoes are also Ыасk.
Тhе Ordnung of а specific Amish community may even .;
specify the length of skirts, or the width of the hat rims.

• The central place in the Amisb \

~ulture occupies the family, the most
1mportant social unit. Their families
are large, with seven to ten children.
ResponsiЬilities and chores are clearly
divided: the husband usually works on
• the farm, while the wife does the wasb·
ing, cleaning, cooking and other domestic
.,,,- .,
chores. Although there are exceptions, as
А> :\~
., }, t а rule, the father is the head of the Amisb
~ \ - -- household. The Amish marry within tbe~

28

j
court - to рау attention to а girl in order to таггу

conununity, no intennarriage or divorce are allowed. The most common names are John, Amos,
sarnuel, Daniel, David, and Mary, Rebecca, Sarah, Katie and Annie. And their small children
still play with rag dolls without faces, learning in this way not to have images or idols.
Among the Amish, weddings always occur on Tuesdays or Thursdays in November or
December, after the harvest is gathered. When а Ьоу decides to court а girl, he will invite her
for а ride in his buggy after the religious seгvice. They will then continue courting one another
until а couple of days before the wedding. At that time, their commitment to Ье married is pub-
licly announced. The wedding takes place at the home of the bride. Their weddings typically
last for about four hours. The bride and groom do not kiss or exchange rings, though afterward
the community will get together at а reception and eat to celebrate the newlyweds.
Interestingly, Amish people do not play musical instruments. They are strictly forЬidden
in the Old Order, the most conservative of all Arnish communities, being thought of as too
worldly, and because they arouse strong emotions and are а form of showing off Ьу the person
playing the instrument.
• The Amish keep education in high esteem, but only provide
fonnal education up to grade eight, and only in their private schools.
As а result of а 1972 Supreme Court regulation, the Amish are ex-
cluded from state compulsory attendance from grade nine onward. "="
Тheir schools are typically one-room private institutions which ......,,,_
teach the basics ofreading ,writing, math and geography, along with "
vocational training and Amish history and values. Farming skills
are also taught at home as an important part ofAmish children's up-
bringing. Amish goods are often of extremely'high quality because
they feel that all work they do should give glory to God.and.so pro-
ducing something that isn't perfect would disregard th1s pnnc1ple.

They have an interesting prac-

tice called Rumspringa, which means
"running around." When their chil-
dren tum 16 years old, they are en-
couraged to go live and experience
modern life among the "English". If
you pass Ьу an Amish community,
you'll often find these teens getting
drunk, doing drugs and generally
trying to have а time of their life for
а few months. Once they have had
enough of this, they can choose to
remain among the "English" or re-

29
 cease - to put ап end to . . airti ht cans
сап - preserve Ьу sealmg т g
or jars
. t the com mu nity as official members
turn to the Amtsh communt•ty· If they chose to return о
and .
remaш amo ng
th Am ish for the rest of the1.r l1ve
. . ,_
s and l1ve ас. tf
they are expected to marry е
. ·ty d the teachings of the ВiЫе. The vas t maJ. .
cording to the sn:1ct ru1es о f the communt an
to their communities. Onc e the y cho ose to
onty of
tbese young Am1sh choo_se to ~~е previous do so, they are
baptism at birth, and wil l pro mis e to kee p to
baptized for the _s~condTthim~, а :~о decide to the
Amish way of l1vm g. е iew cease bein g Am ish wil l typ ical ly leav e and
join
Mennonite church communities among the "En .
glis h."
• The Am ish do not allo w electricity
into thei r hom es, as it wou ld lead to the use
of the equ ipm ent alie n to the ir way of life.
That, in its tum , wou ld intr ude into their
families and take the ir atte ntio n awa y from
one another. If а neig hbo rho od dec ides to
use а telephone, it wil l Ье inst alle d on the
com mon gro und . The y рrоЬаЫу believe
that having som eon e else 's voi ce in their
homes is also а mil d intr usio n. How eve r,
sometimes they use elec tric ity in ord er to
heat homes, to keep their cattle within an elec
tric fence, or to run flashing lights on the ir
gies. And even for such limited usage their bug-
electricity comes from win dmi lls. Gen eral ly,
Am ish have little use of mo dem technology, the
but they are allowed to ride in mo tori zed veh
and planes, although they are not permitted to icles
own them.
~
Wh at makes the Amish unique is not that they {1
get along wit hou t mo dem conveniences -
or technological advancement, but that they
choose to do wit hou t it wh en it wou ld Ье read
availaЫe. Тheir lifestyle is а delibera ily
te way of separating from the wor ld and mai
sufficiency. Aft er all they don 't suffer from ntai nin g self-
pow er shortages cau sed Ьу stor m, disa ster
as the rest of us. or war

@) Stud y the tаЫе and try to deduct

the social roles of men and women in
сап you say abo ut the difference between the Ami sh community. What
men and women?
А typical day for
anA mish man
Get up around 5:00am. ап Ami sh wom an

Tend to the animals and milk the cows. Wake up around 5:00am.
Ргау and eat brea kfas t with the Help out with milking and ргераге breakfas
family. t.
Tend the fields (planting / harvesting / etc, Get the children, if апу, ready for school.
depending lf it's а laundry day, usually Monday, do
оп the seas on), with а brea k for the laundry.
lunch.
Milk the cow s and tend to the animals once Tend the garden and hou se; ргераге the
again in mid-day
meal; сап food / make jam s / etc, dependin
the even ing. g оп the
At suns et, ceas e work ing and either рау season; mak e and repair clothing; ргераге
visits to the the evening
com mun ity mem bers and family ог go to meal; and do other household related task
bed . s.
At sunset, they either visit com mun ity mem
bers ог
their families, ог go to bed.

30
 CШJJi] ~

ьаrп - а large farm outbuilding used for storing grain ог for housing domestic animals
framing - а supporti ng structure

!t is intere~ting to note how the Amish build а barn. At daybreak, the Amish buggies arrive and an
framing is completed before the
expeпenced Am1sh carpente r assigns men to various areas of work. The
preparing а delicious noon
noon meal and in the afternoo n the roofing is installed. Meanwhile the women аге
meal, sometimes served outdoors , with а ргауег before а meal. The children play
games, run errands, and

7 с
с
-- --
wonder at а truly amazing project of brotherly love - building а barn in опе day.
,., r

~LISTE N/NG
......_____ _ •

ingratiating - charmin g and аgгееаЬ/е

weary resignation - exhaust ed attitude
grim - stern and admitting of по compromise
taciturn - habltual ly silent or uncommunicative
squint - to /ook with the eyes par1/y closed (мружити очi)
pound the blrdseed out of - to beat someone ир
brazen overture - shame/e ss proposa /
оп the verge of - оп the point beyond which something occurs
comeback - а return to а former state ог position
ors of America n wilder-
07 О Althoug h nowada ys cowboy s are по longer those rough fellows, the conquer
them. Here's an episode from the lives of
ness and frontier, life in the USA is hard to imagine without
Lefty and Dusty, two cowboy s in northern Arizona . Listen and find out
а) if they like what they're doing;
Ь) what tourists expect from the cowboys ;
с) why Lefty's song took а sad turn.

~ SPEAКING
nt of what
0 lmagine your friend has been staying in an Amish family. lnterview him/her from the viewpoi
you've learnt at the lesson.

DWRIТ/NG
@ lmagine you are to prepare а brief television program about American cowboy
s. Think of setting, ven-
ues, characters and write а brief script.

31
 ~® ~~ J
launc h - to put а new produ ct оп the mark et
y, experiment, etc.
feedb ack - information in response to some inquir

Quality Time
The more there is to choose from ,
the less time you can devote to your . ?
'
choices. Sounds strange, doesn t 1t.
Each decade offe1·s much more in terms
of technology and information access,
and the pioneei-ing passengers on the
virtual data highways are, as ever,
young people, like you. America falls no
exception to this phenomenon. In fact,
it is the U.S. that launched the gizmos-
dominated lifestyle among the teens and
adults alike. Now it is struggling to find
а solution to а new dilernma : а hidden battle to catch
up on the lates t techno-leaps and to spend
enough quality time with the family, relatives and friends.
Qua lity time ? Well , it is
an Ame rican phra se, dating
back to the 1970s, whe n а no-
tion that pare nts coul d have а
successful care er and а happy
family life was getti ng ex-
tremely popu lar. Now aday s the
side effects of the care er race
and technological depe nden ce
соте to the fore fron t and risk /
clou ding the unit y of а family.
Here is som e feed back from /
across the nation.
"In an age, whe n so many
families are hard ly ever in the

{Qi 1LEADING-IN
ing mea/ is "the glue that ho/ds
~ О А noted American psychologist Dr. Alvineven
Tanner says that the even
ing mea/ s in your famil y mean the same ? What
is uniqu e
the mode rn American family together." Do
abou t them ?
. .
с.;;\ READING . . .
~ @ Read the text Qual lty Т1те and say what negat1ve s1de effec ts of techn o/ogi
ca/ depe nden cy the Amer 1-
cans are struggling with.

32
 weird - strange
ьuster - а term of address for а Ьоу or тап
skip - to fail to attend, miss
hЗУ - grass which has Ьееп cut and dried so that it сап Ье used to feed animals
far and few in between - vегу гаге
арр - ап application program, esp. for moblle devices

same rоош, scattered around spacious American homes, I'm proud to say that our family is
diftei·eпt. Eacl1 mealtime, especially dinner, is an exceptional time, when I get а chance to sit
do,VI1 ,vith my husband and our children at dinner tаЫе and we hardly say а word. Weird, you
s\1ould say?" says Linda Nelson, а self-employed web designer in Grand Forks, North Dakota.
··Until our children шоvе out, we stick to this routine. When our son fancied а ТУ of his own,
I said, "No way, buster!" 1 know he would Ье skipping meals, eat from ТУ trays and watch
MTV all the time."
Joan Dew, а secretaгy of а small deliveгy company, moved to Santa Fe together with her
husbaпd when he changed jobs. Now that their two teenage sons turned 13 and 15 the way they
manage the family has changed. Misunderstandings douЫed almost in direct proportion to
skipped meals. "Му husband's family was vегу close growing up. They spend whole days on а
faпn in the open haying. We don't farm any more, so dinner's the only time we could catch up
оп each other. And even those are fast becoming far and few in between."

Laura Campbell, а homemaker in

Cbarlotte, North Carolina, once lost her
temper when trying to serve breakfast.
Her husband was adj usting his football
арр on his iPad, her son was absorbed
in а video game, her two daughters were
exchanging comments оп their laptops.
Not only was Laura outraged Ьу their :J
ignorance of her serving meal, but also
Ьу their ignoring each other. "Enough
is enough, eveгybody, " she burst out."
Offwith your gadgets! You're drowned
in your gizmos. Speechless! You've
nothing to talk about. Families are sup-
posed to talk."

@ There are three responses to the proЫem . Match the speakers and the ways they run their family meal-
times.

Linda Nelson Joan Dew Laura Campbell

а. dining together is less frequent d. annoyed at everyone's silence

Ь. по common subjects to talk about е. saying very little
с. regarding meals with high esteem

33
 .
errand - а short 1оигпеу to carry оиt some particula r task or tof take а messag e
house and forming а covered entrance
porch - а /ow structure projecting from above the doorway O а

So what's the way out? lt would Ье great for parents

to realize that spendin g quality time and staying close to
their children can never compar e in value to any toy or
electronic gadgetr y. And the same should Ье expecte d of
children, too. Anywa y, both could benefit from simple
tips ofhow to improv e their quality time:
- set aside at least one evenin g а week to get to-
gether as а whole family;
- tel1 each other stories, по matter how great or poor
storyteller you are;
- make your mealtim e а get-tog ether event;
- turn offTV and other iDistrac ters; '
- plan а family picnic with food and fun;
) - take а vacatio n togethe r;
t
- help each other with home- and housew ork,
chores and errands;
- do or constru ct someth ing togethe r, like repairi ng
а door handle, or buildin g а porch, or а country house.

О Read the closing paragraph of the text. Do you have quality time proЫem
s in your families ? What will it
look like in your own future families?
LISTENI NG
ward - а division ог гоот of а hospital for а particu/ar group of patients
school-b oard committ ee - а group of e/ected officia/s in charge of education in
а particula r schoo/ ог агеа
►08 @ We are going to hear а conversation between Ellen and her son Robble,
who are trying to solve similar
proЫems. Listen and point out whose ideas were these.
а . like ships in the night d. setting up а regular reading program
Ь. а second honeymoon е. wait until tomorrow
с. schedu/es won't a//ow

34
 А Way Out?
Waine Ascott, а professoг of Sociology at tl1e University of
Califomia, in Berkeley, has been stнdying the impact of technology
on both larger communities and sepaгate families. After inteгviewing
rnore than 5,000 people, he саше to а conclusion that teclшology, sш­
prisingly, does not pull faшilies арагt, but bгings them closeг.
Witl1 tl1e new devices еvег getting more availaЬ!e and combining ever more functions,
farnilies find it convenient to cl1ase their individual online interests remaining in the same room.
There can Ье sudden exclamations, like "Неу, take а look at this!" or "Isn 't this odd what I've
just found?" апd all the laptops, iPads, and the like are put aside for everybody to join the one
with ап interesting find.
"When everyone goes digital for everyone else to see, privacy is no longer an issue," says
Waine Ascott. "Now there is no need to call around the neighborhood to fetch а child back
ьоmе. The farthest he can escape is the dim corner of the living room."
Мr. Frederick Wallace, of Brooklyn, New York, one of
the interviewees, says that new media opportunities allow
him and his wife to pursue different interests without in-
terfering. Не is watching а recently downloaded ТУ serial
with his headphones on, while Mandy, his wife, is reading
an online puЬ!ication. "А couple ofyears ago, Mandy would
have been in the bedroom reading, and I would have been in
the living room watching TV. Now it's different, we spend
far more time together because of the iPad."
"If you mean to rail against iToys, " says Mr. Ascott, " go back two to three Iшndred years
back, when people voiced similar complaints, but it was about books! Yes, the innocent old
book, which drew the reading individuals away from the company into the imaginary spheres.
Why, is there much grumЫe about books now that they have been around for so long?"
"Although it could hardly Ье called quality time of one's undivided attention, " says the
psychology professor, " it is rather а healthy sign of а fully functional relationship. We do need
to spend some time alone, no matter how well а couple may get along. People who believe that
every free moment should Ье given to socializing can drive each other crazy. Only а healthful
balance of togethemess and separateness can keep the relationship alive."

!!J SPEAКING . .
@ ln groups make а discussion about the causes of qual1ty t,me proЫems and suggest your own solu-
!ions. Role-play а situation where you are looking for ways to spend more time with your family. Use the
ideas and the vocabulary you have just learnt.

J_)!@ITIN~ . . . . . _ . .
~ lmagine that you are keeping а d1ary of da1ly events. F1II ,n а page about how you 1mproved qual1ty t,me
1n Your family.

35
 х 1 1 51 ~ft!1€1i)
1. Looking back at what you have learnt answer these questions. L
1. Which American holidays are shared with the rest of the countries in the world?
2. What is peculiar about the Amish way of life?
3. How do the Amish educate their children? What subjects are more preferaЫe?
4. How do they build а barn?
5. How are the proЫems of quality time solved in American families?

11. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Americans observe the holidays of ethnic minorities as state celebrations.
2. Martin Luther Кing, Jr. was the leader of а protest lasting for more than а year.
3. Southem states freed their slaves in 1863.
4. Тhе Amish tend to live in cities.
5. Тhеу worship in churches.
6. The Amish schools extend from grade one to eight.
7. Тhе Amish never use electricity in their homes.
8. Тhе Amish neighborhood can help build а bam in one day.
9. The electronically dominated lifestyle spread from the USA.
1О. Тhе situation with electronic devices resemЫes the one with the books getting more
common.

Ш.
Explain the following word comblnations within the thematic con-
text of Unit 2.
Move the entire nation (р. 23), а symphony ofbrotherhood (р. 24), put forward one's de-
mands (р. 25), do without electricity (р. 26), the most important social unit (р. 28), drown in
one's gizmos (р. 33), everyone goes digital (р. 35).

Iv. Comment оп the following passage from М. L. Кing's famous

speech. What imagery does the author use to picture his desired dream?
1 have а dream that опе day even the state о/ Mississippi, а state sweltering with the heat
о/injustice, sweltering with the heat о/oppression, will Ье transformed into ап oasis о/freedom
andjustice.

36
 ~ [Ы ! E--fiэ fiD о:tФ ~
Anothe r songwriter Irving Berlin (1888 - 1989) ofRuss ian-Jew ish
origin wrote such popular American songs as God Bless Americ a, •
White Christmas, Cheek to Cheek and others. Black compo sers such
as Scott Joplin (1868 - 1917) and Euble Blake (1883 - 1983) wrote
songs and ragtime piano pieces. Joplin also wrote an opera. After his
death Joplin was forgotten, yet starting in the l 970s his music came to Ье
perfoпned and loved. Slave songs gave life to Ыues songs, which came
into fashion in New York in the 1920s and spread over the world in the
1930s. The leading Ыues perform ers were Ма Rainey (1886 - 1939) and
Bessie Smith (1898 - 1937).
Of all the recordi ngs in the 20 century W. С. Handy 's (1873-1 95
th

St. Louis Blues is the most popula r in the 1925 version with the sin
Bessie Smith (1894- 1937) and the comet player
and singer Louis Armstr ong (1900- 1971 ). This
collabo ration betwee n compo ser, singer and in-
"
~
\
,,-;i.?·"".; ·,
g

strume ntalist brough t in а new kind ofthe Ьig stage ~

music called "jazz." Its origins go back to the ear-
ly 20th century in New Orleans and comЬine ele-
ments of slave songs, ragtime and brass band. The
most promin ent feature of jazz was its improv isa-
tions and variations where а piece would almost
Louis Armstro ng never Ье the same in live perform ances. Jazz was
the rage of Americ an music on throug h the l 940s
with such compo sers as Duke Ellington (1899-1974), Benny Goodm an
Duke Ellington
(1909- 1986), Jelly Roll Morton (1885-1941), Billy Holida y (1915- 1959)
and Ella Fitzger ald (1918-1986). In the l 930s and l 940s the most popula r
style of jazz was Ьig-band swing, named
after the large brass orchestras conduc ted
Ьу Glenn Miller (1909- 1944) and William
Basie (1904-1984). Late in the 1940s а
new form of instrumental jazz, called Ье­
Ьор, came into being. It was played Ьу the
trumpe ter Dizzy Gillespie (1917- 1993),
the saxoph onist Charlie Parker ( 1920- \
1955) and others. -~
Charlie Parker Dizzy Gillespie

muggy - warm and damp

instant - immediate
С. says about her impres·
► 30 ~ Liste; to what Lila Sheon, а teenage girl from Potworth, near Washington D. '
s1ons о s~mmer sounds and what they mean to her.
1. What 1s her favorite band in the neighborhood? 3. What is the neighbo rs' attitude to them?
2. What music do they perform? ·
4. How importan t is music for her?

114
 1
[i!;trn ~ 0I(f] &:;(Ь C!WJir 'il
ockьuster - а film ог book t~at is very popular and successful
Ь1 - the songs, mus1c, etc. , for а stage ог fifm
score

In the early l 950s, j_azz_started losing its popularity with а mass au-
rose
dience . Rock and roll, w1th its strong beat and often indecent lyrics ,
[roJil а Ыасk s~le rhythms and Ыues . Meant for Ыасk audiences, it
also
radio
appealed to white t~enagers who ~ould secretly listen to it on the
fash-
at night. It wa~ the time w~en Elv1s Presley ( 1935- 1977) came into
ion. А magnetic good -lookшg man, he started Ьу imitating Ыасk singe
rs,
but soon he was producing original
material. Another mega рор star
Michael Jackson (1958 -2009) set
off on his career as а solo singer Elvis Presley
in the l 970s. His album Thriller
(1982) broke all sales records.
Thus rock' n'roll was becoming American рор mu-
sic. lt spread to Great Britain, where the Beatles and the
Rolling Stones had their start in the l 960s.
Musical theatre remains one of America's strongest
Michael Jackson cultural venues. Such hits as Rent, The Producers, Wild
n picture of 2002, still
West, and Chicago, which won an Academy Award as the best motio
bold the ground of the audience-pleasing Broadway
shows. Besides, American composers continue creat-
ing in Hollywood. One
Ыockbuster after another
are enriched Ьу the at-
mospheric and artfully or-
chestrated scores of such
veterans as John Williams
(bom 1932) and Elmer . ._ А . -
Bemstein (1922 -2004),
along with gifted young-
er composers such as
Christopher Young, Aaron John Williams
Zigman, James Homer,
Thomas Newman, James Newton Howard, Joseph LoDuca, Hans
James Horner
Zimmer, Joe Renzetti, Rod Abemethy and others.

( •~ SPEAКING ences and your favorite group or singer.

~ t, ln pairs discuss your musical tastes , general artistic prefer

WRIПNG . . . .
@ Prepare а project оп an Amer1can mus1cal celebr1
ty, е. g. s1nger, song writer, composer or any other solo
raphy, influence and your personal attitude.
performer. lnclude blographical facts, achievements, discog
с.

115
 how-to book - а book or guide giving basic instruction.з оп how
to do or make someth ing

From Past into Present

Back in the 19th century, American authors, such as
Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Edgar Allan Рое,
Henry David Thoreau, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Haui et
Beecher Stowe, Nathaniel Hawthome, Ralph Waldo Emerson,
Emily Dickinson, Walt Whitman, Herman Melville and Mark
Twain, estaЫished American Iiterature on а world scale. Among
the leading American naturalists were Stephen Crane, Frank
W. Jrving
Noui s, Theodore Dreiser and Jack London. The 20 th century
saw such giants as Emes t Hemingway, John Steinbeck, William
Faulkner, Sinclair Lewis and Thomton Wilder. Cuue nt writers,
such as Anne Tyler, Toni Mouison, William Kennedy, Alice
Walker, Norman Mailer Saul Bellow Richard Wright, Eudora
' d
Welty, are all highly praise '
in intemationa l literary circles. Н. В. Stowe
In spite of the invading television, Americans read more
W. Whitman than ever, and women read more than men, most often making
choice of such fiction genres as mystery, suspense, hoпor, ro-
manc e and historical fiction. In the world of non-fiction, advice,
how-to and self-development books of all types are extremely
popular. At least one diet book is always on the best-seller list.
The New York Тimes Book Review has the most respected
Е. А. Рое
coverage of the world of American books. The ti-
Е. Dicldnson tles on its weekly best-seller list give а good idea
of what Americans are concemed with: everything
from preventing World War Three to losing ten
poun ds in а month.
А strong transformation into the subject mat-
ter of а hypercomplex and polyglot info-culture has
been possiЫe due to а new generation ofhig hly am-
Ьitious panor amic writers, such as Thomas Pinchon, ..._
Davi d Foste r Wallace, Michael Chabon, Steven ;~
N Hawthorne
MarkT wain
~ 1LEADING-IN .
~ О Which Ameri can autho rs do you like read1ng? Why? . .
What 15 special about their writing?
t.;;1\READING
~ @ Read the text From Past into Present and name
_ some of the authors who gave recognition to American literatu
re
- popu/a r genres among reading Americans
- Ukrain ian-Am erican writer and his books
- the representatives of American realism

116
t G!itrn [№f№ ffiif)lФ(tз Cffi lhjf /
gripping - captivating, thrilling
predecessor - ап_ ancestor, forefather
ancestral - refemng to а person's fami/y in former times

Stephen Crane Е. Hemingway :IЬl1;1 ·;teinbeck Saul Bel/ow Аппе Tyler

Кing, Denis Johnson and Louise Erdrich. А better known of

these names can Ье the novelist Jonathan Frazen (bom 1959).
His best-seller The Correction is an impressive and many-lay-
ered story of two generations of the Midwest. It is а reminder for
serious readers that in the present post-everything era one can
tell а gripp ing page-tuming story.
JackLo ndon Anoth er prominent trend is а shift towards an intemation- Toni Morrison
al perspective . Ukrainian-American writer Askold Melnyczuk
(bom 1954) in his novel Ambassador of the Dead (2001) re-
vives the suppressed World War II terrors in the lives of two
Ukrainian-American families . His novel The House of Windows
(2008) takes а postwar American hero to Europe to explore the
secrets of his predecessors.
Another perspective, in which lives in other cultures are
Theodor Dreiser Alice Walker
examined from the viewpoint of а young American traveling
abroad with the aim to rediscover his ancestral past in contem-
porar y Ukraine, guides the storyline of Jonathan Safran Foer's
novel Every thing is llluminated (2002).
Г.f:,,µ
These writings stand out over the pow- '/~
~

:~:'-~ :··:•
.:
'

JONATHAN erful stream of American realism , repre-

-
Wil/iam Fau/kner
FRANZEN sented Ьу Richard Ford, William Kennedy,
Sue Miller, Ward Just, ~--.,...,..,____,., _____
Andre Dubus 111, Peter Anibaa88dorofthe
Matthiessen and Philip
n::- --
Eudora Welty
(
~ Roth. No less "real" but
~ stylistically more elabo-
~~;;;;;;;,;,--- rate variations are pre-
sented in works Ьу Annie Proulx
and Сопnас McCarthy, as well as John
Updike, William Vollmann and others.
Thornton Wilder
117
 ~ ] i) CЧIGllrV ~

t~ American authors, the Nob el Prize

Laur eate s for
~ Literature in the 20'h cent ury:
1930 - Sinclair Lewis ( 1885-1951 ), write
r.
193 6- Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (188 8-19
53), play wrig ht.
193 8- Pearl Buck (1892-1973), writer.
1948 - Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-19
65), Briti sh/A meri can
poet.
1949 -Wil liam Faul kner (1897-1962), write
r.
Реа,·/ Buck 1954 - Ernest Miller Hemingway ( 1899-196 Eugene О 'Nещ
1 ), write r.
1962 - John Steinbeck (1902-1968), write
r.
1976 - Saul Bellow (1915-2005), writer.

1978 - lsaac Bashevis Singer (1904-1991

), Polish/Am erica n
writer.
1980 - Czestaw Mitosz (1911-2004), Polis
h/Am erica n writer.
1987 - Joseph Brodsky (1940-1996),
Rus sian /Am erica n
Thom as Stea ms E/io t writer. lsaac Singer
1992 - Derek Walcott (1930- ), Saint Luci
an/Ameri can writer.
1993 - Toni Morrison (1931- ), writer.

Der ek Wa/c ott Sinclai1· Lew is Joseph B1·odsl,,y

Czes!aw Milosz
0 LISTENING
dea d ringer - а pers on ог thing that seem s exactly
like someone ог something else
oЫivious -unaw are ог forgetful
turm oil -viole nt ог conf used mov eme nt
identity -the sens e of self prov iding sam eness and
continuity in pers onal ity
owe -to Ье unde r ап oЬ/igation to рау
► 31 ~ Listen to wha t essa yist Ralp
h Yubanks says about his literary child
1. Whe re did he grow up? hood and answ er the .
2. Why coul dn't he attend а puЫic libra quest1ons.
гy?
З. Whic h auth ors did he men tion
reading? Whic h mad e а lifelong impressio
4 . Whi ch polit ical even ts led to а bookmob n оп him?
lle stopping at the Yubanks' house from
1965 оп?
redn eck - а working-class white pers on from the
southern US
stru t - to walk in а pom pous man ner
exte mpo rane ous spiels - ап impr ovis
ed spee ch or story

118
 uThl-~ ~ 6Iffil ~ CWDi1 Il
·tal - abso/utely necessary ог important
~:timately - in the end

А Person al Insight
. I now see it, 1·8 а k еу tо е пс cu tur-
tural literatur e , as th · h 1
_ Multicul
. .
al dynamics ~f ~ur _society, а pпm~ry medium for America ns to under-
stand our natюn 8 ~ich cultural heпtage and for intemational audiences
to make se_n se of life and thought in the United States. From different
points of vie~ they tel1 °~
а multitud e of backgrou nds, building bridges
of understandшg over which all ofus can cross into each other's worlds.
_ Over the yea_rs: l've develope d а particular love for the work of the sons and daughters of
the South - from Wll~iam Faulkne r and Alice Walker to Alex Haley. Each, in their own unique
way, told а personal h1story of the United States.
_ At the Nationa l Endowm ent for the Humanities, we recognize how vital these writers
and storytellers are, and so we have created а number of programs to promote understa nding
among cultures . "Storyli nes America" is а series oflive "talk radio" programs in which listeners
can chat with authors about the beliefs and the stereotypes that have shaped America n identity.
Ultimately, the power of multicultural literature affects us all, because literature defines the
true essence - and soul - of our country.
_ Before I knew there was such а thing as America n literature , 1 was absorbed in stories.
Growing up in Mississi ppi, I inherited а rich tradition of storytelling from my family, neighbo rs
and friends, both Ыасk and white - all of whom, 1 suspect, knew the old African proverb that
"when an old person dies, а library bums to the ground. " It's hard to resist the magic of а grand-
father who always said he had been raised on "combread and recollections." I heard stories on
the back porch on steamy southem nights, and I began to gather stories of my own.
Ronald R. McLaren,
an author, folkloris t, and chairman of the U.S. National Endowm ent for the Humani ties.

►32 О Listen to а story how Mark Twain, а renowned American writer, came
to write his autoblogr aphy and
answer these questions . .
1. When did Twain want his autobiography puЫ1shed?
2. Which two methods of autoЬiography writing did he discover?
з. Why didn't he keep оп recording t_o Edison's phonograph~ ?

4. What kind of personalit y was Twa1n as figured out from th1s story .

Yr111\ READING
'eJ 0 ln the text А Personal Jnsight restore the paragraphs to their ~riginal order and say which one is about
_ promoting writers and storytellers - sou~hern l1tera~ure
- cultural richness - family st0rytelltng
.
@ Ф lnterview your classmates about their literary tastes. Ask them about their favorite books, authors,
SPEAКING

genres, etc.
rll\ WRITING
education ,
~ 8 Write an essay about your favorite American writer. Besides the blography, include their
writing styles, literary awards and contribution to American literature.

119
tde ning
Jorii ons

• 1
•• ••
 1. Looking back at what you have learn t ans wer these questions.
· networks ш
1. What are the major broadcastшg · thе USA?· .
~ ь· dAmeпcan newspap ers now d
2 How would you de:fine the status of the old- 1 as юnе . а ау8?
· . f: 'liar with? Wh1ch of thern d
3. Which genres of Ameгican рор mus1c are yot1 ami O Уоц·
listen to?
4. What classic American authors do you know ?• wь·ich ofthem have won the Nobel рI1ze .
1
5. What is а bookmobile? Who benefited from it most?

11. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.

1. At the end of the 20th century every household in America had at leaS t one TV-set.
2. In the USA there is special TV broadcasting for the deaf.
3. Since the 2000s, new TVs in the USA have been supplied with а V-chip, Ыocking the
unsuitaЫe content for the children .
4. Americans believe that concealing the truth is sometimes ассерtаЫе.
5. All Americans subscribe to at least one newspaper.
6. Plattsburgh Press-RepuЫican downsized staff members in the recessio n econom y.
7. Rap music emerged in New York in the 1970s.
8. The Broadway musical is а mixture of singing, dancing and spoken dialogu e.
9. Americans keep on reading books despite the popularity of the televisio n.
10. The moveaЫe library appeared as а result ofthe Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Ш. Explain the following word comblnations within the thema tic con-
text of Unit 7.
Random ly during the program (р. 105), keep off-limits (р. 107), unrestra ined spying
(р. 107), unfettered press (р. 108), digital ink and silicon paper (р. 108), credibil ity and reputa-
tion (р. 111), the rage of America n music (р. 114), а page-turning story (р. 117).

. IV. Comm ent оп the quote from the First Amend ment of the С ons t·t
I u-
tion ofthe US (1791):
"Congre ss shall make no law respecting an estaЫishment of religion h. . . h
free exercise thereof. Of abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press' Or ~ro ~bitшg t е
people реасеаЫу to assemЫe, and to petition the Govemm ent for а redress' 0; _е nght of the
0
gr1evan ces."

120
 1

UNIT 8

This unit is about

Widening ✓ Future prospects for the USA
• • ✓ Space tourism
нor1 zons ✓ Electronic government
✓ Biotechnology

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • е • • •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• .
•
•
• 1
., ,, J
• ?'
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
-~1!
 rash - without thinking carefully first
imminent - almost certain to happen vегу soon
crediЫe - believaЫe
unilateral - affecting or occurring оп опе side
penal sanction - permission for punishment
contempt - the feeling that а person or а thing is worthless

In the Limeligl1t
Тhеге is l1aгdly а регsоп iп the world who feels indifferent towards
Atneгica. Ameгica, whicl1 seгves а role model for the Western industri-
alized natioпs; Ашегiса tl1at itself grew on the spirit of Protestant rules.
II"onically thougl1, it also exemplifies the downsides of materialism and un-
гestricted consumeгism , rash exploitation of people and natural resources.
La dcmocracia
l) _ _ enAm~rica I
Ever since French political writer Alexis de
Tocqueville ( 1805-1859) visited the US in the 1830s,
America never failed to Ье а focus of study for soci-
ologists, philosophers and historians as they regard that
country an experimental democratic Iaboratory for the fu-
ture. Various theories have been put forward ranging from
its glamorous rise to imminent fall , both based on
crediЫe arguments .

The grandson of Japanese immigrants, Francis

Е DOF . Fukuyama (born 1952) puЫished his book The

End ofHistory and the Last Мап in 1992. 2) _ _ After 9/11 the neo-

HI rORY conseгvatives in the US administration and in the media, anned with

Fukuyama 's ideology, set out to transfonn autocratic and dictatorial
: fAND ТНЕ countries into liberal democracies beginning with the Middle East. As the
world 's superpower, the US administration keeps changing their minds
/,
•~)TMAN between unilateral and multilateral actions, between penal sanctions
and diplomatic negotiations. But looking back at Arnerica's presence in
l Francis fukuyama · Vietnam, Iraq, Afghanistan, one can realize how little could Ье obtained

11, ) LEAD/NG-IN . .
grow-
'-::,J О What is America's political, economic and cultural rat1ng 1n the modern world? 1s its reputation
ing or falling?

(II II ! READING . _ . .
~ @ Read the text /п the Limelight and 1nsert the m1ss1ng sentences 1nto the gaps.
а. Consequen tly, all dreams of all-powerfulness have melted away, along with the illusion that America, either
alone or with its allies, сап handle every domestic or international trouЫe .
Ь . lt inspires both admiration and contempt.
с. We believe that America is exceptional in the world, а people of unsurpassed generosity and benevolence .
d. ln it he stated that the collapse of communism paved the way for the age of liberal democracy - the final aim
'1 of history of mankind.

1
122
 1
~ ~~ СШI[г 0
- to bring into action
eJ<ert
)(aggerated - excessive/y en/arged beyond truth ог reasonaЬ/eness
e Ss - тога/ ехсе//епсе
virtuousne
d - а unifying force
ьonk - а /агgе container
~~nifest destiny - th e 19th-century_bel!~f that the expansion of the United States throughout the American conti-
nents was both 1ust1fled and inevitaЬ/e

with its military power, and l10w ineffective war is as а political prob-
Iern solver. 3) _ _ The woi-ld is fаг more unmanageaЫe than it used
to Ье when America came into being; and when the former undouЬtedly
starts rejecting American values and its moral right to bring things to
ordei- elsewhere, the latter exerts too high а degree of superiority.
American theologian Reinhold Niebuhr ( 1892-1971) once voiced
his reasoning on Ameгica: "Our greatest weakness as а nation is our
exaggerated image of America's virtuousness . ... 4) _ _ We assume
that God is always on our side and that we have а special bond with the
Almighty."

Pros ...
Amidst various claims as to America's merits, it is still а
won~ous country wi~h vast open wildemess ~nd ~r~atht~k- DEPAUL ~~nivers!i7x?f
ing c1tyscapes. Аmепса boasts of the best uшvers1t1es w1th UNIVERSITY -д,- Phoe
bright scientists who win the Nobel Prizes each year.
America is the world's leading think tank, which con-
ducts valuaЫe studies on topics
like global politics, religion and
Webster •
UNJVERSITY
capitalism.
American capitalism still GAU
ТНЕ AMERICAN
reinvents itself; American brands UNIV ERSIТY

r ___
GIRJ•IE CVPRUS
still conquer the world.
Immigrants from
VYТЛUTAS MAGNUS С~~,.
countries around the UNIVERSITY C:JC;3
globe are still attracted i-.0Rт1 1 ,1.\IERJcл flCНHQt.OO'f lfUOIЧT AJIO<.&AflON

Ьу American values, its

cultural spheres and entertainment industries.
America firmly believes in its manifest destiny in predeter-
mining the history of mankind.

ros and Cons and try to add more facts to either side.
@) Readthe t ехt P

123
 lh ) ~ ~
betray - to prove unfaithful to, abandon
drain - to consume or make constant demands оп resources, energy, etc.
flatten - to make leve/
insurance - а means of guaranteeing protection or safety
prejudice - ап opinion made without adequate basis

... and Cons

Are you being sei-ious about A111eI"ica? lt's
а hопiЫе country betraying some of its val-
ues eve1y presidential campaign, tlшs losing its
rights to lead the Westem world.
Aшei-ican p1·esidents know very little about
global politics, take no interest in further leam-
ing, give in to their eпors and delusions later to
show their sheer amazement when they confess
to theiI" mistakes, usually too late.
Since the Second World War Aшerica has
been sending troops to conflicting countries un-
der its peacemaking policy which has severely drained its home budget.
1t could Ье famed as а superpower around the globe, yet а Third World nation at home.
Bridges collapse, power supply fails along the entire East Coast, homes in states like Florida,
North Carolina, Texas are repeatedly flat-
tened Ьу nature extreшes.
Besides, there is а huge gap between the
rich and poor; and what is even more shock-
ing is the government's ignorance of it, as
well as of the fact that in the richest coun-
try millions of people live without health
insurance.
lt's а country where the prejudices of
whites against Ыacks still persist in the fonn
of the unacknowledged racism.

~ \ LISTENING
~ spill - ап accidental flow over the edge of а container
grid - а network of wires and саЬ/еs Ьу which electrica/ power is distributed throughout а t
vulneraЫe - inclined to Ье physically or emotionally wounded or hurt соип ry or агеа.
► ЗЗ 0 The start of the 21 st century has brought numerous natural disasters to the United St t L" t t
radio interview with Joe Ackenback and answer these questions. а es. 15 en а °
1. What does Мг. Ackenback say about population distribution?
2. Where are these population centers usually situated?
3. What connection does he see between our lifestyle and disasters?

124
 1
_ а periodic governmenta/ count ofpopulat·юп
. аЬ оиt т,'dway between extremes
censu5e - bemg
averag fЬ . .
.t
threshold - а рот о egmmng or entering, outset

th .
неге are some statis tics. on the gap between е r1ch and poor·
? , USD ·
- the av~r~ge h ouse h ld Incom e dropped to 50 054 рег уеаг, _the lowest level since 1995;
h
- 46 .2 m1llюn _people l1ve in poverty, which is the hi
9 eSI number since the Census Bureau has Ьееп
collecting the data In the 1960 s;
- the numb er. of Amer icans who lack health i•nsura п се .Is а Ь out 15%·
. уеаг· ,
- about 49 _m1llюn peop le remain uninsured each
the botto m 80% of е '
- average• Incom es fell for 0 arners and rose
01
for thе tор 20 1°,

1 - the top 1% of households increased their incom

- the average pove rty threshold for а
$ З,000 ;
2
family
e Ьу about б°/40 .
of f · Ь '
our 1s а out

of Amer ican adults say they believe that re d ucIng In-

- 51 % I·t
·
. .
society better off.
come 1~equa I у wou Id ma~e the econ omy and
rts and statis tical institutions have
S1nce the 1970 s, socIal expe
?een a~alyz1ng data and have now соте to а concl usion that income
1nequal1ty has neve r been so high .
my but so
The rich are getting richer in an open-market econo
from the accum ulat~d rich-
are the poor that in due course benefit

ness. Yet their rate is far slower than that

of the top earners. Thus the gap remains
in between and is getting wider.
But if the rich didn't have the free-
dom to get even richer because of the
increasing productivity, the poor would
never Ье аЬ/е to have access to the latest
production tools, nor increase the value of
their working hour.

to the surface of
of the three astronauts оп ап Аро//о spacecraft
lunar mod ule - the modu/e used to carry two
the тооп and back to the spacecraft
knees bent
squa t - to rest in а crouching position with the
clunk y - solid, heav y and rathe r awkw ard
e
jut out - to stick out or overh ang beyo nd the surfac n
r Lawn uis and Marg aret Whiticampos, the curators at the Washingto
►34 0 Listen to the interview with Roge
tions.
дir and Spac e Museum, and answer the ques
1. What does the Apollo 11 lunar module look like?
their mission to the Moon?
2. What prompted the Americans to accomplish

r.., ,,SPEA KING

ln grou ps discuss all possiЫe measures to
prevent natural disasters. lnclude both natur
al and man-
\е,) @
caused factors.

Го , WВLVNG meas ures again st the

а recen t disas ter in the USA and preve ntive
~ 8 Write а letter to а pen-f riend abou t
simil ar catas troph es in the future .

125
 ende avor - ап attempt to achieve а goal
give way - to co/lapse ог break down
\ega\ pledge - /awful promise ог agreement rt
heir - а person fega/ly succeeding to one's ргоре У

Spa ce Tourism
Tired of bung ee jum ping , white wate r raftin~,
zorb ing or mountaineei-ing? Been to all the conti-
nents? Seen all the wor ld's wonders and just can'
t
get any mor e adrenalin rush? Space tourism coul
d
Ье the next Ьig thing in your own life, not just
. . а . :..... ~ /
mov1e versюn. .
·- ~·
~ .
.......,""' >,,~\-:5 -
Afte r the collapse of the former Soviet Union,
:\..
.. ~

the Rus sian space agency, hard up for cash to рау its
Ьills deci ded to send wealthy individua
ls into space
for а few days in the Intemational Space Station
(ISS) abou t 400 km above the Earth. At first the US,
as the mai n subsidizer to this 16-nation consortium
main tain ing the station, opposed toum
flights to this multi-Ьillion outpost. lt argued that pers
ons lack ing both phys ical and multil~
gual skills wou ld put the endeavor at risk. Ultimately
, the US gav e way and space touriiв
start ed in 2001. However, the National Aeronautics and
Space Adm inist ratio n (NASA) requim
the tourists to sign а legal pledge that neither they or
their heirs will take the space agencyi
court if anything goes wro ng. In addition, the tour·
.~
\:.? .·
_

1
'

. .J/ ...,. \
ists must рау for anyt hing they mig ht break.
Cali fomi a millionaire and the fonner NAS
rocket scientist Dennis Tito (bom 1940) was
J ··-
~ first private space tourist to visit the ISS. Не spe
-~ )} ·-~~ ~20 million for а ten- day orЬit trip including
tra'
'VlA ~ шg апd general preparation, and was taken offin
_space ~om the Baik onur laun ch pad in Kazakhs 1
ш Арпl , 2001 .

Alfter th South Afri can Inte met tycoon Marl

Shu tt eworthe (Ъ
orn 1973) flew into space а уеi
'1 /А.\ LEADING-IN
~ о Wha t do you know abou t space touri
sm? How popular is it? How . .
Will ,t deveJop in the future?
(11111BfAD/NG
~ @ Read the text Space Tourism and find
word(s) with the followin .
а. any failure or breakd own . . 9 rnean,ng
Ь . а structure from which а r~cket 1s sent 1nto sp~c~ ·
·t·ion in which there 1s по apparent grav1tatюnal
с. а con d 1 . . effect
d а sealed , pressurized cab1n ft d ·
1n а spacecra es1gn ed to support life
· having по apparent weight due ~~ the absence
of the pull of gravity
е. ·оп Ьу an astronaut ex1t1ng the spacecraft to repai
f an excurs1 r ог а
. ssen,ыe s
Olllething While orblting the рlЭ~8
1

126
►

G-forces - gravitationa/ forces

rs
uniform - of the sam e form with othe

Iater, Gre gor y ?Is en (bo m l 9 5), а New

4 Jers ey bus ines sma n and scientist
in 200 4 • Не pai·d $20 m1·11·юn and Ь est es
·ct '
ьесаmе the th1rd spa ce. tou . rist
wei ghts , swim-
pr~cticшg ~us sian , star ted run nin g, lifting
eme rgen cy
mi?~• le~mшg abo ut the ISS equ ipm ent and
er, though, phy -
t~a~шng ш Sta r City outs ide Moscow. Lat
health con cem s
s_1cians put off his trip bec aus e of risi ng
lly, Olsen
lшked to hig h G-forces in spaceflights. Eventua
in Oct obe r, 2005.
was acc epte d and Ыasted off into spa ce
eric an astronaut William Mc Art hur
Am ong oth er crew mem ber s was the Am
okly n, New York, is а chi ef execu-
(?o m 1951 ). Dr. Ols en, а nati ve of Bro
., whi ch manufac-
t1ve offi cer of Sen sors Unl imi ted, Inc
J erse y, and has
ture s infr ared cam eras in Prin ceto n, Nev.,
. While aboard the
deg rees in Phy sics and material science
crystals for the
ISS , he was carr ying out experiments with
mor e uniform composition can Ье
use in infr ared cam eras . Cry stal s wit h
s Olsen insisted to Ье called а private
obtained in zer o gra vity con diti ons . Thu
researcher rath er tha n jus t а spa ce tourist.
didate wou ld Ье Lance Bas s, а
Onc e it loo ked like num ber three can
was plan ning to Ье the first рор star
singer in the US Ьоу ban d 'NS YN C. Не
underwent а min or
in orЬit, so he pas sed а physical exa m and
rtbeat. Bass' space
hea rt ope rati on to corr ect an unstaЫe hea
Angeles television com pan y Des tiny
flig ht was to hav e bee n paid for Ьу the Los
training courses and voyage for а TV
Pro duc tion s, whi ch wou ld have filmed his
the failure to рау the pro mis ed amo unt.
pro gra m. Yet, he was cou nted out due to
eh Ansari be-
The Iran -bo m Am eric an citizen Anoush
female to рау for
cam e the fou rth spa ce tourist and the first
а spa ce ride .
ame а reality, а
r( ,- Bac k in 200 2, whe n space tourism bec
ied out an opin-
се con sult ing gro up Fut ron Corporation carr .
мary1and aer ospthe a
Am eric ans to find out who wou .
ld wan t to fly шtо space.
· .
юnро 11 amo ng of ove r $25 0,000,
alth y Am eric ans w1th an annual fiшсоmе
оut оf 450 we . $
t wou ldn 't min d раушg 20 m1 юn
·11· k
or а two -we e space 1g ft
fl " h
15 . Ь ь· 1 fl" h t о
sev en per cen wou ld spe nd $10 0,00 0 for а -mшute su -or 1ta . 1g.
and 19 per cenbov t
e the Earth. Ano ther 16 per cen t wou ld Ье cons1deпng а
. fi ·11·
up to 80 km а·tal flight sho uld the pnc e drop to ve m1 юn.
two -we ek orь 1
thes e que stio ns e? . . .
ou think space tourism is so expensiv
G>.
~ Ans wer Wh1c h were reJected? Why?
successful space tour1sts?
1. Why do ~eri can candidates were
to а 10-day spac e voya ge?
2. Whi ch А the chea per alternatives
3 _ Wha t are
127
 ~~i'u
hostile - unp/easant ог harsh

As soon as these selected few aJ"e Jюld­

ing а confinnation foI" space ftights 1·eadi-
ness, they will most definitely try and ex-
perience spacewalking; even if it means
another month of rigorous training. The
chief attraction of spacewalk.ing involves
the sensation of pitch Ыасk of outer space.
For many it's а quintessential aim of space
travelling and the bulky space suits would
not diminish the excitement even if it means
exploring the inhospitaЫe environment
filled with radiation and lack.ing oxygen. In
order to survive in these hostile conditions
space suits provide а self-sustained environment. Their tough material along with cooling and
heating elements protects astronauts :from extreme temperatures ranging from around 120°С
to - 150°С. The suits are pressurized with pure oxygen allowing astronauts to breathe and keep
their Ыооd from boiling in the vacuum of space.
In the space shuttle era space walks
are made not only to test the human
aЬility to stand the tough environment
of space, but also to perfonn tasks that
cannot Ье perfonned from inside the
shuttle, s'uch as recovering lost satellites
and restoring them to their proper orЬit,
servicing or replacing the solar panels
on the НuЬЫе space telescope, although
grasping tools is proЫematic because of
the thick pressurized gloves and weight-
1/
lessness itself makes construction work
1r1?t /BL/R, Л L МЛ Z difficult.

~ LISТENING
~ deluge - а large питЬег of things which arrive ог happen at the same time
impeccaЫe - without f/aw ог error, perfect
tantalizing - hopeful but inaccessiЬ/e
►35 0 ln the follo~ing story astronomer Frank Drake puts forward his views оп extraterrestrial intel/igence.
Listen and fill IП.
1. Millions of Americans were scared of the Ward ofthe Worlds radio broadcast in
2. At Cornell and Harvard universities Drake studied _ _
3. Не conducted his first search in _ _
4 . SETI means
5. Nowadays his computers process data that соте from _ _

128
 rv _ transport Ьу tmeans of regu/ar journeys between the same twо р1aces
. • Ь f'k
fer,, -be - desmng о е I е someone else
wanna
·te _ to set afire
jgnl

Spacewalking is quite dang erou s, that is why

astronauts , let alon e spac e tourists, walk in pairs IBIIIIS З
tied to the spacecraft. То mak e sure the space
walk missions are succ essfu l, the astronauts
practice them in _s~ecial unde rwat er laboratories
to achieve cond1t10ns close to weightlessness. ·~
Every hour of spac ewal k is wort h abou t ten hours
of practicing.
So far, however, the cost of space voyage is
beyond mos t volu ntee rs' means. For such а cat-
egory an altem ative has been developed. То ferry
ped from the bottom of а fight-
wanna-be spac e tourists, а new capsule was designed to Ье drop
e crew members travel in а capsule
er jet. lt then ignites and Ыasts itsel f 130 km into space. Thre
t and falls back in to the atmosphere.
atop the rocket whic h runs out of fuel around this heigh
minutes, take snapshots of the
The passengers can experience weightlessness for about three
Landing down is assisted Ьу а wing-
Earth and each othe r with our planet in the background.
's surface. Since space is de:fined at
like parachute open ing а few kilometers above the Earth
idered to reach space. This project
about а 100 km altitude, these passengers are rightfully cons
could Ье also used for science mis-
sions , low-gravity experiments and
monitoring the environment.
All in all, the costs of space
travels are likely to соте down and
even the middle class could expe-
rience weightlessness and take а
few spacewalks. Or, рrоЬаЫу, they
would ignore this craze altogether
and redirect the costs for а charity
or medicare to help the victims of
t natural disasters here on the Earth,
400 km below the orЬit.
-
. . .
( t.,,,\ SPEAКING . Cons ider popularity' cost ' risk and
1eJ ~ 1nterv1ew
r..i. • ach other about your w1ll1ngness to travel 1nto space
е
other factors.
• •
( о\ WRIVNG .=
Amer1can space explorat1on . lnclude initiatives,
famous explorers,
\!.) О) Pre are а project on the h1story of
. Р events and plans for the future.
m1lestone

129
 ~ ® {fj ~ ~
nurture - to educate or train
seek - to try to оЫаiп or acquire
extraterrestrial - occurring or existing beyond the earth 's boundaries
key - the most important опе

А Promising N ation
• The beginnings of the US are finnly rooted into diverse
ways of life and outlook existing side Ьу side. ln the 21 st century,
still а young nation, it is the leading multiracial democracy. There
are puЫic schools with children from as many as 180 different
ethnic groups, with up to а l1undred languages spoken at large.
What а challenge for American educators to nurture the creativ-
ity of every student, to empower them with knowledge and skill to
realize their full potential in the future.
This century holds both challenges and promises for senior
citizens. Ву the 2030s, the number of elderly people will have
douЫed owing to medical advances; Ьу the 2050s, an average American will live to Ье 82 - six
years longer than nowadays. This great gift of life is also an extra pressure оп federal programs
providing financial assistance and medical care for the elderly.
At the beginning of а new millennium America stands out Ьу the technological and scien-
tific progress. lt is developing altemative fuels such as ethanol, derived from organic crops, and
relying on natural gas and electricity to diversify its transportation sector which is heavily de-
pendent on oil. Biodiesel, produced from soybeans,
canola oil, animal fat and vegetaЫe oil, are already
playing а substantial role in transportation.
As regards space exploration, from the :first
landing on the moon to robotic surveys of the Sun
and other planets, American achievements have
, transfonned people 's views of the universe and in-
spired many scientists to seek the existence of ex-
traterrestrial life, as the evidence of water, а key
ingredient of life, has been discovered on Mars and
Jupiter moons.

@LEADING-IN
О What kind offuture do you predict for the US? What kind of global status will it mainta· ? W"II. .
attract immigrants? •n · 1
1t sti 11

С.-., READING
~ f9 Scan-read the text А Promising Nation and fill in these suЬtitles.
• Government at your Fingertips
• Challenges and Solutions
• Genetically Modified

130
 -~ w (!{Ш] :IЭ
~JJ I0 c=
reed - to breed animals or plants using parents of . . .
crossb - а sticky lump that forms in Ыооd different vanet,es
ciot е - а substance produced Ьу а living or,gaп,·sm th at acts as а t 1
1,'frfl • •
eri. kle-resistant - not g1V1ng way to slight ridges in the smooth са а yst for а specific Ьiochemical reaction
wrmd - the amount of food produced оп а ness of а surface
jel . . . • . п агеа of land or ь ь .
У а пит ег of ammals
У ssive ,rr1gat1on - wateпng plants т agriculture that i5 Ь
е,ссе еуоп th e погта/ or permitted limits
d

• Nowada ys biotech nology, includin g genetic en ·_

· thе сь·1еf way to 1mprove
1s
.
and modify plants,
gi
,
.1

neering, . .
anirnals and m1croorgaшsms. For centurie s, farmers and
nurserymen have crossbr ed plants to produce more and
ьetter foods . Such tradition al breedin g techniques ar \
ьased on repeated mixing of thousan ds of genes ove~ ;-
rnany _Years and а lo~ of generati ons of plants to achieve •
а des1red ~ffect._ Bюtechnology accelera tes this long
process Ьу шsertшg chosen genes directly into а plant.
11
•/
~

1
The first genetica lly enginee red products were 1
rneant to cure hum~n diseases . Ins~lin used for treating diabetics and Ыооd clot-reducing en-
zymes for heart pat1ents are now w1dely availaЫe thanks to Ьiotechnology.
In agriculture, for example, Ьiotech, or Bt cotton is а
popular Ьiotech crop that kills important cotton pests. Such
products provide indirect benefits both for consumers and for
the environment reducing the need for agricultural chemicals.
Some cotton varieties are developed to produce wri~kle -re-
sistant or fire-resistant fibers.
Products with improved nutritional values, such as chees-
es, yogurts, cooking oils, are also developed thanks to biotech-
nology under the approval of the US regulatory agencies . А
new rice variety, developed under а Rockefeller F oundation
provides more vitamin А. Each year nearly one million child deaths and 14 million children with
Ыindness have been connect ed to its deficiency. Advances in biotechnology can also
help the de-
veloping world where millions of people live in poverty and suffer from chronic hunger. Growing
crops in poor soil, Ьiotechnologists can incre~se yields with~ut excessive irrigation, fertilizers or
chemicals, thus making agriculture more envuonmentally friendly.
The US is not alone in Ьiotechnology. Germany, Switzerland, Canada, China, Argentina,
South Africa and Japan have already made use ofbiotec h com, soybeans and other crops.

1п. А these question s after а detailed reading.

th · d' ·t ?
~ nswer . е n1c 1vers1 у .
the challenge s of Amer1can А . . ·t· ?
1 Wh аt are
. Wh t b\ems are connected with meпcan senюr с1 1zens .
2· а pro · 1 d . h US?.
3. Which a\ternative fuels are being deve _оре IП t е
i~ Ьi~tec~nolo~y for air1culture?
4 . How import~nt
How critical 15 v1tam1n А 1n ch1ldhood .
5
: What advantag es of e-government do you see?
6

131
 rank - а grade of official standing
loans - а sum of топеу /ent at interest
admin ister - to direct ог control the affairs of а business, govemment, etc.
accomplished - successful/y completed, achieved

• Another important democratic innovation

is e-government. Govemmental bodies of various "U~i!:Q o.Y.... Р - ... - .
ranks are becoming increasingly more accessiЫe
via the Intemet. Thus the motto "of the people, Ьу -
Get Help Perln11 for College

the people, for the people" has been given а new ~-rrм~-'Jl"lь, ,..,11
tt.diww""" 1rws,.1 1o, s-et i'f(llfl
~ьtrw,cw•..u,a~

meaning when American citizens and the rest of U.t.9t&t~••..нo .... .,,
.u-..,,,..,
~ м,,о,1 ~

the world community got access to the bureaucrat-

••• 1, ..
ic labyrinth of the US Congress and related struc-
tures. It was in September 2000 when the former ~.:.."'- - д --- ~::....-::~ ...... .
-·
President Clinton launched the site http://first-
gov.gov. Since then this online resource has been
connecting the intemet users to millions of web А

pages on thousands of govemment sites. It allows - - -- 6 - ._i.., LJ<-"•---

-➔

anyone an access to а vast information database

- from researching at the Library of Congress to
following NASA space missions. The site even enaЫes
applying for student loans, tracking Social Security ben-
efits, assessing Medicare options and even administer-
ing govemment grants and contracts.
With 50 states, 3,100 counties and over 12,000 cit-
ies and towns, it was quite difficult to соте to а reason-
aЫe consensus on how to approach the online govem-
ment "electronic capitals," but once accomplished it is
supported Ьу both political leaders and government ad-
ministrators at the state and local levels.
Latest American Inventions
1994 CMOS image sensor
А CMOS image sensor (complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor) is an image
sensor consisting of an integrated circuit containing an аггау of pixel sensors, each pixel •
containing а photodetector and an active amplifier.
1994 DNA computing
DNA computing is а form of computing which uses DNA, Ьiochemistry and molecu- ....
lar Ьiology, instead of the traditional silicon-based computer technologies.
1994 Segway РТ
The Segway РТ is а two-wheeled, self-balancing, zero-emission, electric vehicle
used for "personal transport".

~ s_pEAКING
О ln pairs make up а dialogue between an inborn American and а newcomer, asking about the USA's
economic and cultural potential.

132
~
1995 Scroll whee\
А scroll wheel , or mouse whee\, is а hard plastic or rubbery disc оп а com-
puter mouse that is used for scrolling up or down.
1996 Bait саг
А bait саг is а vehic\e used Ьу а law enforcement agency to capture саг
thieves . The vehicles are specia\ly modified with features including GPS track-
ing and hidden cameras that record audio, video, time and date, which сап а\I Ье
remotely monitored Ьу police. А remote-contro\led immoЬilizer is installed in the
vehicle that a\\ows police to disaЬ\e the engine and \ock the doors.
1998 HVLS fan
An HVLS fan, which is an acronym for High-Volume-Low-Speed, is а type of
rotational mechanica\ fan that moves large amounts of circulating air.
1999 iBOT
The iBOT is а staЬ\e and moЬile powered wheelchair that balances оп two ·; •.;,,-.·
of а total of six wheels. /
/
2007 Nanowire battery
·' ~ ;J:.r,
А nanowire battery is а lithium-ion battery consisting of а stainless steel anode cov-
' Q '
ered in silicon nanowires. Silicon, which stores ten times more lithium than graphite, al-
lows а far greater energy density оп а steel anode, thus reducing the mass of the battery. ~. :~.~-:·\ J
2008 Bionic contact lens ~i- ~~
А Ьionic contact lens is а digital contact \ens worn directly оп the human еуе which
in the future, scientists believe cou\d one day serve as а useful virtual platform for ac-
tivities such as surfing the World Wide Web, superimposing images оп real-world
objects, playing video games for entertainment, and for monitoring patients' medical
conditions.
2008 Trongs
Trongs are gripping and lifting tools which are made up
of three limbs, ог finger-channels, each with teeth at the end
Q
of them . They are generally made of polypropylene and аге ~
dishwasher safe.

0LISTENING
commute _ а short trip to and from work
range _ а distance а саг сап cover
acclaim - praise enthusiastically and puЬ/icly . . . .
_ ап important service such as water, electncJty, etc. that 1s prov1ded for everyone and must Ье
utility
paid for
►Зб 0 Any highly-developed country is heavily ~ependent on transportation. Listen to а talk about predicted
ways to move around and answer the quest1ons.
1. What kind of vehicle is Chevy Vol!? ?
2. ln what ways does it differ from Niss~n Leaf . ?
3. What kind of customers аге they de~1gned. for . .
here was the first е\есtпс veh1cle bшlt?
4. Wh en an d w . h
· f tructural challenge Is t еге f or е IееtrIc
.
ve h'Iс1es ?.
5. Wh аt in гаs . t t. h' 1 1 'fi .
6 . What other countries have а strong 1n eres 1n ve 1с е е есtп 1catюn?
rii\ WR/ТING
~ @ After additional research ~~epare а spee~h о~ the future of America. lnclude politics, natural resources,
·matic cond1t1ons, commun1cat1on, etc.
human f асt or, Cl 1

133
 1. Loo kin g bac k at wha t you hav e learnt ans wer thes
e questions.
1. List the stron g and weak poin ts of Ame rican socie ty.
Are they simi lar to ours?
2. Wha t coul d mak e the rich peop le wan t to fly into spac
e?
3. How do the rest of the peop le benefit fJom spac e touri
sm?
4. Wha t is the role ofЬiotechnology in Ame rican agric
ultur e?
5. Wha t is e-go vem men t? List its prac tical benefits.

11..Dec ide whe ther the following statements are true

or false.
1. Ame rican milit ary pres ence in Vietnam, Iraq and Afgh
anist an was very effective.
2. Ame rican scien tists win the Nob el Prize ever y year.
3. Ther e is а financial gap betw een the rich and the poor
.
4. The first priva te spac e touri st was an Ame rican citiz
en.
5. The seco nd spac e touri st did experiments with cryst
als.
6. Spac e is defin ed at abou t 100 km above the Eart h's
surface.
7. Ву
the 2050 s, Ame rican s will live six years long er than now.
8. Biot ech cotto n does not requ ire pesticides.
9. fhe USA alon e is enga ged in Ьiotechnology.
10. E-go vem men t webs ite start ed in 2000 J

ПI.Exp lain the following word comblnations within the them

atic con-
text of U nit 8.
Brea thtak ing citys cape s (р. 123), multi-Ьillion outpost
(р. 126) , an opin ion poll (р. 127),
spac ewal king (р. 128), weig htles snes s (р. 128), regulator
y agencies (р. 131) , the bureaucratic
laby rinth (р. 132).

IV. Com men t on the following statement.

The worl d is far more unmanageaЫe than it used to Ье
whe n Am~ rica cam e into being;
and whe n the form er undo ubte dly starts rejecti~g Ame
rican values and its mora l right to bring
thing s to orde r elsew here , the latter exerts too h1gh а degr
ee of superiority.

134
 US States
State Postal Capital Nickname
Abbreviation City

Alabama AL Montgomery Yellowhammer State

'~:, . Juneau

_.
АК The Last Frontier .,,
4

~
Alaska ~
1
Arizona AZ Phoenix The Grand Canyon State
...
Arkansas AR Little Rock 1 The Natural State
Califomia СА Sacramento The Golden State
Colorado со Denver The Centennial State
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
- ст
DE
FL
Hartford
Dover
Tallahassee
The Constitution State
The First State
The Sunshine State
Georgia GA Atlanta Т8 . ~ he Peach State
Hawaii HI Honolulu The Aloha State
Idaho ш Boise -- "" • The Gem State

lllinois IL Springfield Prairie State

IN Indianapolis The Hoosier State
• Indiana
Des Moines Тhе Hawkeye State
lowa IA
Topeka The Sunflower State
Kansas KS
Frankfort The Bluegrass State
Kentucky КУ
Baton Rouge The Pelican State
Louisiana LA
The Pine Tree State
МЕ
MD
Augusta
Annapoljs
Boston
The Old Line State
The Вау State
-
-1

assachuse МА
Lansing The Great Lakes State
MI
ichigan St. Paul The North Star State
МN
Jackson The Magnolia State
мs
Mississipp_i Jefferson Th~ Show Ме State
мо
Missouri Helena The Treasшe State
мт
Montana Lincoln The Cornhusker State
NE
Nebrask a Carson City J'he Silver State
NV
Nevada Concord The Granite State
NН
N ew I-Iaropshire The Garden State
NJ Trenton
NeW Je:rsey - ' The Land of Enchantment
New M exico NМ Santa Fe
The Empire State
- •..--
NY Albany
~ewYork The Tar Heel State
NC Raleigh
N orth Caro lina -··
Northl)akota
Ohio
ND
он
-- Bismaгck
Co lшnbus
The Реасе Garden State
The Buckeye State

161
L illl
' .. з::1:т:з
'
Oklahoma ок Oklahoma City The Sooner State
Oregon OR Salem The Beaver State
Pennsylva nia РА Harrisburg The Keystone State
Rhode Island RI Providence The Ocean State
South Carolina sc ColurnЬia The Palmetto State
South Dakota SD Pierre Mount Rushmore State
Tennessee ТN Nashville The Volunteer State
Texas тх Austin The Lone Star State
Utah UT Salt Lake City The Beehive State
Vermont vт Montpelier The Green Mountain State
Virginia УА Richmond Тhе Old Dominion State

Washington WA Olympia The Evergreen State

West Virginia wv Charleston Тhе Mountain State

Wisconsin WI Madison The Badger State

Wyoming WY Cheyenne The Equality or Cowboy State

Imperial and Metric Measurements

Unit Divisions SI Equivalent
1 point (р) 0.3528 mm
1 pica (Р) 12/р 4.233 mm
1 inch (in) 6/Р 2.54 ст

1 foot (ft) 12 in 0.3048 m

1 yard (yd) 3 ft 0.9144 m
1 mile (mi) 5280 ft 1.609344k m

1 sq inch (in2) 6.4516 cm2

1 sq foot (sq ft) 144 in2 0.0929 m 2
1 sq yd (yd2) 9 sq ft 0.8361 m2
1 acre 4840 yd2 4046.9 m2

1 pint (pt) 20 fi oz 0.56831

1 gallon (gal) 8 pt 4.5461 1

1 ounce (oz) 437.5 grain 28.35 g

1 pound (lb) 16 oz 0.4536 kg
1 stone 14 lb 6.3503 kg
1 hundredweight (cwt) 112 lb 50.802 kg
1 long ton (uk) 20 cwt l.016t

162
 Brief Timeline of American History
1492 Christopher Columbus discovers America for Europeans
1497 John Cabot claims North America for England
1524 Giovanni Verrazano discovers New York Вау
1559 Tristan de Luna explores North America
1585 Walter Raleigh receives the patent to explore and settle in North America. Virginia colony of
Roanoke Island estaЫished
1607 Captain John Smith explores America. Jamestown founded
1609 Henry Hudson explores North eastern North America including the Hudson River
1636 Roger Williams founded the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. Harvard
College founded
1675 Кing Philip's War

1688 The Glorious Revolution in England leads to а constitutional monarchy and passing of the
Bill of Rights
1692 Salem witch trials in the Province of Massachusetts Вау
1754 French and lndian War
1764 James Otis urges а united response to the unjust acts Ьу England, "Taxation without
Representation is Tyranny"
1765 The Stamp Act was passed Ьу the British Parliament. The Quartering Act required American
colonists to house British troo_ps and supply them with food
1773 December 16: The Boston Теа Party - Massachusetts patriots dressed as Mohawk lndians
protest against the British Теа Act Ьу dumping crates of tea into Boston Harbor
1775 February 9: English Parliament declares Massachusetts to Ье in а state of rebellion. George
Washington takes command of the Continental Arrny
1776 July 4. Thomas Jefferson presents the United States Declaration oflndependence
1783 Ву the Treaty of Paris England officially declares an end to hostilities in America

1787 А Constitutional convention ratified the Constitution in Philadelphia

1789 First President of the US is George Washington 1789-1797

1800 Library of Congress founded
1803 Louisiana Purchase Treaty
1804 Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explore the Louisiana Territory
1830 Indian Removal Act. Oregon Trail opens
1846 Mexican-American War begins and ends in 1848. Texas admission to the US
1848 Gold discovered in California
1861 Sixteenth President of the US is Abraham Lincoln 1861-1865. American Civil War begins
at Fort Sumter.
1865 Abraham Lincoln assassinated. United States Civil War ends
1867 Alaska Purchase from Russia
1872 Yellowstone National Park estaЫished

163
1886 The Statue of Liberty erected in New York Harbor.
1890 Yosemite National Park created
1896 Gold discovered in the Yukon's Кlondike
1898 Spanish-American War
1903 Ford Motor Company formed
First movie The Great Train Robbery. The Ford Motor Company formed. The Wright broth.
ers ' first powered flight
1908 Ford Model т mai-keted. Fedei-al Bureau of Investigation (FBI) estaЫished
1917 US enters World War I
1920 First radio broadcast in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1927 Charles Lindbergh makes first trans-Atlantic flight. First "talkie" movie
1929 Great Depression begins
1932 Amelia Earhart flies across Atlantic Ocean
1934 Dust Bowl begins
1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor. U.S. enters World War II
1945 U.S. joins the United Nations. Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. End of
World War II
1946 The Cold War begins between the United States and the Soviet Union
1958 NASAformed
1960 Hawaii, the last state is admitted giving the American flag 50 stars
1961 Vietnam War begins
1963 President J Kennedy assassinated. Martin Luther Кing, Jr. "I have а dream" speech
1969 Neil Aпnstrong walks on the moon
1973 Vietnam War ends
1990 НuЬЫе Space Telescope placed in orbit. Iraq invades Kuwait leading to GulfWar
1992 Hurricane Andrew causes devastation in Florida and Louisiana
Los Angeles riots.
2001 September 11, 2001 TeпoristAttacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. US troops
invade Afghanistan
2004 Occupation of Iraq, 2003-2004
2004 The social networking website Facebook launched. Massachusetts legalized same-sex
mamage
2005 Hurricane Katrina devastated the Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama coastlines
2008 Oil prices in the United States hit а record $147 per Ьапеl. Global financial crisis in September
2008
2010 The Navy lifted its ban on women in submarines. The Travel Promotion Act charges foreign
tourists ten dollars per stay
2011 A~-Qaeda head Osama bin Laden killed Ьу United States forces in Pakistan. U.S. troops
w1thdraw from Iraq

164
 ~[3Ш?
Unit 1 Lesson З
Lesson 1 Ех.з , р . зз
Ех. З,р . 5 Linda Neison с, е
South African RepuЫic because the flight took mоге Joan Dew а
than 16 hours Laura Campbell Ь, d
Ех. 4, р. 6 1Ь 2с Зе 4а 5d Ех . 5 , р . 34
Lesson 2 Ellen с, е
Ех. 2, р . 8 а . false Ь . true с. false d. false Robble а , Ь, d
Ех. 3, р . 9 Education, Diversity, Family, Charity Rev/sfon U. 2
Ех. 6, р. 11 1с 2е За 4f 5Ь 6d
Ех. 11, р. 361 false 2 true 3 true 4 false 5 false 6 true 7 true
Lesson 4 8 true 9 true 1О true
Ех.З , р . 17 1d 2а Зf 4е 5с 6Ь
Ех. 5,р. 19 Unit З
_ 370 sq. meters Lesson 1
_ еvегу weekend Ех. 4 , р. 39 d, f, с, ь, а, е
_ they produce less greenhouse gases Lesson З
_ bathroom, kitchen and bedroom loft Ех . 2 , р . 46
_ five times Ьigger than the first one
• The Colonial Ега
300 followers nationwide
• А New Nation
Ех. 6, р. 19 (see the tapescript)
• Slavery and the Civil Wаг
Revision U. 1
• The late 19th century and Progressive Movement
Ех. 11, р. 20 1 false 2 true 3 true 4 false 5 true 6 false 7 false • Decades of Change
8 true 9 true 1О true • The Great Depression
• World Wаг 11
Unit 2 • The Cold Wаг
Lesson 1 • Distant Wаг and Реасе at Home
Ех. З, р.22 • Witnessing History
New Year's Day Lesson 4
President's Day Ех. 2, р. 50 1f 2а 3d 4с 5Ь 6е 7g
Easter Revision U. 3
lndependence Day Ех . 11 , р . 54
Labor Day 1 false 2 false 3 false 4 true 5 true 6 true
Columbus Day 7 false 8 false 9 true 10 false
Veterans Day
Thanksgiving Day Unit4
Christmas Lesson 2
Ех. 5 , р . 24 1 false 2 true 3 true 4 false 5 false Ех. 3, р . 60 а. vast Ь . outskirts с. must
Lesson 2 d. flooding е. chaser f. trucker
Ех. 2 , р . 26 Ех.4, р.62 1с 2е ЗЬ 4а 5d
• Old Values in а New Home Lesson З
• The Amish Dress Code Ех. 2, р . 66
• Family Life
• Upbringing the Young
• Attitude to Modern Conveniences

Baseball American football Basketball lce Hockey

Season April-October September-December late October- mid-April Regular season:

October mid-April

Players оп 9 players 11 players 5 for men 6 players

6 forwomen
the team
9 innings 4 quarters, 15 min. each 4х 12 min. for professionals Зх20 min.
Тiming of
(4x15min) 2х 16 min. for colleges
the game
Touching the four bases Moving the ball 1О yards Constant dribЫing of the ball А penalized team
lmportant
into the opponent's cannot replace а
rules direction рlауег

First played in 1869, ln 1892 it is played between Labor strike at NHL

lnteresting 1882 introduction of time-
out after 71h inning Princeton vs. Rutgers two raised baskets in 2004-2005
facts

165
 Ех.4, р.68 е . chip (р . 106)
а. true Ь. false с. false d. true е. false
f. ргу (р. 107)
g. unrestrained (Р. 107)
Revision U. 4
Ех. 7, р. 106
Ех. 11, р. 70
а , c,d
1 false 2 true з true 4 true 5 false 6 true 7 false
8 false 9 false 1О false Lesson 2
Ех. 2, р. 108
а. false Ь. true с . true d. true
Unit 5
Lessons 1 Revision U. 7
Ех . 1, р. 72 Ех. 11, р . 120
а. false Ь . true с. false d. false е. false 1 true 2 true 3 true 4 false 5 false 6 false
8 true 9 true 1О true 7 1Г\Jе
f. true g. true
Ех . 5, р. 75
е,с , b, a, d Unit 8
Lesson 2 Lesson 1
Ех . З , р. 77 Ех. 2, р. 122 1 Ь, 2 d, За , 4с
1 d, 2 а , 3 е , 4 с, 5 Ь Lesson 2
Ех . 5 , р . 79
Ех. 2, р . 126
1 d, 2 е, 3 а , 4 f, 5 Ь, 6 с а . collapse
Lesson 4 Ь . launch pad
Ех . 3 , р . 84 с. zero gravity
1 с, d d. capsule
2 а , Ь , е , f, h е . weightlessness
Зg f. space walk
Revision U. 5 Ех. 4, р. 128
Ех. 11, р.88 1. 1938,
1 false 2 false 3 true 4 true 5 false 6 true 2. radio astronomy,
7 false 8 true 9 false 1О false 3. 1960,
4. Search for Extraterrestrial lntelligence,
Unit 6 5. hundreds of millions of channels at once
Lesson 1 Lesson 3
Ех. 2, р.90 Ех. 2, р. 130
1 true 2 false 3 false 4 true 5 true • Challenges and Solutions
Ех. 3, р . 91 • Genetically Modified
1 d , 2 f, 3 Ь, 4 а , 5 е, 6 с • Government at Your Fingertips
Ех.5, р.92
Revision U. 8
SAD stand for standard American diet Ех. 11, р.134
$75 is the ргiсе of а four course organic meal
1 false 2 true 3 true 4 true 5 false 6 true 7 true
$10 is the ргiсе of а pizza
8 true 9 false 1О true
Young people of 15-25 аге buying from the farmers'
market.
Lesson 2
Ех. 3, р . 95
1 Ь, с
2 а, е
3 d, f
Lesson 3
Ех . 5 , р . 101
a,c, d, g, h
Revision U. б
Ех. 11 , р .102
1 true 2 false 3 true 4 false 5 false 6 false
7 false 8 false 9 true 10 false

Unit 7
Lesson 1
Ех. 4, р . 104
а. giant (р . 104)
Ь . satellite (р. 104)
с. complaint (р. 105)
d. randomly (р . 105)

166
 CONTENTS
Unit 1 Welco me to Amer ica ................................................................. ..........
........ 3
Lesso n 1 А View from Acros s the Ocean ......................................................
... 4
Lesso n 2 А Natio ns' Natio n ......... ........ .. .................... ........ .... ..... ..... .................
8
Lesso n 3 Conce med and Indiff erent......... ..................... ...... ........... ..............
.... 12
Lesso n 4 А Typic al AmeI"ican Ноше .............................................. ..................
16
Rev1s1on ....................................... ..... ....... .................... ... .. .................. .... ..........
.. 20
Unit 2 Comm unitie s and Neigh borho ods .................................................
............ 21
Lesso n 1 Ameri can Holid ay Makin g ................................................ ..........
. ... .. 22
Lesso n 2 Out of this World .........................................................................
...... 26
Lesso n 3 Qualit y Time ............... .. ................................................ ... .................
32
Rev1s1on .............................. ......... ................................. ......................................
З6
Unit 3 From Sea to Shinin g Sea .......... ............................................................
...... 37
Lesso n 1 Comin g into Being .... .................... ......... ................... ........ ..........
...... 38
Lesso n 2 Geogr aphica l Expan se ............... ................................. ............ ......
..... 42
Lesso n 3 Timin g Histor y ............................ .............................. ....................
.... 46
Lesso n 4 Amer ica's Natur al Wond ers ............................................................
.. 50
Revis ion ............................ ................................................ .......... ....................
.... 54
Unit 4 Touristy Versus Leisurely ................... ..................................................
..... 55
Lesso n 1 Тор Tourist Tips ................. .................... ........................ ............ ......
. 56
Lesso n 2 А Road Trip and а Train Ride .......................................................
..... 60
Lesso n 3 Popul ar Sports in the US ...................................................................
66
Revis ion .................................................. ... .................................................. .......
70
Unit 5 Educa tion and Job Mark et .................................................. ....................
.. 71
Lesso n 1 А Choic e of Schoo ls .................................................. ........... ..........
... 72
Lesso n 2 Live and Leam .......... ......................................... .......... ............... ......
76
Lesso n 3 Betwi xt and Betwe en ......................................................................
.. 80
Lesso n 4 Out of the Rat Race .................... .................................................. .....
84
Revis ion .................... ...... .......... ........... .............. ...................................... ..........
. 88
U nit 6 А Bite of the Amer ican Pie ......................................................................
... 89
Lesso n 1 Amer ican Eating Habits ...... ........................... •... •••••••••••••••••••••••••••
.... 90
Lesso n 2 Not Just Fast Food ·· ··························· .......... .......... .......... ... ....... ........ 94
Lesso n 3 Fat Ameri ca Versus Fit Ameri ca .......... ................. .. ..........................
98
Revis ion .... .......... ......................................... •.. •••.. ··.. ·.. ·.. ··.... ·.. ··.. ··.... ·.. ···.... ····
.. ·· 102
u. t 7 Mass Medl·a and Arts ····························· •··················································· 103
DI Lesso n 1 А Param ount Ameri can Mediu m ..............................
........... ·.... ·........ 104
Lesso n 2 An Un~ettere 11 d Press .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... . .... . ................................................... 108
Lesso n 3 Popul ar Music in the US ............... .. ................................. .. ................
11 2
А erican Litera ture: From Past шtо Presen t ........... ......................
....... 116
Les~o ~ 4 m ......................... .... ... .................................... .......... ................... 120
Rev1s10n ........ .... .
167
 -,
..... 121
Unit 8 Wide ning Horiz ons ................................................................................ 1
Lesso n 1 In the Limelight ................................................................................. 122 1
n 2 Space Tourism .................... .......... .. •••· ••············· ··················· ·· ····· •···· 126
Lesso
Lesson 3 А Promising Nation .......... .................... •••••••·····························••••.... 130
Rev1s1on .......... .................................................................................................... 134
.. 135
Tapes cripts ..............................................................................................................
.... 135
Unit 1 ................................. ..... .. ............................................... ....................
139
Unit 2 .......... .................... .............................. ..................................................
142
Unit 3 ............................ ..... ..............................................................................
.. 145
Unit 4 ............................. ................................................................................
Unit 5 ............................................................................................................... 147
.... 151
Unit 6 ..................................... ......................................................................
.. .. 153
Unit 7 ................... ................ .................... ............................ .... ....................
... 157
Unit 8 ........................................................................ .......................... ..........
... 160
BiЫiography ....................................................................................................
....... 161
Appe ndix ....................................................................................... ;....................
US States ............................................................................................................ 161
Imperial and Metric Measurements .................... .......... .............................. ........ 162
Brief Timeline of American History .............. ...................................... .............. 163
er Кеу ........................................................................................................ 165
Answ

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