1.

Review of the Literature

1.1. Literature read

[1] International stainless forum (ISSF), “New 200 series steels: an opportunity or a threat to image of
stainless steel?” pp. 1-14.

[2] ASSDA TECHNICAL BULLETIN, “200 SERIES STAINLESS STEELS Cr-Mn GRADES,” pp. 1-3.

[3] A.S. Hamada, L.P. Karjalainen, R.D.K. Misra, J. Talonen, “Contribution of deformation mechanisms to
strength and ductility in two Cr–Mn grade austenitic stainless steels,” Materials Science & Engineering A, vol.
559, pp. 336–344, 2013.

1.2. Summary of the literature

Stainless steel is known as corrosion resistance steel. The chromium (Cr) content is the responsible for
the degree of corrosion resistance and shiny appearance. Cr forms a layer of chromium oxide that
protects its surface from air and water. Moreover, it characterized by self-passivation which means that
the layer of chromium oxide able to self-repair if damages.

Stainless steel is classified to four basic types according to crystalline microstructure:

Ferritic stainless steel has BCC microstructure which formed by the chromium added to steel.
Chromium is considered ferritic former which ranges 12-17 wt%. Ferritic stainless steel has less
formability and weldability than austenitic grades. It is magnetic.

Austenitic stainless steel has FCC microstructure which formed by austenite formers. The best
austenite formers known is the nickel (Ni), then the manganese (Mn) resulting in good formability and
weldability. The typical composition of austenitic stainless steel is 18% Cr and 8% Ni such commonly
found in 304 grades. Another common grade used in industry is grade 316 which contains 2%
molybdenum (Mo). Mo is responsible for enhancing corrosion resistance. It is non-magnetic.

Duplex stainless steel contains 50% ferritic and 50% austenitic microstructure. It has some Ni
which characterized by high strength and good ductility.

Martensitic stainless steel has martensitic microstructure with the same percentage of 12-17 % Cr
of ferritic stainless steel. It has higher carbon (C) content.

Types of 200-series stainless steel:

It is known as Cr-Mn steel which considered austenitic stainless steel. It has low content of Ni. So, it is
important to use austenitic formers to substitute shortage of Ni content and obtain austenitic
microstructure. Manganese and nitrogen are the best austenitic formers sometimes copper. 200-series
stainless steel characterize by high yield strength higher than 304 grades by 30% leading to cut in
weight. However, less corrosion resistance than 304 grades due to decreasing in Cr content.

Table 1: chemical compositions of 200-series grade Vs 304 grade:

201 and 201L grades:

Austenitic 201 and 201L present phase transformation during deformation which occurs in one stage
from γ-austenite (fcc) to ά-martensite (bcc) and/or two stage from γ-austenite (fcc) to ε-martensite
(hcp) to ά -martensite (bcc). Chemical composition is the main influence in austenitic stability which
determines the value of the stacking fault energy. Mechanical properties are affected by grain size which
affects the degree of martensitic transformation in final microstructure beside strain rate and stress
state.