BUKIDNON STATE UNIVERSITY

Malaybalay City, Bukidnon 8700

Tel (088) 813-5661 to 5663; Telefax (088) 813-2717, www.buksu.edu.ph

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Secondary School Laboratory

Division Malaybalay City

School BukSU – Secondary School 9-

Grade Level
Laboratory
Teachers Alladin, Myia Mie Learning
Science
Gabule, Mc J Lloyd Area
Time & Date Febuary 14, 2023
G9- Piety (10-11 am) Quarter 3rd
G9 – Love (2 -3pm)

I. OBJECTIVES
A. Content Standard The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
 The relationship between the visible constellations in the sky and
Earth’s position along its orbit.
B. Performance The learners shall be able to:
Standard  Discuss whether or not popular beliefs and practices with regard
to constellations and astrology have scientific basis.
C. Learning The learners should be able to:
Competency  Show which constellations may be observed at different times of
the year using models.
D. Specific Objectives At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
1. identify the characteristics of stars,
2. discuss how these characteristics are used as basis for
classifying the stars, and
3. describe the different stages in the evolution of stars.
E. Integration of
Content Within and English and Art
Across Curriculum
II.CONTENT
A. Topic Characteristics of Stars and Evolution of the Star
III. LEARNING
RESOURCES
A. References
1. Teacher’s Guide K to 12 Science Curriculum Guide
LEARNING PLAN IN SCIENCE GRADE 9
Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCS)
 2. Learner’s Material Breaking through Science 9; Chapter 10: Stars and Constellation;
Pages/Textbook Lesson 1: Stars in the Sky (pages 281-293)
Pages
B. Other Learning https://astronomy.com/news/2018/11/red-dwarf-is-one-of-the-
Resources oldest-in-the-universe
https://planetseducation.com/uy-scuti-vs-vy-canis-majoris-star/
IV. PROCEDURE Learner’s Expected
Teacher’s Activity/ies
Response/s
A. Engage
Preliminaries:
 Prayer
 Checking of Attendance
 Class Management

Quick Review!

The teacher will ask the students

whether they can still remember their
previous topic and ask the following
questions:

What was your previous topic all about? Student’s Answer:

 Global warming,
El Niño, and La
Niña
 El Niño is the
What is the difference between El Niño
warm phase of
and El Niña?
ENSO, and means
little boy, while the
La Niña is the cool
The students are encouraged to share phase of ENSO,
their ideas/answer and means little
girl.


Activity 1: Question Roulette!

The teacher will prepare a jar or boxes

with words or phrases inside connected Student’s Answer:
to the lesson.
Students answer may
WORDS or PHRASES: vary according to the
picked words or
Star, constellations, distance of stars, phrases.
size of stars, supergiant stars,
luminosity, colors of stars, black hole.

B. Explore Activity 2: How Old Are They!

 Instructions: Rank each of the
following pictures by age, going from
youngest to oldest. Put a 1 in the blank
by the picture you think is the youngest,
and so on. If you wish, try to guess the
age of each person.

Student’s Answer:

1. 1
1._________ 2._________ 2. 5
3. 3
4. 2
5. 4

3._________ 4._________

5._________

C. Explain Stars – are huge celestial bodies made

mostly of hydrogen and helium that
produce light and heat from the nuclear
forges inside their cores.

Constellation - are fixed star patterns in

space that seem to cross through the sky
because of the rotation of the Earth.

Q: Are the stars same in size? Are the Student’s Answer:

stars same in color? Are the stars No, stars are different in
equally bright? sizes, color, and
brightness.

CHARACTERISTICS OF STARS

 Luminosity of Stars

Luminosity is the amount of light

energy released by a star from its
 surface. Astronomers compare the
luminosity of other stars against the
power of the Sun, which is 3.839x1026
watts or 3.839x1033erg/s.

Astronomers describe the brightness

of stars in terms of apparent
magnitude and absolute magnitude.

Apparent magnitude vs. Absolute

magnitude

Apparent magnitude - describes

how bright a star appears from the
Earth. It is not the real brightness of a
star because it depends on the
observer’s locations and distance.
Stars that are closer to Earth could
appear brighter than far more
luminous ones that are very far away.

Absolute magnitude - describes how

bright the stars appear at a standard
distance of 32.6 light years or 10
parsecs. It is the amount of light that
a star actually gives off.

Table 1. Top 26 Brightest Stars, as Seen

from Earth.

Q: What is the difference between Student’s Answer:

apparent magnitude and absolute The apparent
magnitude? magnitude is the
brightness as it appears
to the observer, while
the absolute magnitude
is the brightness from a
certain distance.
 Color and Temperature of Stars

The color of the star depends on its

surface temperature. The Sun’s
surface temperature is about 600 K. It
is a common misconception that the
Sun is yellow, or orange or even red.
However, the Sun is essentially all
colors mixed together, which appear
to our eyes as white. If the sun had a
lower temperature, it would have
given off a red light, and if it had a
higher temperature, it would have
appeared blue.

Red dwarf stars - the coolest stars.

These are stars that have lower mass,
as low as 7.5% the mass of the Sun.
Their surface temperature is about
3500 K. The light released from their
surface is mostly red.

Red giant stars - stars that ran out of

hydrogen fuel and increased in size
many times their original size.
Luminosity is spread out over the
much larger surface area of the red
giant and so they are cooler.

Blue stars - stars with highest

temperature. These are stars with
many times the mass of the Sun and
so their surface temperatures are
much hotter. Blue stars have
temperatures above 10,000 K but they
can reach 40,000 K with the largest
hypergiant stars.
Stars are classified into seven principal
types called spectral classes using
absorption spectra and the strength of the
hydrogen lines in their spectra. They are
arranged in alphabetical order with the
mnemonic, "Oh, Be A Fine G, Keep Me."

Student’s Answer:
“Oh, Be A Fine G, Keep
Me.”

Again, what is the mnemonic for

spectral class?

 Composition of Stars

A young star is composed primarily

of hydrogen, the simplest chemical
element. Hydrogen is the basic fuel
that stars use to create energy. During
hydrogen fusion, protons are
combined in order to create helium.
Helium is another gas that comprises
the stars. It is a major component of
main sequence stars such as the Sun.
Helium accounts for approximately
27% of the Sun’s mass.

Q: Stars are composed of two Student’s Answer:

elements. What are those? Hydrogen and Helium

 Size of Stars

Smallest Star – Red dwarfs

Ex. Proxima Centauri- known to
be the closest-known star to the
Sun. This star is about 14% the
size of the Sun – about 200 000km
across, which is only a little larger
than Jupiter.

Average-sized star – Sun

 It has a diameter of 1.4 million
kilometers.

Blue Supergiant – stars that are

larger than the Sun.
Ex. Rigel – estimated to be 62
times as big as the Sun.

Hypergiant star
Ex. VY Canis Majoris – the
biggest star in the universe. This
hypergiant is thought to be 1800
times the size of the Sun.

Q: What are the characteristics of Student’s Answer:

stars? Luminosity,
Color and Temperature,
Compositions,
Size
EVOLUTION OF STARS

The Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram

(H-R Diagram)

Hertzprung-Russel diagram
 devised by a Danish astronomer Ejnar
Hertzprung and American astronomer
Henry Norris Russel.
 A graphical tool that astronomers use
to classify stars according to their
luminosity, spectral type, color,
temperature, and evolutionary stage.

Main sequence stars – star that fall in an

area from the upper left corner to the
lower right corner. It makes up the more
than 90% of the stars in the universe.
Hottest main sequence stars (blue or
white blue light) – found in the upper left
corner of H-R diagram.
Cool main sequence stars- appear in the
lower right corner.

Q: Based on the H-R diagram, where Student’s Answer:

can we find the sun? We can see the sun in
the middle of the main
sequence star.

Stages in the Evolution of the Stars

Q: Do Stars die?

 Protostar Stage
A cloud of gas that, over time, will
collapse and condense under the
force of gravity.

 Main Sequence Stage

Main sequence stars are energized by
the fusion of hydrogen atoms. They
are remains in the main sequence as
long as they do not run out of
hydrogen.

 Red Giants and White Dwarf

Take note on H-R diagram, red
giants and white dwarfs move out
from the main sequence of band.
The larger cooler stars change their
color to red and turn to red giants.
The red giant burns up all the helium
in their core. Gravity causes the stars
to shrink and turn to red giants.

 Supergiant and Supernovas

Supergiant star are among the most
massive and luminous stars in the
universe. They occupy the top region
of the Hertzprung-Russel diagram.
Super nova is the explosion of the
star. It is the largest explosion that
takes place in space. Supernova
shine brightly in the whole galaxy
for a short time which signals their
death.
  Neutron Stars and Black Holes
Neutron stars is entirely made up of
neutrons, the particles of the atom
with no electrical charge.
Pulsars is a neutron star that give off
pulses of radio waves.
Black Hole is a very dense with a
strong gravitational force in which
even light cannot escape.
Student’s Answer:
Q: What are the different stages of 1. Protostar
the evolution of stars? 2. Main Sequence
Stage star
3. Red Giant and
White Dwarfs
4. Supergiant and
Supernova
5. Neutron Stars and
Black Holes

D. Elaborate Do Stars twinkle?

Stars don’t actually twinkle. We’ve all

looked skyward to see a canvas of
twinkling stars some point. So you might
surprise to learn that the stars aren’t
actually twinkling. This is caused by the
Earth’s atmosphere. Because the stars’
light has to pass through so many layers
of the atmosphere, which has varying
densities, it can create a twinkling
illusion.

SUMMARY

 Star - a huge luminous ball of gas

made up of hydrogen and helium.
 Constellation - are fixed star
patterns in space that seem to cross
 through the sky because of the
rotation of the Earth.
 Characteristics of Stars
 Luminosity
 Color and Temperature
 Composition
 Size
 Hertzprung-Russel diagram - A
graphical tool that astronomers that
astronomers use to classify stars
according to their luminosity, spectral
type, color, temperature, and
evolutionary stage.
 Five stages of evolution of star
1. Protostar
2. Main sequence stage
3. Red Giants and White
Dwarfs
4. Supergiant and Supernova
5. Neutron Star and Black Holes

E. Evaluate Instruction: Answer the following

question.

1. What is the name of the known to be Answer:

the closest-known star to the Sun? 1. D
a. Antares 2. A
b. Betelgeuse 3. B
c. Sun 4. D
d. Proxima Centauri 5. A
2. This refer to the brightness of the star
if all the stars were the same standard
distance from Earth.
a. Absolute brightness
b. Apparent brightness
c. Constellation
d. Magnitude
3. This refers to brightness of the star
depending on how far is that star
from the earth.
a. Absolute brightness
b. Apparent brightness
c. Constellation
d. Magnitude
4. Which statement is TRUE about
stars?
a. Stars are made of dust particles.
b. Stars are made of liquid
substances.
 c. Stars are made of different solid
rocks.
d. Stars are made of hydrogen and
helium gas.
5. Which statement is TRUE about the
color of stars?
a. It indicates the surface
temperature of the star.
b. It indicates the location of stars
in the galaxy.
c. It indicates the amount of oxygen
in each star.
d. It indicates the distance of stars
from the Earth.
F. Extend Reminders:

Climate Impact: Social Media Challenge

Deadline: February 17, 2023
V. REMARKS
VI. REFLECTION
A. No. of learners who
require additional
activities for
remediation
B. Did the remedial
lessons work? No. of
learners who have
caught up with the
lesson
C. No. of learners who
continue to require
remediation
D. Which of teaching
strategies worked well?
Why did it work?
E. What difficulties did
I encounter which my
school
administrator/supervisor
can help me solve?