1. Provide the expression for the change in Gibbs free energy of mixing an ideal solution.

Answer: ∆Gmix=Gafter - Gbefore = NkBT∑$ 𝑥$ 𝑙𝑛 𝑥$

2. Is the expression for the change in Gibbs free energy of mixing of an ideal gas mixture, the
same as that for an ideal solution? If not, what is the expression?

Answer: It’s the same.

3. Give an expression for the chemical potential of a component of an ideal gas. How is this
expression related to the expression of the chemical potential of a component of an ideal
solution.

Answer: component ideal gas:

µ i (T , P ,{y }) = µ i° (T ) + k BT ln P + k BT ln y i
Component ideal solution:

µi (T , P ,{x}) = µi* (T , P ) + kBT ln xi

For an ideal gas component 𝜇$) (T) + kBTlnP = 𝜇$∗ (P,T). The reverse is only true if the ideal
solution consists of a mixture of ideal gasses.

4. Exercise 9.3, b and c of the book. (explain why each time!)

Answer:
b) The chemical potential of each component increases with P, as:
µi (T , P ,{y}) = µi° (T ) + kBT ln P + kBT ln y i

5. Exercise 9.4, a and d of the book. (explain why each time!)

6. Exercise 12.2, b . (explain why!)

7. Exercise 12.16 (tip: you can start similarly as the derivation of Raoult’s law)
8. Exercise 12.34 from the book
Answer:
9.

A concentrated binary solution exists for the majority out of component 2, but x2 ¹ 1. The solution is
in equilibrium with the vapour phase in which both component 1 and 2 are present. The pressure of
this two phase system is 1 bar, and the temperature is 25°C. Determine, with the following given
properties, the molfraction of component 1 in the liquid and vapour phase. Use as Henry constant for
component 1, kH = 151 Bar. Use the saturation pressure of component 2, which is 0.15 bar. Explain
which assumptions you make and why.

Answer.

Strongly diluted solution, thus we can assume an ideal solution. (assumption): p2 = (1- x1 ) p2sat

Henry’s law for component 1, strongly diluted in liquid, p1 = kH x1

The total presuure is 1 Bar: p1 + p2 = 1 Bar
Combining the equations gives us x1 : kH x1 + (1 - x1 )p2sat = 1 from which
1 - p2sat 1 - 0.15
x1 = = = 5.6 × 10-3
kH - p2 sat
151 - 0.15

-3
The molfraction in the damp phase is now y1 = kH x1 = 151´ 5.6 × 10 = 0.85
p 1

10.

Consider a process in which air (21 mol% oxygen and 79 mol% nitrogen) at 25 oC and 1 Bar is
separated in the pure gasses oxygen and nitrogen, also at 25 oC and 1 Bar. Calculate the work needed
for this if the thermodynamic efficiency equals h = 7%, and the ambient temperature is 300 K.

Answer

The entropy at the entrance is Dmix,inS = -R ( y1 ln y1 + y 2 ln y 2 ) larger than the entropy of the gasses at
the exit.
Minimal needed work arbeid Wmin = DG = -T éë Dmix,uit S - Dmix,inS ùû
In reality needed work W = Wmin / h
-RT ( y1 ln y1 + y 2 ln y 2 ) -8.314 ´ 300 ( 0.21ln0.21 + 0.79ln0.79 )
W = = J/mol = 18 kJ/mol
h 0.07