BOYLE’S LAW - Robert boyle.

At constant temperature, the volume of a fixed mass of a gas is inversely proportional to

the gas pressure.

CHARLES’ LAW - Jacques Charles. At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of agas is directly proportional
to its absolute temperature

COMBINED GAS LAW - states that the volume of a fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temp and
inversely proportional to its pressure

AVOGADRO’S LAW - Amedeo Avogadro. At constant temp and pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional
to its number of moles.

AMONTON’S LAW - named after Guillaume Amontons. States that at constant volume, the pressure of a given mass
of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.

IDEAL GAS LAW - PV = nRT

Condensed Structural Formula of Alkanes

IUPAC - International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry - chemists all over the world devised a system for
naming organic compounds. IUPAC system follows the following rules for naming alkanes.

1. Choose the longest continuous chain. This chain of carbon atoms, called the parent chain, should be given a
name identical to that of an alkane having the same number of carbon atoms as the parent chain.
2. Number the carbon atoms of the parent chain (1,2,3 and so on) starting at the carbon atom closest to a
substituent (branching group, ex: alkyl group)
3. Name the substituents in alphabetical order, indicating the numbers of the carbon atoms to which the
substituents are attached. The numbering of C atoms should give the substituents the lowest numbers.
4. If a substituent appears more than once, use prefixes DI, TRI, TETRA, and so on to indicate the frequency of
appearance of the substituent.

ALKANES - have a general formula of CnH2n + 2. The name of an alkane is made by adding the suffix “ane” to a stem
that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the compound.

HYDROCARBONS - Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only are called hydrogens. Hydrocarbons are
divided into 2 groups:
ALIPHATIC Hydrocarbons - do not contain a benzene group, whereas AROMATIC Hydrocarbons contain a benzene
group. Benzene - C2H6

Structural ISOMERS - Compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulas are called
structural isomers.

ALKENES - have at least one double bond. The simplest member of the alkene family is ethene or ethylene, a plant
hormone that induces fruit ripening. Alkanes having only one double bond has a general formula of CnH2n.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of
carbon-containing compounds

BIOCHEMISTRY - the study of the chemical processes occurring in living matter.

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY - The kinetic-molecular theory is a theory that explains the states of matter and is
based on the idea that matter is composed of tiny particles that are always in motion. The theory helps explain
observable properties and behaviors of solids, liquids, and gases. However, the theory is most easily understood as it
applies to gases and it is with gases that we will begin our detailed study. The theory applies specifically to a model of a
gas called an ideal gas. An ideal gas is an imaginary gas whose behavior perfectly fits all the assumptions of the
kinetic-molecular theory. In reality, gases are not ideal, but are very close to being so under most everyday conditions.

Postulate 1: The molecules of a gas are extremely small compared with the confining vessel and are
separated from one another by great distances in the container.

Postulate 2: Gas particles are in constant, straight-line motion. As a result of collision with one another and
with the container, they follow random directions. During collisions, energy is transferred from one molecule to another;
thus, the total energy of the molecules remains unchanged.

Postulate 3: The ave KE of a collection of gas molecules is directly proportional to the absolute temp of the
gas.

Postulate 4: Attractive and repulsive forces do not exist among molecules.