LITERATURE REVIEW

The concept of sustainability

Like every other concept or phenomenon, sustainability faces difficulty in confirming a specific
definition as it has been clarified from different viewpoints by scholars who acknowledged that
conveying a definite connotation of the concept will impactextensively the broader viewpoints
from which it can be considered. (Salas-Zapata, et al, 2019). Hence, there are a plethora of
definitions alluding to the concept which begs the question of what it connotes as well as the
usage of the same. (Salas-Zapata, et al, 2019). In that respect, the concept of sustainability has
been used interchangeably with the phrase ‘sustainable development’ which was defined
succinctly in the Brundtland Report of 1987, to mean, such development with the main focus of
meeting the needs of the present generation without jeopardizing the needs and wants of the
future generations to be met subsequently. (WCED, 1987, Phillis, et al, 2001). Kidd (1992)
proposed, however, that sustainability is not an emerging concept, because it has evolved over a
long period. He places much emphasis on thefact that the growing trend toward sustainability has
been intenselyimpacted by diverse streams of opinion that have molded the notions of
sustainability. (Kidd, 1992).

Ben-Eli, (2018) in his opinion stated that the concept of sustainability relates more often than not
to a dynamic balance in the procedure of dealings between the inhabitants and the carrying
capacity of its environment, such that the inhabitants cultivate to express their full prospect
without eliciting irreversible adverse consequences on the carrying capacity of the environment
upon which it hinges on. Senge, et al (2006) defines sustainability as the proficiency of various
systems and associations to continue indefinitely withoutdeficit or diminished profits. Stoddart,
et al, (2011) views sustainability as the efficient and unbiasedallotment of resources inter-
generationally and intra-generationally with the function of socio-economic actions within the
confines of a finite ecosystem. Basiago, (1999) argues that the concept of sustainability refers to
a capacity to retain some entity effect or process over time.

Thomas, (2015) on his part argues that the concept brings into focus human actions and their
capacity to satisfy human needs and wants without weakening or exhausting the productive
resources at their disposal. Accordingly, sustainability is the effect to build and sustain
conditions under which humans and nature can live or coexist in productive conformity and that
allows the fulfillment of the social, economic, and other requirements of present and coming
generations. (Environmental Protection Agency, 2011). Elkington (1997) summarizes that
sustainability provides a vision for communities which considers the judicious utilization of
natural resources so as to permit present generations to attain a level of security as it relates to
the economy as well as achieving democracy and mass participation in the territory, and also
preserve the state of the ecosystem and life generally. Furthermore, Elkington (1997) argues that
the concept of sustainability is described mainly from three perspectives, to wit; environmental,
social and economic which has overtime be known as triple bottom line, as such, for sustainable
development goals as provided by the United Nations to be achieved in the real sense, there is a
need to consider all these perspectives as they are interwoven. Therefore, the moment there is an
advancement in one of the perspectives, such advancement must not distort the development of
the other perspectives. (Elkington, 1997).

Sustainability Driven Projects

The rise in the competition within the global market has forged a pathway for new projects
which heralds the successes of organizations in different sectors, which therefore are solely is
driven by the need to maintain a balance between the needs of the organization and the
environment. This means that these projects are focused mainly on sustainability, that is, how the
organizations will remain in business and how their operations will affect ata minimal rate, the
environment. (Ma, et al, 2020). Gareis, et al, (2011) states that the competitive edge and
advantage of these organizations will be duly improved when the projects are properly managed
and sustainable which improves the environment ultimately. For instance, in the automotive
industry, the production of vehicles has evolved to such a magnitude that the company's main
goal has been the reduction of producing vehicles that cause hazardous effects on the
environment and society considerably, such as the production of Tesla and electronic vehicles
don't utilize fuel like traditional cars to operate. (Brook, et al, 2014).

Accordingly, Haanaes, (2022) states the lifespan of a company is traced to the sustainable
development practices put in place, therefore companies in various sectors are formulating
sustainable practices. In the airline industry, a well-known airline, JetBlue is seriously working
towards attaining a net zero carbon by offsetting emissions from its operations, thereby making
investments in forestry, solar as well as wind projects which aligns directly with the sustainable
development goals of the United Nations on Climate Action. (Haanaes, 2022). Orsted, a Danish
energy company owned by state government has made moves to reduce carbon emissions in the
power industry by entering large investments in wind farms to achieve its goals. (Haanaes,
2022). Currently, due to the fact that this energy company took this important step, it has been
ranked as the most sustainable energy company globally and the second most sustainable
amongst its counterparts in the world today. (Makridou, 2021).

Sustainability Driven Project developed for the 2022 FIFA world cup, Qatar

Cochraine, et al, (2023) opines that invariably, amongst all the mega sports events in the world
today, FIFA world cup (a football competition for men’s teams from different nations played
internationally) is the biggest and very exhilarating which is hosted in different locations
quarterly with a winner who is in turn crowned as the world champion in the sports of football.

Qatar is a diminutive country located in the Persian Gulf, with a people of about 2.747 million,
thereby including about 333,000 Qataris nationals, ad a good number of expatriates from other
countries who were attracted to Qatar as a result of the country’s economic growth over the
years. (Snoj, 2019). Geographically, it is a small percentage of the Arabian Peninsula, enclosed
by the Persian Gulf; like the other Persian Gulf countries, the climate is very parched, and the
region is completely deserted. (Central Intelligence Agency, 2019). The country’s capital is
Doha, where the major activities of the country are carried out, as the revenue accruing to the
government is derived from the exports of natural gas. (Ibrahim, et al, 2012). Scharfenort,
(2012) posits that during the event of selecting the country to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, in
December 2010, Qatar was awarded the bid in the face of competitors like Japan, South Korea,
Australia, andthe United States, irrespective of the country’s relatively small size compared to its
counterparts, thereby, being the first country in the Middle East and Arab World to organize the
FIFA World Cup.

Imperatively, back in 2008, the government of Qatar formulated a National Vision with the sole
aim of developing the country to such a pedestal that the economic, social justice and the
environment coexists in one accord with mankind. (Qatar National Vision 2030, 2013). This
National Vision 2030 identifies four major development criteria, to wit: social, human, economic
and environmental development. (Lux, 2014). The basis for a sustainable Qatar is traced back to
environmental degradation occasioned by the incessant increase in population of the country
which has caused a depletion in the ecosystem. (Cochraine, et al, 2023

Accordingly, as a result of the size of Qatar, sustainability strategies must be put in place to
make the event as successful as possible without causing more harm to the health of persons who
intend to watch the mega event as well as maintaining a suitable environment after the event.
(Scharfenort, 2012). Thus, to realize this objective, in 2011 the country established the Supreme
Committee for Delivery and Legacy (SCDL) saddled with the responsibility of disseminating
updates and information about the event as a whole as well as the sustainable practices which
will be implemented thereafter. (Hayajneh, et al, 2017).

In that regard, in January 2020, the country's sustainability strategies were disclosed which
highlighted five obligations, 22 strategic objectives as well as more than 70 initiatives that were
jointly agreed upon by a unique tripartite body, FIFA, the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 LLC,
and the SCDL. (Samoura, 2020). Surprisingly, as opposed to the sustainability strategies
formulated in past FIFA world cup events carried out by FIFA in collaboration with committees
that were established for that sole purpose, this joint effort by the tripartite body is quite
commendable as it shows the commitment of FIFA, Qatar and the SCDL to sustainable
development. (Cochraine, et al, 2023).Inter alia, these five obligations are:

 Developing human capital and safeguarding the rights of the workers.

 Provision of an encompassing tournament experience,
 Catalyze economic expansion or growth,
 Delivery of resourceful environmental solutions;
 Set quintessential good governance and ethical business practices. (Samoura, 2020).

Imperatively, the government set out to build several stadiums, like the Al Rayyan Stadium
which is one of the venues of the FIFA 2022 World Cup tournament with a space capacity of
41,000 for spectators set out to host the group as well as the knockout stage matches.
(Tahmasseby, et al, 2022). In addition, a total of eight venues for the Qatar world cup 2022
hosted 32 teams such as the Al Bayt stadium – Al Khor City which had 60,000 seats capacity for
the spectators, Thumama stadium also housing about 40,000 spectators, Al Wakrah stadium with
40,000 capacity as well, Ras Abu Aboud stadium, a 40,000 capacity building and Qatar
foundation stadium, Khalifa International stadium which has a 40,000 seat capacity, however,
this stadium was not built from scratch, rather, it was renovated to include the cooling as well as
technical structures required in a city with high humidity. (Hayajneh, et al, 2017). In that regard,
it can be well adjudged that the average capacity of these stadiums could be 47,500 seats with
the largest one having 80,000 capacity where the final match was hosted, that is the Lusail
stadium. (Tahmasseby, et al, 2022).

Management of Sustainability Projects in FIFA 2022 World Cup

Research has revealed that the management of sustainability projects in the 2022 FIFA world cup
encompasses a number of mechanisms, such as the infrastructure for disabled fans to gain access
to the venues, like seating areas, provision of aids to facilitate mobility and audio descriptive
commentaries, an innovation that allows these disabled fans to enjoy a tournament experience
without the feeling that they have been left out. (The Peninsula, Qatar, 2022). Also, the reduction
of waste, hence, the use of recycling techniques, this is envisaged in the Ras Abu Aboud stadium
were Qatar hosted some of the matches in the group stage which housed 40,000 spectators.
(SCDL, 2020). Opposed to the other stadiums, this particular one was structured in such a way
that its building and construction was from a number of shipping containers which when tallied
amounted to about 972 with components of steel and removable seats structurally. (SCDL,
2020). The rationale behind the government’s decision was drawn from the fact that the
everyday brick and mortal houses or buildings produce a high volume of CO2 emissions which
has caused more harm to the environment than the economic benefits that accrue to the host
communities after the mega sports event like FIFA World Cup 22. (Marie, et al, 2012).
Therefore at the close of the mega event, the dismantling of this stadium is witnessed which
results in leaving behind a legacy for future host countries to learn from and follow strictly as the
dismantled parts of the stadium can also be reused for other sports events or non-sports events,
thereby highlighting Qatar’s sustainability goals and commitment to achieve a net-zero carbon
by 2030. (SCDL, 2020).

Similarly, as a means of managing the Qatar’s sustainability project, the sustainability manager
ensured that there are due and adequate mechanisms for the training of staff, segregation and
awareness-raising activities which were carried out by individuals who volunteered to
disseminate information pertaining to sustainability. (The Peninsula,Qatar, 2022). Likewise, it
utilized a mechanism where incidents are duly reported and resolved in the course of the
tournament with the inclusion of arrangement for governance and an avenue to collate the
lessons so learned. (The Peninsula, Qatar, 2022).

How Project Management can be used to Manage Sustainability on Mega Events of This Nature

Irrespective of the assertion that mega events only last for a duration of at least four weeks, it
requires adequate preparation by the host countries from the moment they bid and are duly given
the opportunity to host the event. (Parkes, et al, 2016). Also, these preparation requires the joint
efforts of several promoters and stakeholders so as to balance the goal of bringing to the
limelight these host countries as well as sustaining the country post-events for continuous living
on the part of the residents and tourists. (Parkes, et al, 2016). Thus, these events more often than
not, brings a large number of persons from their respective nations to a specified location, which
in turns requires the optimization of certain infrastructures and transportation system, thereby
disrupting the normal daily patterns of the residents in the specified location. (Wu, et al, 2016).
Hence, there is a need to properly managed as much as possible the sustainability projects which
the host countries in collaboration with their stakeholders would have put in place to align with
the sustainable development goals formulated by the United Nations. (Huemann, et al, 2017).

The existence of a sustainable project is tied to the workings of a project manager and his team,
as this has been duly noted to be a very important determinant of the durability of the
sustainability project. (Marcelino-Sadaba, et al, 2015). The rationale for this is premised on the
fact that projects have been stated to be a roadmap to sustainability. (Marcelino-Sadaba, et al,
2015). Pertinently, since 2009, several scholars have reiterated the importance and role of project
management in the management of sustainability projects and development as a whole. (Cerne,
et al, 2019). Huemann, et al, (2017) in his opinion has argued that project management is very
important for the adequate management of sustainability project as it contributes greatly to the
organizations as well as the society, thereby highlighting the issues of responsibilities to the
society of professionals in this field.

Sone, (2008) suggested that as a separate aspect of management, project management assists to a
great extent managers in handling huge projects which requires the skills of the project manager,
the project team and a project management system jointly. Importantly, the project management
system includes a good organizational structure, processing of information and decision-making
and mechanisms used in enabling integration of horizontal and vertical factors of the
organization of projects. (Sone, 2008). de la Cruz Lopez, et al, (2021) states that the fulcrum of
project management in managing sustainability projects of a high level magnitude is to highlight
the objectives of these projects and the achievement of same in the long run. Therefore, there are
a number of processes which must be gradually taken so as to align with the management of
sustainability projects for mega events like FIFA World cup and Olympics in view of project
management. (de la Cruz Lopez, et al, 2021). These processes are; planning of the project
sustainability management (that is map out a sustainability management plan), the creation of
sustainability breakdown structures, the defining of the sustainability objective(s), identifying the
designs options, the determination of the sustainability strategy, the implementation of the
strategy so determined and then the monitoring and controlling the sustainability project. (de la
Cruz Lopez, et al, 2021). Project Management Institute (2021) provides that for the first process,
the project manager is required to create a sustainability management plan and ensure that it
incorporates same into the plan map out for project management in joint usage of existing or
subsidiary elements where appropriate. In that respect, this plan on managing sustainability will
in turn set out the modes or models of managing the sustainability objectives or expectations
which have been determined by group of promoters or stakeholders such as FIFA, Supreme
Committee for Delivery and Legacy or the International Olympics Committee. (de la Cruz
Lopez, et Al, 2021).

Crucially, the mode of managing this will depend largely on the kind of projects to be carried
out, for instance, in the construction of stadiums or venues to house spectators and host the sports
mega events, a frequent mode utilized is the Building Research Establishment Environmental
Assessment Methodology (BREEAM) which has been regarded to be a very effective and
efficient method for managing sustainability project. (Wang, 2021). In addition, it is pertinent to
note that for an adequate sustainability management plan, the contents must consists of the
following; the mechanisms for the management scheme, procedures which may be required to be
used internally, modes of assessment, models for certification, certification agencies or
authorizes (where necessary), software to aid assessment, to mention but a few. (de la Cruz
Lopez, et al, 2021).
Accordingly, the next process is the creation of sustainability breakdown structure which
involves the division into different structures for the sustainability project so as to help in
ascertaining whether or not more than one modes for managing the project will be required along
the line. (de la Cruz Lopez, et al, 2021). On the part of the process of defining the sustainability
objective, it is sacrosanct that the object as a whole is formulated, and where this is
impracticable, objectives as to the structures broken in the former process becomes favorable.
Thus, the objectives could be either quantitative (that is, utmost CO2 emissions and energy
consumption) or qualitative. (de la Cruz Lopez, et al, 2021). Likewise, the next procedure for
managing sustainability project will be the identification of design options which will ultimately
be utilized. For instance, in the event that meetings are to be convened, the options range from
either holding the meetings the traditional way (face-to-face) or the modern way (virtual or
online), which shall however, consider the sustainability impacts. (de la Cruz Lopez, et al, 2021).
Also, it is necessary determine a definite sustainable strategy with the aid of assessing the design
options to make a final decision. (de la Cruz Lopez, et al, 2021). Invariably, on the completion of
the preparation and planning of the sustainability project, the next thing will be the
implementation of the strategy so defined and determined which is a vital process in project
management. (de la Cruz Lopez, et al, 2021). Lastly, upon the execution of the sustainability
strategy, it is pertinent that a monitoring and controlling unit is established to consistently
monitor and control the happenings as a very constant phenomenon is change. The rationale for
this assertion is that the moment any form of change occurs, it will change primarily, the index
of the sustainability project thereby making difficult the achievement of the sustainability
objectives. (de la Cruz Lopez, et al, 2021).

In addition, the absence of some skills for good project management on the part of the project
manager and his team for the project will greatly affect the results of the project, as they are
saddled with huge responsibility. Thus, a project manager must be very competent in carrying
out these duties. ( de la Cruz Lopez, et al, 2021).

Compare and contrast the sustainability approach with other similar events like rugby, the
Olympics
Studies have shown that in the sports industry, mega events such as the Olympics, Rugby, and
FIFA World Cup are the essence of the industry as they create values that are closely linked to
several industries presently. (Girginov, et al, 2009). Accordingly, Olympic games mainly
focused on economic and social benefits rather than sustainable development of the host cities as
well as the regions around it. Thus, in 1994, when the Winter Games was to take place in
Norway, the government raised concerns about the need to create and improve on sustainability
projects for mega-events like Olympics and therefore stated its great interest and commitment to
the sustainable goals. (Adenauer-Stiftung, 2011). In that regard, the International Olympics
Committee (IOC) in 1996 took steps to declare in the Olympic Charter, the need for the
protection of the environment to meet the needs of the present generation without jeopardizing or
putting aside the needs of future generation. (Gold, et al, 2013). Pertinently, sustainability was
the focal interest of subsequent Olympic games and that of countries who bid to be given the
platform to host the games. (Weiler, et al, 2010). Likewise, in 2003, the IOC made a declaration
that to meet up with the sustainability standards, there was a need to establish an Olympics
games impact assessment which shall provide determining factors to address the attendant results
of these games to the environment, nation’s economic and the social welfare of the countries
invariably.(Adenauer-Stiftung, 2011).

Consequently, in the 2012 Olympics games, London put forward a sustainability strategy
containing five major parameters, that is, climate change, social inclusion as well as raising the
standard for future games. (Talavera, et al, 2019).Accordingly, in 2012 the sustainable
development goals were developed by the United Nations founded on the sustainable theory as
the strategic agenda of multinational growth from 2015 to. 2030, thereby, from the provisions of
Article 37 of Transforming Our World: 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, it specifies
that amongst other things,sports also must promote the sustainability of the environment. (Zhang,
et al, 2022).

A cursory look at the practices in place in the Olympics games, the main concern has been sports
and culture before the Olympics Agenda 2020 which has now brought to light the need to have a
sustainable legacy in the pre and post-Olympics games, that is, from the bidding stage to the
close of the ceremony as incorporated by the IOC in December 2014. (Kim, et al, 2021).
In 2014, Sochi, a city found on the Russian Black Sea coast hosted the next Olympic winter
games with sustainability agenda as major turnout it expects as outcomes from the event,
however, the reports reveal otherwise. (Muller, 2015). In his opinion, Muller, (2015) states that
the various damages occasioned by heavy as well as extensive construction resulted in the loss of
the sustainable effects Sochi thought it will achieve in the long run. These damages were evident
in Mzymta, which was one of the main streams in the country. Also, due to the continuous
disposal of wastes from construction into the water system resulted in the excessive
concentration of arsenic, hydrocarbon as well as phenol which made the water unsuitable for
drinking and other usages by the inhabitants of the country. (Muller, 2015).

Subsequently, in 2016, the IOC circulated the Sustainable Development Strategy which
promoted sustainability as the working principle of the Olympics as it implements the United
Nations' sustainable development framework. (Zhang, et al, 2022). In the same respect, the 2018
Pyeongchang Winter Olympics employed a sustainable strategy that sets out to rejuvenate
Gangwon Province's economic development which was facing a decline. (Kim, et al, 2021). In
the same vein, the province was expanded to include a logistics and winter sports hub as well as
developing a transportation infrastructure aimed at reducing drastically greenhouse gas emissions
by providing trains to convey the residents of Gangwon province and other spectators from other
nationalities. (Kim, et al, 2021).

Compare and contrast the strategies employed by different world cup events towards ensuring
the sustainability of the events

Death, (2011) states that during the FIFA World Cup in Germany in 2006, a sustainable greening
plan was employed, thereby the establishment of the ‘Green Goal Initiative’ with the major
purpose of reducing the impacts of the World cup organization on the environment. This
initiative pays close attention to energy, water, waste management as well as a sustainable
transportation system. FIFA, (2006) revealed that Germany was able to realize a neutral carbon,
in spite of the fact that they failed to take into consideration the carbon emissions produced by
spectators as well as fans who travelled from far and near to watch the tournament as major
contributors to an unsustainable environment. In that respect, a sustainable legacy has been
raised by Germany and it now behoves on subsequent host countries to take off from this point
or slack off regardless. (Dolles, et al, 2010).
Therefore, in 2010, when South Africa was awarded an opportunity to host the FIFA World Cup,
it faced some challenges which caused it to be unable to step up the sustainability legacy as
created by Germany, that is, as a result of the financial status of the country compared to its
counterparts as well as the prevailing social inequalities discovered. (Death, 2011). Accordingly,
South African government tried to follow the pattern of the Green Goal Initiative, but the focus
of their program was titled towards resolving social and economic related issues. (Death, 2011).
Inter alia, issues which relates to the creation of jobs, infrastructure as well as boosting the
country’s economy as opposed to attendant effects on the environments in the face of spotty
projects which lacks an adequate direction until almost to the end of the tournament. (Death,
2011). Significantly, South African government as much as possible raised the bar when it comes
to the transportation system that was improved although concerns were raised as to the
expenditures made on the stadium in spite of the lack of housing by the residents of the country.
(Death, 2011).

In the same vein, in 2014, the world cup was hosted by Brazil who has been regarded to be on
the similar pedestal with South Africa. (Death, 2011). Malhado, et al, (2014) argued that Brazil is
a country in the developing process which has a high rate of poverty, decline in economic as well
as a well-known statistics on corruption. Furthermore, in his opinion, he stated that the country
faced protests from a large number of its residents and the public as the activities and operations
geared towards the World Cup did not put into consideration the development of the country
rather, it focused mainly on the proper execution of the tournament. (Malhado, et al, 2014). In
addition, the sustainable environment raised less concern for the country as this was thoroughly
neglected, thereby leaving the tournament although successful in the hands of critics. (Malhado,
et al, 2014).

After the bidding process which determines the country to host the FIFA World Cup in 2018,
four years after that in Brazil, Russia was chosen and in collaboration with several stakeholders,
the Russian government established a sustainability strategy in 2013. (Ermolaeva, et al, 2020).
This strategy sets out to develop social, economic as well as environmental advantage for the
host cities and surrounding regions and map out improved standards in the country while
considering the existing strategies and programmes on national development. (Ermolaeva, et al,
2020). Germane to, the sustainability strategy comprises social, environmental and economic
related matters which is further divided into nine sacrosanct points with 25 objectives as duly
highlighted by a stakeholder analysis comprehensively. (Ermolaeva, et al, 2020). In that regard,
the Russian government put a lot of thought into the construction of the stadiums thereby
considering the socio-environmental issues like management and conservation of waste, green
zones development in the terrain as well as the construction of such infrastructures suitable for
disabled persons to give them a satisfactory tournament experience which will in turn place the
country in the pedestal of countries with the most sophisticated and greenest stadiums. (FIFA,
2018).

Interestingly, the world Rugby has taken upon itself the responsibility to regulate as well as
inspire, thus publicizing of an agenda to proper direct actions of sustainability in a broader way
for the games with the joint efforts of stakeholders, rugby related and non-related. (McKeown,
2019). Accordingly, the support system of rugby can be observed in this agenda, as it
demonstrates the duty of every individual and groups in the team which includes National
Federation, continental groups, partners, suppliers, fans, official, etc. (McKeown, 2019).
Therefore, studies shows that the world rugby has overtime incorporated sustainability projects
although along the way may derail from the purpose of the projects, thereby not achieving as
much positive impacts it intended to achieve primarily. (McKeown, 2019). In that regard, there
has been an evaluation processes of the multiple activities to be carried out, in a bid to proper
recognize the best practices as well as avenues for due advancement which cuts across the
fulcrum of sustainability, to wit: Social parameters: immense participation, communal
partnerships, diversity, inclusion and equality; environmental parameters: venues, supply chain,
events, tournaments and vast operations; economic parameters: high return on investment,
adequate efficiencies as well as redistribution. (McKeown, 2019).

Likewise, to further accentuate these sustainable development goals, world rugby formulated
actions ranging from social initiatives to environmental as well as economic initiatives.
(McKeown, 2019). For the social initiatives, it involves entering into partnership with several
charities and NGOs which are also in proper alignment with the sustainable development goals
set out by the United Nations in a bid to use the sports of rugby as a platform to advance equality
of gender, boost rugby by disabled persons as well as increase the level of participation from
countries still in the developing stage. (McKeown, 2019). On the other hand, the environmental
initiatives requires that the host city or country selection requirements for the competition will be
properly reassessed taking into consideration the environmental status of these host countries.
(McKeown, 2019). Hence, several guidelines are set out to ensure the
reduction/reusing/recycling signage as well as the promotion of the usage of teleconference
amenities to further reduce the attendant results of travels on the environment. (McKeown,
2019). Also, the guidelines seeks to facilitate the use of smart energy to provide energy-efficient
workplaces. (McKeown, 2019). Pertaining the initiatives on economic, it consists of identifying
internal as well as external cost-savings and opportunities for funding so as to complement and
increase world rugby’s strength in the eyes of spectators and the public generally. (McKeown,
2019).

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