Chapier- % Natit Soil (ayer I : : is thn ee a Seepage pressure - Iw xh pala | Seepage yorce = seepage prossurex Ara — WXKXA = Myr Axe [us tengih of {low L ‘ jolt] = TWwx9yv a Seepage ¢0rce per _umt volume= Yyyx? shore; Ls Lenin 04 glow path “4 Spee hydraulic _Gradfent . fp} d Scanned with CamScannerFagen NEW LN aie: |Seepage s- Seepage te dofined as we low ofa ltd (usually | water) dhvouph a. Soil under_a ydrauire. gead?ant. Perme abili'ty 6 the property of a_i “thot _ollows ie wotee to.glow through. it .. interconnected voids 4.4|| Two. dimensional... flow < loploce equation b- Two dimensional Flow %5° that -ylow in_which -+he velocity Components in Q horizontal & vertical atrectton vary rom. point to point within the -cr0ss- section. of: soil ..mass~ 2 Vat Wax ae 5: - dzls| 2 eof ey Ly ee t——> nt Vn y du Vn on ce = i dn, - Vz x Assumptions $- ‘) 0 i flow %5 — two-d?mensional steady. water 6 soil ave incompressible» Soil_{§ isotropic. 8 homogenous - q Scanned with CamScanner= iv) [Soi ¥5 gully soturated» _ NES wl Darcy's low 76 - valid. (v«i) s NS =i (= WA lita.” cfeckarge: ontering he clement je _egual 10 digcharge ig loment + \ the_ plement ea ca me oe let us condder a _-a0i) moss _having whickness dR 8 d2 dlong nm & z direction. let ine urickness along y= a7is _be_antty/ i) |Lperpendtculor to the plane _of poper). let Vn 8 Ve be the velocity of _water entering $ne__ element along a gz Girechoa- oR te : 4 “ao _tre_element = Vax |dzx4)+ Vex [ania) Amount of woter _. enterin ct = _Vydzt Vzdn (Amount oy water leaving One olem ent = [Vy tn x.dn\ a sf V; +e dz) Om, an z aie _||Prom Laplace, Amount _o, woter entering = Amount of water lodvin, Vn 4 Ve/Ain2 Vybz + OVy dn.dz+ Vedn + Vz dz Adm oa De OVn dndz + aVz xdndz =O an oz @_dndz | 2Vn 5. avz_\ =0 Wg nae S 1 [an azJ ps. : : i, ; Scanned with CamScannerFai na NEWUNK bale pp _lidn dz. thickness Of vi) element andz + 0 An + 2V2 = 0 is the yequired- continuity equation an oz —— (il from Dovey tar Vi? Vek? Vy == kn Xn wes an ‘ “Vz = ke X dh - S : dz % a from 2 [=k xah ew) = ike x ah) an | 5 an oz dz 2; = Wes — knoe 2 egy 0h = 0 z Qa? = = Qn = SMa aS 3 = 95 the Tequtved _Laploce eq” gor an a footvopic soil. interms Of head: : Srace; = he. wil 18 isotropic, kn Kee k 2 oh 0 ob, = kx Wh = EX BT an oz —— Scanned with CamScanner: 2, dh _ , on f | [cant 02? $6. the required equation» Laplace eq’ fa “gor Of s we Knows a ge -kh a oe Along x ~ dtrechon Sree = Ob. Seay = Va ee ~ on On 20 2 =k oh =-Ve : oz az = sa from OO : 2 0 =0 an?” 952 #2 Plow netS,. Characterist cs, application. Scanned with CamScanner———— Pjous ine | 2 a 7 dow — Stream int | / Djs 7 line ye > _equipotentiol } line (@- fire J Flow jine) stream fine | p log &

deaun fo cut the watel ‘fine produced at D. Thouon D veil g line DH_§g drawn» DH ~wSil_pe the directrix og tng__prab AN tne ofd-point Gy AM Sil bo the _ last point oy posabd® Ya the body of dam. = __ at Scanned with CamScanner5) ta termedtate pos ee ee —Ppeint on ee that any point on yee PeUabela—a1e_otoined _gyom on . Whe _pardoola 15 egitdtota pegpecty | and _ directx . 4 nce grom _gpcus 6) || A~ smoot curve 45 a ay Drown joining ¢ 4 4, : “ d na io 4 8 inter o meptesenting the base parabola. SG—“G 6 intermediate points Tne __phreatio line 2) i3 bined by Lortecling base parabola ty % : : Le upstream joce 8 filter bork ok Tight angles ae Phreattc ne 3- The line FG is called” g phieatie Fine» a_phroakie line is the _Ifne wivnin ‘he dam _sectfon below. _wh?ch _ yhere ig a positive hydrostatic pressure Sa. the dam. On tne fine _itsel, the T s 5 < io value of hydrostatic pwssum 45 ze. Above the fine here willbe Q zane of copillory. saturation. Phreqtic- fine - 96 paraboite: in earthen — dam. Equation 04 base parabola’ pie A) 0 OND arotonce 0} ony point PL” y) on he Taking 1A’ 06 prigia, she 2 ony p iB same" As_—yne-dfstanee. of wnat ne~ _-gocus * parabola “sport phe = gocus point 470m cirectriv “from fqures Se ees Ap? GH =e @ Ap = Jey? QH = ABTOH : ae 2 at : Scanned with CamScanneruO) Notey? = nes —() iano required _parabaltc equation. Squaring both _shdes Wry 2 mes ans oy 25% Ins © From b | [n%y? = n+6 Let ot: [b,h) be any point Alben? = b+ St be b | a ee from Darcy's Iau GQ = kin = kx dy x [yys) — Ueno” from (6) ys_[s°r 2nsV? §_= kx d[sronsY? x (Stans)? On —- (styne) "x 48 «SE py? eer Scanned with CamScannerye A section 0 homogenous _eovinen dam % shown ‘in sigue NEW LINK am he 5MPKh Oh _pormeariitiy Ga hori Bxi0" om] s & 26x10" om)s an dental & vertical direction ore Tes Pechvely- Estima te aPSCharGe Yhrough dam section Pechwely ate she seepage os 40m =" ! 25 1am N Sls 1 N {9810233 asus 12m ink ¢- b= 10-5410 104332 sige O38 2 bn Se ASG Slop cb hoon Z : he rbup 7 wake = ; Se Kor 8x10" on)s Bel 2h > - q = teqx8- Kz = 36x10 07) 9 2 : — w tg fet = i Gs Jen =-b = 4f6a.5 14? - 63°5 ae 2 om on Saar + Sue, Ge KXS = $:96x 1K 152 a) + G15 X10 msec Scanned with CamScannerPage bate Ortho ganaliny Of streamlines and oquipotental fines i] (W-tine) (-lines) Stream guncton is _gven by: P= e[ nz) - Diggorentia ting Ov.= OV. y dn + Wy dz an = az From dey nition 04 Lamb. and __ Gatchelor ey 2 vw op su a on ee d= -y.dn + wdz ‘Wr a partitular. Stream — line, Stream {uncifon fs ~ constont- f 50, v= 0 + Sees ee ots 0 = —Vedm pr wedz- : Ss Vedn.= Usd ee el slope 4 stream fines 2 ere: Gn Sndicates “ne i i 25 given by} Equipo tential tunction 6 _given oS = Fl% z) Dirgeren qatig, 2 re gee - Ob x dz 2s qa ee on Scanned with CamScannerlamb and _Gaiohelor. From doyini fon oy ab = u an od > Ve oz = = dp = wdnt v.dz - — for a parkeular equipotentia! line equipotential yunchion 4g” Constant “ db=0 oh 0 = Wnt vidz Ob -udn= vVdz i Oe os pe = Bess se & Qs . dn 95 ne slope of cquipotentiol — ling. az - ¥ We know; |G sg) ee Caz] yiine (02 J bine” Ke “The streamline and eguipotential lines are. porpondiculat 1 eOCh _olner. : . Scanned with CamScannerBA Rate Of —Seepoge, pit pressure, ox fis 4 Seepoge velocity 2- See Seepage 1090. -velock = _the ne veloc ee b sip t ays Tow. volocthy Of ground water which 95 | KS. = SNe icy] Vz. kpx? Kez Kk Vs Wee Soe V K= coopicient oy permeability. - ligt pressure 3 mee upigt pressure, tha given “pot iS she__ pore woker pressure acting vertically pit due 10 the presoure neod at —jnat point: -||the total _upliyt foroe _acls oppastte to tne wt- of dam and nonce reduces the stability oy — nydraulte Structure. Upirst pressure of the -darn Con bb- opyeetively reduced by providing vertical cut oKk wails of dams Concrete ° Uls aan als — > gheet prlej cut of) wails Or Scanned with CamScanner= Page HGS NEW ay ae Se Exit gradient (to) © ae The hydraulic _giadtent at exit is called as et gay Edt gradient [ip)= Ah . : - lo. Z Ah =H Es Ng = Gait gradient con be reduced ip a considerable oxtont p> = providing vertical cutoyy wall at ne downstfeam end ok base : 1 dam | cutos, wall ‘inereases yo lenge of flour pon § nny yeducoS, ne _oxtt gradient) - i Concrete dam Scanned with CamScannerFat lure: é i i i am: fi due to Piping § its prevention ‘protective fiver Piping. failure é- Water that pesculates through cart dams and. sheir goundotion con Try Soil particles thot are _ fee =" reigrate: THe. Seepage gorces tend 40 touch. the -erod?ble gr sot soi) or sojt Sst to move Enword downstream -¢ace of — dam: This =pfocess causes tne soiluae 0} dom by othe yormation Ob pipe hoped. Channel .-nown as fing goilure.” ) Prevention 01 piping yotlure :- = By providing ardinage _{fltor 2) by providing vertical cutoyy walls G 3) By ‘nereoging the base: width o). dam 4 By provid?ng impeTWfous. blanket on _ypsived df g Protective filter 8 Protect ve filters gre _used--in _ompantment dams to protect _| fi ji ined material: thar could lead t agoinst nffgration 0, fine grofined ma digan rofluse § 10 provide drdinage to please excess pore wates gO. s : Hot may exist on tne dam: Meee ee Requirement of Se jp i) “he._aggreqaie gradation of protective filter C 9 b 9 lami nob fe . grained posticles ‘om the body Of d L : carried, way by = tne _glou Z —_— Scanned with CamScannerPiping requirements ‘ . 5 = Ds [fiter) < 5 sul, ee Das (dam) i 2)| The glows must_pe_aligwed tp pass —snrough the _dsofn fey > §n_order to. prevent. excessive. built ex up —_ pressure jj inthe which _ may threatened. thé Stability of _ structure. a Permeability requirement _ : = Dis| Filter) > 5 D15 (dam) 9, o S ore Seepage Hprough anisotropic _condftion 3 kn #ke from Coatnutty equation Vn Ove = 9 ——() ae ey On 92 : from Darcy's igus ; Vaz Kn X Gh on V7.2 Kx dh Bs dz es Scanned with CamScannerXp 2 MK | ke kee ky Kou yo [a i reo em fic _ i = pose length % dam Ty tne _ soil 78 “anisotropic _in_yhot _006e should be Saerase * decrease. Scanned with CamScanner: prove that the stream function satisfies golution: the Laplace equation, ction is a scalar i ; oct ina direction inclined at +90° (clockwise) to the orginal dene . vinestream function is designated as (x,y) " me . ie v% a -Vy : () From Darcy's law; we have, Space and , yah Vy = kiy = kay Now, ifvelocity potential, ¢, is defined as kh, ¢ being a function of x and y, ® ws : @ The continuity equation and Laplace équation can be expressed as; "Save, OV, hr ay =0 Fa and, ae + a From equation (1) and (2); we get, =0 a hs Ox : « BFy ote, Heo Thy ay? = ~ axey + axay si “stream function satisfies Laplace eqatio” Scanned with CamScannerx un me stream and downstream heads of an impervious dam are 8 mand ae fee then find the seepage discharge when seepage of water belo ny © from upstream to downstream via the isotropic soil laying ipo © impervious dam. Take total number of flow channels 3 €quipotential drops as 9 and 12 respectively, Also, take coefficient of permeability of the soil layer, k = 3 x 10-4 ¢ rife: paeerr Scanned with CamScannerre; ; ‘a Permeability of soil layer (k) = 3 x 10~* cm/sec, =3x107° m/sec. Ne=9 Ny = 12 Total head causing flow (h) = 8-1=7m Now, Seepage discharge through soil (q) = kaye =3x 10° x 7x 4 q = 15.75 x 10° m3/sec. per meter length of pilling Scanned with CamScannerAn earth dam is built on an impervious foundation with a horizontal filter at the base near the toe. The permeability of the soil in the horizontal and vertical directions are 3 x 10~? mm/s and 1 x 10~? mm/s respectively. The full reservoir level is 30 m above the filter. A flow net constructed for the transformed section of the dam, consist of 4 flow channels and 16 head drops. Estimate the seepage loss per metre length of the dam. Scanned with CamScannerGiven that; ky = 3 107 mm/s = 3 x 10% m/s: k, =1x 107 mm/s = 10° m/s H=30m Equivalent cance k, = Vkpky = V3 x 10° x 1x ir k, = 1.732 x 107 5 m/s Seepage loss per metre length of dam = k,.xH x at mf Now, 5 4 = 1732 10° x 30x 75 = 1,299 x 10~* m*/sec. Scanned with CamScannerA flow net for seepage under the sheet piling is shown in the figure. Estimate approximately the quantity of seepage in cum/day/m leng the piling, if the permeability of the snd is 5x10 cm/s . If the |22m ‘aturated ‘unit weight of sand is SkN/m®, what is the factor of tiles against piping in front of the Scanned with CamScannerHere, bility of sand (K) = 5 * 10°cm/s = 5 x 10-5 /s Permeabi a: Flow net diagram can be drawn as, From the flow net diagram, Ne=5 Ng =12 Total head causing flow Seepage through soil, =m 5 5 q Skhyt = 5x 107 x2x55 = 4167 x 10° m?/s/m length of Pilling = 4167 x 10 x 60 x 60 x 24 * 4 =3.6m'/day/mlength of pilli Now, to calcula fect of one (h) =225-2=2m- 5 ae a ts the'factor of safety. against Piping, let us calculate the” “ONS Pesue at botomof prism (EIA) which has width 3 from sheet Pi* Head drop (th) = A _ 2-1. , ney Ni“ T2=3 Beh mth 2632 ay Wa Ba nth=2~ 921 «467 Average uplift pressure (y,) — he +h = 140467 h, = 0.733 2 Given that; , ‘ Saturated unit weight of sang.= 19 KN/m? Scanned with CamScannerSubmerged unit weight of sand = 19 — 9.8 = 9.2 kN/m? We have, Dyy 03% 92 Factor of safety against piping = Faye = 0735 x58 FOS = 3.84 . Scanned with CamScanner1. A soil stratum with permeability, k = 5 x 49-7 impermeable stratum. The impermeable stratum lieg aaa eng, below the ground surface (surface of soil Stratum), 4. i epth of ne penetrates 8 m into the permeable soil stratum, Water stands eet Pile on upstream side and 1.5 m on downstream sid 0 a hej Nall cals een sia net and determine; ” *°Ve the suey i) quantity of seepage. . ep ii) _ the seepage pressure at a point 'p' located at a point yy below surface of soil stratum and 4 m away from the A Vacated 5 on its upstream side. , eet Dil, wat iii) ~ the pore pressure at point 'p' and iv) the maximum exit gradient, Solution: 3 The flow net is shown below. Number of potential drops, Na=8 4) Head causing flow, 14 = . Qu antity of Seepage, q = kant =(5 x 107°) x75x () Number of flow channel, Ne=4 > : : = 18.7 x 10” m3 /sec per metre length ii) Potential dropper fit ah = HL 75 Number of potential drops up 8 PS UP to point pn = 2.5 = _trotal head ai oias bw (H nah) = 7.5 -25 x 0.9375 = 5.6" Seepage pressure at ' Pa = byw = 5.16 x 9,81 = 50.62 kN/m? il) . Hydrostatic head at'p' hy = hp sig once Pore pressure at 'P!. = hw = 1466 x 9.8] = 143,81 KN/m? iv) Average length of exit field adjacent to sheet pile wall, lp = 2.8m Maximum exit gradient, i, = * = 2.9875 _ — Scanned with CamScannera OTE et the following have been clearly indicated, in te oandary flow lines: BC, DE and JK. : : oundary equipotential lines: AB and EF. From the flow net drawn in Q. no. 1, compute, 2 From ie factor of safety against heave piping if the saturated weight of soil is 20 kN/m? and the effective filter weight réquired to be provided on downstream side to increase the factor of safety to 3. ii) olution: rrat of flow nets shown in the figure below. heplot According to Terzaghi, heave piping occurs if the upward seepage Pressures on the sections are equal or exceeds the downstream effective stress at that level. Wehave, hy = (= nah) = (7.5 —4 x 0.9375) = 3.75 m hy = 7.5 - 4.75 x 0.9375 = 3.05 m he = 75-5 x 0.9375 = 281m ha = 7.5 5.25 x 0.9375 = 258m h,=75-55 x 0.9375 = 234m hy = Afeaof h-plot 12.18 _ 3.95 m Upward seepage pressiare at level a-e = 3.05 x 9.81 = 29.92 kN/m? ward effective stress due to soil = 8(20— 9.81) = 81.52 KN/m? aE of safety against heave piping = a =27 so shoud is to be increased to 3, downward effective vertical stress due to 3 XP, =3 x 29.92 = 89.76 kN/m? filter weight = 89.76 — 81.52 = 8.24 kN/m” Scanned with CamScannerTwo lines of sheet piles were driven in a river bed as shown in the fj The depth of water over the river bed is 8.20 ft. The trench level withi * sheet piles is 6.6 ft below the river bed. The water level within the sj piles is kept at trench level by resorting to pumping. If a quantity of flowing into the trench form outside is 3.23 ft/hour per foot len; sheet pile, what is the hydraulic conductivity of sand? What is hydraulic gradient immediately below the trench bed? : Scanned with CamScannerThe differential head between the bottom of trench and the water level in the river is 14.8 ft. Number of channels = 6 Number of equipotential drops = 10 N, =k . a= N or, 323 = 18x xk 323x10...-1 4 k= TF3x6 * exo = 1X 10 ft/sec The distance between the last two equipotential given is 2.95 ft. The calculated hydraulic gradient is, . dh__148__gs Os ~ 10x29 ~~ FS= dont = eo =2<5to6; which is normally Tequired for sand, i Scanned with CamScannerA sheet pile wall was driven across a river to a depth of 6 m below th river bed. It retains a head of water of 12 m. The soil below the river Dedis silty sand and extends up to a depth of 12 m where it meets impermeable stratum of clay. Flow net analysis gave Nr = 6 and N, = The hydraulic conductivity of the sub soil is k = 8 x 10~ nymin. average uplift pressure head h, at the bottom of the pile is 3.5. saturated unit weight of the soil y,.¢ = 19.5 kN/m’. Determine; a) The seepage loss per meter length of pile per day. b) The factor of safety against heave on downstream side of the pile. Scanned with CamScannera) Seepage loss The loss of head, h = 12m Scanned with CamScanner5 q= kag = (8 x 10 ) x12 = 48 x 107 m/min = 69.12 x 107? m3/day b) Here, +W, FS= Wet We _ Dy Baty and, h, = 3.5m Yo = Ysat — Yw = 19.5 — 9.81 = 9.69 kN/m? FS = 09.69 35x98 ~ 169 Scanned with CamScannerAn earth dam of homogeneous section having horizontal filter is shown in the figure, the coefficient of Permeability of the soil used in the dam is 5x 10° cmysec. Determine the equation of basic parabola and estimate the quantity of seepage. Solution: ry : idering starting point of filter as origin, the equation of parabola is given by, | = ferry? -x A Scanned with CamScannerwhere, x9 = distance of directrix from the origin and (x, y) are the coor. any point on the parabola. The parabola cuts the reservoir water surface ‘c' such that, AC = 80 — 20-394+11.7=327m Depth at entry point = 13 m Xo = ¥ (32.7)? + (13)? -32.7 =249m ¥ = ]2xxp + x¥ y = VE98x +62 This is the equation of basic parabola to construct the flow net, X(m | 0 | 10 20 30_ | 327 Y(m) [249 [748 | 10286 | 1247 | 13 Seepage flow per unit length of dam, g = kxy = 5 x 10 x 249 x 100 cm?/sec/em = 1.245 cm?/sec//em q = 1.245 x 10-4 m?/s/m length of dam Scanned with CamScanner|. al concrete dam is constructed aeross a river over permeable strata of the soil of limited thickness: The water head on wis side is 16m and on the Ws side is 2m. The floe net constructed under the dam wien My 2 Nam 21. Calculate the seepage toss through the subsoil if the average value of coefficient of permeability is 6* 107 emfsec horizomally and 3*104 cm/sec vertically, Calculate the exit gradient if the average length ofthe last fel is 0.9m. [0.74] (2010 Spring, EPS) 2. A sand deposit 10m thick overlies an impervious soil. A vertical sheet pile penetrates halfway. into the sand deposit. ‘The water level on one side of the wall is 3.0m and on the other side is 0.5m above the ground level. The sand stratum has a vertical permeability of 1.44m per day, and the horicontal permeability equals 8 times the permeability in the vertical direction, A’ flow net Hattuction reveals that there are 12 flow channels and 26 potential drops. Determine the seepage flow per day. [5.45%10%m/sec] 3. The section of homogencous earth dam horizontal and vertical directions are 8x10 seepage through the dam shown in fig.t. The coefficient of permeability in the m/sec and 3.6%10" cnvsee respectively. Estimate the ion. (8.16%10°m'/s/m] 25" November 2018, Prepared for nec-BDH Scanned by CamScanner Hd Soil Mechanics (GEOI70.4) a : Figl (fig ismot in scale) Sis, 2g inet in sealed Additional Practice (2008 Spring, 2011 Spring): ) The sect of a home shown in fig.2. The coefficient of permeability in the x and 2 divections a 3.68107 cm/sec respeenvely. Estimate the seepage through the dans section. ns cart dam 6 81" emlsee a Scanned with CamScanner4. 4 homogeneous earth dam 30-m high has free hard of 1.5 mn. Move net ware comstennted th following results were noted: nos of potential drops-12, nos of law channels Ue darn hs ong horizontal filter at its downstream re seepage Toss eras the dam per da width of the dam is 200 m & the coettici oil is 3.35~ 10 cm/sec. ‘alculate of permeability of the + deem is made of coarse sa 8. A 30 m high dam has a top width of 10.m and a free board of $m. The diam is made of having coficient of permeabiiny 4.50. 1 em/sce, A 6 m long horizontal drainage Hanke placed near the downstream end of the dam, Determine the quantity of seepage loss if the bot width of the dam be 18S m, (2014 Fall 6. A flaiv net for flow around a single row of sheet pile in a permeable soil is shown in figure below, KK, = SOM" mm/sec, determine: i. How high (above ground surfac neters placed at A, will the water rise, if measured by pi Cand D?(Ans: dm, 3.5m, 2m, 2m) i, What will be the rate of seepage through the flow chamel ~ IT per unit length of the si pile? (Ans: 25 mm*/secimm) , iii, What is total seepage per unit length through permeable layer? ?(Ans: 75 mm/sec/mm) I): A flow net for flow around a single row of shget piles in a perme ren, KK, 75010"cm/sec. ». How high (abave ground surface) will the water rise, if measured by pi cand a? ¥, What is the rate of seepage through the flow channel ~ II per unit width (perpendicular to section shown)? 25" November 2018 Prepared for nee-BDH rs placed at Scanned by CamScanner 4 1GE08704) Be Civin Ht permeable Laver per unit width ? Soil Me vy Whar is total rate of seepage throng i Fsbo ao cans a i. 87.5 10cm’ /seclem) (ans: i 13.33m 11.67 m, 6.67 m 6.67 m. ti, 29.166x 10% em’ /sec/em Scanned with CamScanner