UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

SEDIMENTARY FEATURES OF

THE BLACKHAWK FORMATION (CRETACEOUS)

AT SUNNYSIDE, CARBON COUNTY, UTAH

By John 0. Maberry II

Open-file report 1968

teen TdTJ 1S Prellmlnary and has not

^ith n S ,°r reviewed f<»- "nformity
»Uhnomenclature.
and U. s. Geological Survey standards
"onaaras
T-1190

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

SEDIMENTARY FEATURES OF THE BLACKHAWK FORMATION (CRETACEOUS)

AT SUNNYSIDB, 6ARBON 66UNTY, UTAH

By John 0. Maberry :il

ABSTRACT

The Blaclchawk Formation at Sunnyside, Utah, was de-

posited along the western margin o:f the Western Interior
Cretaceous sea during scutheastv/ard withdrawal of the sea.
Sand was the dominant type of land-derived sediment deposited
in the Sunnyside district during the regressive phases. Sand
bodies prograded seaward in response to changing sedisient
supply from a source west of Sunnyside. Yfhere conditions
were favorable for the accumulation of vegetable material,
peat deposits formed and were later changed to bituminous
coal by diagenesis. Studies of the coal bed. show that the
coals were formed from accumulation of small, low-growing
plants and plant debris that was transported into the area of
accumulation. Remains of large plants in the coals are rare.
Trace fossils, which are tracks, trails and burrows
formed by organisms and preserved in the rock, are extremely
abundant in the Blackhawk rocks. These biogenic sedimentary
structures are common in Cretaceous deposits throughout the
western United States. Trace fossil distribution in the
rocks is controlled by the depositional environment preferred

iii
 ^-#,&i^'-;-;&'&?-----&&~' : ;:?-^-.\.- . -. . - .. . ' ,- ^v-^-.'-, .-, : ; -,£.-"' - -, -. -.- r* -- ...- . ;-....-.-, -.^vs.. - .- -,., :.-.. ?:-.
^ -

T-1190 iv

by their creators. A study of the trace fossils of a lo-

cality allov/s a more precise determination of the conditions^*
during deposition of the sediments. Water depth, bottom
conditions, salinity, current velocity and amount of sus-
pended nutrients in the water are some of the environmental
factors that may be reconstructed by studying trace fossils.
The Blackhav/k Formation at Sunnyside comprises tv/o
members, the Kenilv/orth Member and the Sunnyside Member.
Field studies show that the formation may be further subdi-
vided in the Sunnyside district, according to the precepts
of units of niappable thickness and similar lithologic char-
acteristics. ,-The Blackhawk pinches out eastward and north-'
ward into the Mancos Shale, and names for submembers become
meaningless. Names are of value in the region of interest,
however, because of the prominence of the named units.
Coal mining is the ruain industry of the Book Cliffs
region. Mines of the Sunnyside district are plagued by coal
mine bumps, which are sudden, catastrophic releases of
stress in the coal. Bumps cause loss of life, property dam-
age, and loss of profit to mining companies. Bumps occur
when shear stress built up in the coal exceeds the shear
strength of the coal. Differential overburden pressure,
faulting and tectonic activity, and lithology and structure
of roof rocks are factors which influence bumps. Petroleum
 w&

T-1190

and natural gas (methane), which occur locally in pockets

in the roof rocks above coal beds, may be diagenetic
products of organic-rich sediments.
 **- -i-' ' -',- - -:'

T-1190

CONTENTS

Page
ABSTRACT .. 0 .....................o........ *.......**... i-U
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOiNS . . . ............... o .. o ..... o ..... viii
INTRODUCTION .................................o..o o... 0 1
Location .............e...«.....o.e............... 1
Methods of Investigation ......................... 3
Previous Work ...............................<>. 0 .. 4
Acknowledgements .....................e...e..««... 6
GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY ......,.........................<>. 9
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY ...... 0 ...........................o. 14
TRACE FOSSILS: BIOGENIC SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES ..*.... 19
Uses of Trace Fossils .. 0 ...... .................. 23
Descriptive Nomenclature .......... ..<>.... .. O ..«.o 25
Lithologic Relationship .......................... 25
Subdivision of Blackhav/k Trace Fossils ...<,......<> 27
Ethological Classes . O ......o...o...o........ 29
Bathyraetry of Trace Fossils . O ....*...o....«. 30
Systematic Description of Blackhawk
Trace Fossils ...«,. 9 0 ..... 0 .......... o..... *..«« 32

vi
T-1190 vii

Page
INORGANIC SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES ................ a..... 57
Bedding S tructures ....oc..oc....o.o*.....o....... 58
Current Structures .........*........«......o.?o«. 64
Channel S tructures ......... e ,.. 0 ........., 0 . C oco. 67
Load S tructures .. * 0 .... o ...««......*.. 0 e 6 . 0 ...... 71
STRATIGRAPHY OF THE BLACKHA17K FORHATION ... o ........... 74
Kenil\7orth Member . t .. c. e ..«.. 0 ....... 3 ». 0 .«..«*.. 82
Sunnyside Membar ....... »».»».,»»»,.«»»*»»«o*oc*« 86
INTERPRETATION ..«..................................... 94
Prograding Beach Environment e««»*»»««»»e* 95
Deltaic Plain Environment .»v ..*....*............. 103
ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC GEOLOGY j............ 0 ."....«... 109
REFEREICES CITED ...................................... 120
APPENDIX .............................................. 132
 " 1J

T-1I90

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Page
Plate 1. Geologic map of the Blackhawk
Formation at Sunnyside, Utah .........co.Pocket
2. Facies relationships of Blackhav/k
Formation O .o..........o..».*.».*»...*«..Pocket
3« Subsidence cracks <,<>.« <>........o*. <>«« 18
4. Chevron trails .,. ».. . <>.. .». 33
us; A « o « . ... e. «« . «. « «« 35
us g,
Arthrophycus . « e o«***««**«**o******«* 36
7. Smooth tubes,
Chondrj.t^s ........ 0 ». « . » 38
® Cy1indrichnus £oncentrlcus ,......«...., 0 «« 40
9. Helicoid funnels ,.......o......»..»o..»o*» 42

^^» £x2JlL^£i££lHil§. y^pti 1js f

Labyrinth castings ,T7......o.......... 0 . 0 . 43

11 fi^XP^I^Jltj9.*
45
47

...................... 0 ..#.... 48
14. Thalassinoides .................... .«» ., . 50

viii
T-1190

Page
Plate 15« Plural curving tubes,
Large horizontal burrows O .«o.««<»***««oo.«. 52
16.
17. Fecal pellets , 0 **o.«..«0**«*c«*«<>««o. <><>« 55

Figure 1, Index nap of the Sunnyside area ».«...».«»<> 2

2. Lithologic relationships of
Cretaceous rocks »,««««**»«o*««*«**«««*o« 10
3. Nomenclature of the Elackhav/k
Formation ««««*««e«oo«*«o*«o*«*«e*e 11
49 Joint pattern diagrau ,,,.« ., »»» <> 16
5. Environmental grouping of trace
fossils » ««. ««»«o«««***o«««*«*««*»«*»** 21
plant fossil *o«. «<>«««« « «« 24
7« Types of trace fossil preservation » e ****e» 26
8* Terminology of crossbedding 0 *«****««*««oe« 59
9. Tangential crossbsdding ««*«*»**»»»»»e»» 60
10 9 Ripple cross-lamination »«»««*«»««««*»» 0 ««* 62
11. Bimodal crossbedding ». «., » e . » e » » e . 9 e . o e e 62
12. Planar top of Sunnyside Sandstone ...,. «.» 63
13. Oscillation rippleinarks ................... 65
14. Current rippleinarks ................. ...... 65
15. Megaripples ....... ...«>.. ...........« ...«« 66
16. Interference rippleinarks ................ eo 68
17. Sandstone-in-mudstone channel »....«.*..e. 0 68
18. Small sands tone-in-sands tone channel <> ..»<> 70
19. Sandstone-in~sandstone channel 0 ». .«. <>.« 70
T-1190

Page
Figure 20. Load cast structure ..................« «« 73
21. Blackhav/k Formation at Sunnyside ....,..« 75
22. Velocity--particle size graph ...... ...... e 77
23. Columnar stratigraphic section .......«<>..e 80
24. Blackhawk Formation at Sunnyside . 0 .».«« .« 85
25. Sunnyside Sandstone interval .............. 88
26. Rootmarks in Sunnyside Sandstone .......... 91
27. Stratigraphic relationships of the
Sunnyside coal bed ...................^..Pocket
28. Model of prograding marine beach
environment .. .....<>. ..«.«. «..«.....o...« 96
29. Diagrams of depositional environments
in the Sunnyside district . ....o......... 100
30. Model of delta plain environment ..»..«.««» 104
31. Model of fluvial channel environment o.o.e 107
32. Aftermath of coal mine buinp ...... .. o. 110
33. Sunnyside coal "squeezing" into
mine entry ................«....e.*e...«o 112
34. Sections showing deformation
around mine v/orkings ...«.......o.«.e.e.* 113
35. Large horizontal burro\vs in mine
roof rock o...<> . .. .................... 115

Table l. Universal ichnofacies ...................» 0 31

2. X-ray.data of selected Blackhawk .
rocks ....................o..oo..o......» 83
T-1190

INTRODUCTION

The study V/D.S undertaken to determine the depositional

environment of the Upper Cretacsous Blaekhav/k Formation at
Sunnyside, Utah c Within the formation is a thick, exten-
sively-nined coal bed that is the basis for the economy of
the region. Parallel goals of the investigation ivere: to
ascertain the relationship of sedimentary structures to coal
mine bup.ps; to study and describe the trace fossils and in-
organic sedimentary sti^uctures found in the rocks; and to
ascertain the origin and mode of migration of petroleum and
natural gas in the mines at Sunnyside,

Location
The Sunnyside district is in the western Book Cliffs,
27 miles east of Price, Utah (fig, 1). The district v/as
named for the first town in the area. Sunnyside is the
largest incorporated tov;n in the district, with a population
°f approximately 1200. The district is accessible by State
Highways 123 and 124, which connect to the ?/est and south,
respectively, with U. S. Highway 6 and 50. The Denver and
io Grande Western Railroad hauls coal from Kaiser Steel
1
T-1190

Figure 1. Index map of the Sunnyside district. Axis of San

Rafael Swell from Stam/ (1956). Topographic and Struc-
tural form lines after Howard (1966a), Oster\vald and
Dunrud (1964) and Stam (1956).
111

--45'

^39"
Corporation's Sunnyside No. 1, 2, and 3 mines, and the
Carbon County Railv/ay hauls coal from the U. S. Steel Cor-
poration's Columbia and Geneva mines. The region is situated
off the northeast end of the San Rafael Sv;ell and at the base
of the Roan Plateau, a maturely dissected high plateau in the
Colorado Plateaus physiographic province (Femieman, 1931,
p. 304), and is wholly within the Sunnyside 15-rainute
quadrangle of the U. S. Geological Survey.

Methods^ of i^£Sti^&ticm
The principal base map (plo 1) was constructed by using
an enlargement of Osterwald's map (1962) for the area north
of an east«v/est line through No. 2 Canyon. The southern
part of the map area v/as constructed by enlarging a part of
the Sunnyside 15-minute quadrangle topographic map and check-
ing the "fit" of the enlargement 7/ith stereo-paired aerial
photographso Changes to topography and cultural features
since map printing were corrected according to aerial photo-
graphs and personal observation,, Osterwald's map (1962)
shov/s lithology and structural geology, but does not group
lithologies by formation and member. The geologic map ac-
companying this paper utilized Osterwald's lithologic
contacts in the northern part of the area and geologic con-
tacts napped by the writer in the southern part.
Eleven stratigraphic sections (appendix 1) were measured
an Abney level and plotted as a panel diagram (pi. 2) to
T-1190

show details of fades changes within the rocks. The out-

crops between sections were walked out to trace any changes
and to observe relationships betv/een trace fossils and sedi-
mentary facies. Inaccessible points such as the very cosucon
sheer, high cliffs were studied at length with binoculars.
Dip and strike of beds and attitudes of sedimentary struc-
tures within beds were measured with a Brunton compass.
Trace fossils and lithologic samples were collected and
studied in the laboratory and in the office. Selected litho-
logic samples were analyzed in an X-ray dif fractoiaeter .
Petrographic thin sections of selected lithologic samples
were prepared and were analyzed with a petrographic micro-
scope. Library research completed the study methods; except
where otherwise noted, terminology is defined in the Glos~
sary of Geolog_^ and Related ££tences (1947).

The Book Cliffs coal field has been the subject of much
scientific investigation. The coal deposits are thick and
*cll exposed, with lov; dips. In the Sunnyside district the
coal is high quality bituminous coking coal, which is par-
ticularly valuable to industry. The Sunnyside district is
also the locus of spectacular mine bumps which have been
studied intensively because they are hazardous^ to life and
Property.
 T-1190

Early publications by Taff (1906), Richardson (1907,

1909), and Lupton (1916) described the economic geology of
the area as parts of large regional reconnaissance studies.
Clark (1928) investigated the adjoining 15-ninute Castlegate,
Tfellington and Sunnyside quadrangles, that include the v/es-
tern Book Cliffs and part of the Yfasatch Plateau. In his
classic v/ork, Clark described in detail the formations
within the Mesaverde Group from the standpoint of the litho-
logic associations \7ith coal beds. Spieker (1931) and Fisher
(1936) described the economic geology of the area. Holmes,
Page and Aver it t (1948) investigated bituminous sandstones
of Tertiary age near Sunnyside.
Generalized and small-scale napping and descriptions of
regional stratigraphic relationships have been included in
publications by Dutton (1880), Spieker and Reeside (1925,
1926), Gilluly and Reeside (1928), Spieker (1946, 1949a,
19^9b), Cobban and Reeside (1952), by Abbott and Liscorab;
Hail > Kinney and Zapp; Johnson; and Katich (all 1956).
(1960a, 1961) gave definitive regional stratigraphic
and correlations, and set the framework for
Cetaceous stratigraphy in the area of Colorado, Utah, and

\f^ ?, -

l^^^£ Fisher, Erdmann and Reeside (1960) summarized results

?®f °f separate investigations of each of the authors in a com-
r Prehensive paper on the Book Cliffs of Utah and Colorado.
ears, Hunt and Hendricks, (1941), v/orking in the San Juan
 ."li tKS^WiJ/ii-=*»iM*S*'s» i.^A^eS***

T-1190

Basin, outlined criteria for the recognition of transgres-

sive and regressive marine deposits in a classic paper.
Young (1955, 1957) undertook detailed v/ork concerning
the facies interrelationships in the Upper Cretaceous rocks
of the Book Cliffs, based largely on the work of Pike (1947)
south of Sunnyside. Young naucd and defined ciezibers of the
Blackhawk Formation, but his work was on a regioiial scale,
and his conclusions are subject to some controversy.
The ir>ost detailed v/ork in the Sunnyside district has
been done by Osterwald and others (1962, jst. £e£.) who mapped
part of the area at a scale of 1:6,000, and by Brodsky (1960)
who studied the general stratigraphic relationships of the
Mesaverde Group; these v/orks are based primarily on litho-
logic variation, however, with emphasis on the relationship
of lithologies to the coal seams of the Blaclchawk Formation.
Howard (196Ga, 1988b, 1966c), working in the Vfasatch
Plateau and western Book Cliffs, studied trace fossils and
sedimentary structures in Blackhawk strata that are strati-
graphical ly lov/er than Blackhar/k rocks at Sunnyside.
Howard's v/ork strongly influenced the preparation of parts
o* this paper.

^Q^G^en
The writer enjoyed the counsel and encouragement of Dr.
JJL,

a»^ W. OstGrvrald throughout the preparation of this

repott
sx; his patience and understanding are greatly
 7
(9 follows)

appreciated. Dr. James D. Howard of the University of Georgia Marine

Institute instructed the writer in many aspects of trace fossils

and sedimentary structures, furnished illustrations, and read

critically some of the manuscript. Discussions and field con-

ferences with Dr. Howard were particularly valuable in understanding

and interpreting the phenomena discussed herein. Mr. John Peperakis

and Mr. Harry Elkin, of Kaiser Steel Corporation, allowed access to

the study area and provided maps and other information regarding the

coal seams. Drs. R. J. Weimer, John Hayes, and R. H. DeVoto are

thanked for their help during the preparation of .the paper. Dr. George

Johnson of the Colorado School of Mines read the paper and gave con-

structive criticism regarding construction and style.

Association and discussions with my colleagues in the U.S.

Geological Survey, Mr. C. R. Dunrud and Mr. B. K. Barnes, were both

enjoyable and helpful. Mr. E. E. McGregor analyzed selected lithologic

araples with an X-ray diffractometer.

My wife Lori patiently and ably assisted in the investigation.

T-1190

GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY

The Bl&ckhav/k Formation is the lor/er unit of the

Mesaverde Group (Cretaceous) near Sunnyside, Utah (fig. 2) e
The formation v/as naned by Spicier and Reeside (1925, p.
443) for an exposure near the Blackhavk mine in the lYasatch
Plateau. As originally defined, it is a unit of "buff sand-
stone, shale and coal of the kinds common to the Mesaverde
group throughout the southv;est." In the type area, the
Blackhawk conformably overlies the Star Point Sandstone and
is overlain unconformably by the Castlegate Formation 0 Clark
(1928, p. 18) extended the use of the nans "Blackhav/k" to the
Book Cliffs (fig. 3). At Sunnyside the Blackhavk conformably
overlies the Mancos shale and is unconforniably overlain by
the Castlegate Formation
Fisher (1936, p« 10) redefined the Blackhav/k Formation
in the Book Cliffs and included in it, in ascending order,
the Lov/er sandstone nsmbsr, Middle shale member, Middle
sandstone member, and Upper member. In 1955 Young
_%
(p c 133)
redefined the formation, placing its base at the base of the
pri «g Canyon Sandstone near the Tfasatch Plateau and its top
Figure 2. Intertonguing and lithologic relationships of
Cretaceous rocks from the Wasatch Plateau to the Eastern
Book Cliffs in east-central Utah (modified from Spieker,
I949a, and Young, 1966).
 Sunnyside

CASTLEGATE "" FORMATION

^bunnyside Member

K erii jtvy o ift h'%M e rritu

Storrs - -
Tongue

panther
Tongue
Figure 3. Nomenclature applied to the Elackhar/k Formation by
various writers.
 T-1190 11

o 1-3 fe & o & o

s 0 G P | p cH -P ^3
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MESA VERDE G R O U P
T-1190 12

at the disconformable lov/er boundary of the "Castlegate

Member of the Price River Formation." Fisher, Ercli-iann and
Reeside (1960, p. 11) raised the Castlegate to formational

ranko
Young (1955, p. 185) naaied six members of the Blackhawk
and, using Spieker's illustration (1939), re-emphasized that
the sandstone units of the Blackhav/k feather out eastward
into the Mancos Shale (fig. 2). Only two sandstone members
of the Blackhawk are present at Sunnyside, the Kenilv/orth
and Sunnyside Members. Young's Spring Canyon and Aberdeen
Members tongue out northwest of Sunnyside, and the Grassy
and Desert Members begin south of the area of interest.
Cobban and Reeside (1952) assigned the Blackhawk to the
middle of the Cainpanian Stage (lower Pierre of the Western
Interior) of the Late Cretaceous.
Objections have been raised to the use of the term
"Mesaverde Group" in Utah and Wyoming, because there is some
disparity in age between the Sunnyside section and the type
Hesaverde at Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado. Others
have pointed out, however, that the terra "Group" has no time
significance and that "Mesaverde Group" is the correct des-
ignation for the rocks under discussion (Abbott and Liscomb,
1956, p. 120; Erodsky, 1980, p. 17). The term is therefore
retained for use in this report.
The writer has objections to Young's definition of the
enilv;orth Member and the Sunnyside Member. Young (1955,
T-1190 13

p. 181) places the lov/er boundary of the Xenilworth at the

base of a "massive, cliff-forcing, white-capped sandstone."
He places the contact between the Kenilvrorth and Sunnyside
at the top of a "barrier beach sandstone." He states that
the Grassy Member first appears at Sunnyside. Rocks of
Young's "marine Grassy Member" at Sunnyside are not con-
sidered by the author to be a mappable unit, but are included
in the Sunnyside Member c His Sunnyside and Kenilv/orth boun-
daries are based both on lithology and inference of origin.
Furthermore, the boundaries are unclear and field relation-
ships show that the described boundaries are contained
\?ithin mappable units, The boundaries of both members,
therefore, are redefined in the section on detailed stratig-
raphy. The details of the trace fossil associations are
important in the redefinition of these mappable members.
T-1190

A major structural feature of east-central Utah is the

San Rafael Swell, a north east -trend ing, asymmetrical anti-
cline that plunges northeastward under the Book Cliffs (fig.
1). The Sr/ell is thought to be of Tertiary age (Osmond,
1964, p. 57) and therefore probably v/as not a control on the
deposition of Blackhawk sediments at Sunnyside, The strata
of the Blackhawk Forciation crop out on the south- and v/est-
facing scarp of the Book Cliffs. The cliff front is a
faceted surface that resulted from erosion of the Roan
Plateau. South of Sunnyside, strata strike northward; as
the structural strike approaches the northwestern end of the
Rafael Swell the beds gradually change strike toward the
as they are gently folded over the crest of the Swell,
orth of Sunnyside beds strike v/estward and dip northward.
fe^j
.as dip about 15 degrees north and east at the cliff front,
*nd decrease down dip to about 7 degrees. The steeper dip
*t the cliff front is due to the proximity of the front to
crest of the Swell, where the structural inclination is
est. Traced down dip, the strata pass into the Uinta

14
r-iieo

The regional joint pattern is characterized by tv?o major

sets of joints nearly at right angles to each other, striking
N 75-85 W and N 12-20 W (fig. 4). Osterwald and Eggleton
mapped 501 joints in the northern part of the area (1958) and
the writer raapped 230 joints in the southern part. As might
be expected, joints are best expressed and best preserved in
sandstone units.
Known faults in the Sunnyside area are aligned subparal-
lel to the regional joint pattern, and most faults strike
N 12-20 W (pi. 1). All faults in the area are normal faults;
fault planes dip 75 to 90 degrees. No known faults affect
more than 150 feet of stratigraphic separation at the sur-
face. A buried northwest-trending fault south of the area
was discovered by seismic methods (Tibbetts, Osterwald and
Dunrud, 1964); it may have as much as 2000 feet of strati-
graphic separation. The principal fault system at Sunnyside
is the Sunnyside fault zone (Osterwald and Dunrud, 1966) that
trends northwest and is downthrown to the southv/est. It is
a series of long, northwest-trending faults with many short,
curving spurs (pi. 1). The Sunnyside zone causes difficulties
in mining because the faults offset the coal bed and necessi-
tate changes in mining procedure.
Coal extraction underground commonly produces subsidence
\
cracks at the surface. These structures are usually formed
°n a spur or nose above mine workings, and trend subparallel
*° joints. Joint orientation may be a control on formation
T--1390

Figure 4. Poles of 730 joints measured in the Elackhav/k For-

mation at Sunnyside, Utah, contoured on lov>-er hemisphere
of Schmidt equal-area net (modified from Osterv/ald and
Eggleton, 1958).
// :: 5-55: //////////// XX- /V «.
>20% 15-20% 10-15% -3-5V.
 17

of subsidence cracks because many en-echelon subsidence

cracks closely parallel nearby joint trend?. Removal of the
coal is removal of the support for overlying rocks. The
rocks immediately above the coal fail, and the failure even-
tually continues upv/ard to the surface. Mine air issues fron
some of the cracks, and some cracks are visible at the sur-
face as much as 1,200 feet above the nine workings. Subsi-
dence cracks vary in size from a split one-quarter inch wide
and a fev/ feat long to crevasses 4 feet wide and 50 feet
long (pi. 3).
' ' ;: * ' .J-.~^~r,Z--ff''**'*f <*& '* -'*&-*>'-''----' ' ~; ' '*
^- ^ lu ~^%^ ^: -: ^^r^^i'. ; .-- v--''.T - : -;
r'x>"j~'-*" ^' 5/''V ;~*-. n -,> -*r/V>^," ,^i.. y-ij<:*»/;
*!L» .*** » 1 -*' " . <^ ""^" ." '.'"--' T_^ * «^ »-* E -^; w_- > '* *^ >*'* . ^
^^^MSi^SS^Sr^^- ^';* ? ^
[;:{^^^l&^^$;-.^- "-V^"" V'- '%
-;""V ^^;!---'f^S^^*S^1
^^^^;^"'vii^^4^'0^^^R^'^^iT"'- "*:'".'*'ia|
06'CT-i
Plate 3. Subsidence cracks

Figure 1. Small-scale en-echelon craclcs trending north-

west at surface about 800 ft. above Sunnyside coal,
in tributary to Vfhitmore Canyon. (Photo by F. >Y.

Figure 2. Large-scale crack trending northwest, about

900 ft. above Sxmnyside coal in west wall of
Whitmore Canyon. Mine air issues from crack.
Harder handle is 12 in. long. (Photo by F. W.
Ostervvald.)
T~il90

1LJLAJL1 F 0 g g^ I L S ;
BIOGENIC SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

Trace fossils are biogenic sedimentary structures

tracks, trails, burrov;s or borings nade by animals and
preserved in rock strata. In short, trace fossils are evi-
dence of whore animals have been. The lack of body fossils,
particularly in sandstones, has been partly responsible for
a lack of detailed stratigraphic work from the standpoint of
paleoocology in much of the western United States. These
trace fossils, or i^bsnsspiir^n of European workers, are valu-
able paleoecologic indicators. Where body fossils are pres-
ent, traces nay be used to reinforce interpretations. Yfhere
body fossils are scarce or absent, trace fossils may be used
effectively to interpret the paleoenvironment. Body fossils
may be transported fron the living site, or they may be
destroyed by diagenesis. Trace fossils, on the other hand,
are found almost unquestionably .in situ, although J. D.
Howard (oral communication, 1967) has indicated that
OgMonorpha burro*.7 casts may be reworked.

19
V--1190

Most of the investigation of trace fossils has bean

carried out by Europeans, particularly by the German geolo--
gists KUntaschel and Seilacher, A significant advance caue
for American geologists in 1962 v/ith the chapter "Trace
Fossils and Probleisatica" in the 3?re_atise on ^xertebrate
Pgl^eontol^^, Part W (H£lntzschel)» Much of the material
included in the term "trace fossils" has heretofore been
assigned to categories such as algae, fucoids, incerjtae
£§£LL§» proble?jatica, inorganic, worms, or feees. The accu-
rate description and classification of trace fossils, T/ill,
hopefully, help bring to American geologists a valuable tool
to be used in reconstructing the geologic history of an area.
Recent Investigators (Hilntzschel, 1962; Seilacher, 1964,
1967) have shown that trace fossils are grouped in sedimen-
tary facies according to the environments preferred by their
creators (figo 5). Some are definite indicators of shallow
marine conditions for example; some indicate terrestrial
deposition. The orientation of traces of the same type of
organisms indicates the relative rate of sedimentation,
Seilacher (1967, p. 421) emphasizes that vertical burrows in
shallow water deposits and the gradual tendency tov/ard hori-
zontal burrows with increase in water depth correspond to a
trend from suspension to sediment feeding. The type of feed-
ing is a response to the amount of suspended nutrients at
different levels: in shallow zones, food for organisms is in
suspension; at depth, in quiet water, nutrients settle out
Y-1190

Figure 5 0 Environmental grouping of trace fossils. (A) Very

calm water, shallow and deeper neritic and lagoon envi-
ronments with much silt, clay and very fine sand, carbo-
naceous debris. Sediments thoroughly reworked and
mottled by organisms, primary structures and bedding
destroyed. Poorly preserved trace fossils. (B) Medium
energy environment of the shallov; neritic zone. Very
fine to fine-grained sand, moderately well sorted, low
cross-stratification. Extremely v/ell populated by trace
fossils, nostly well preserved. (C) High energy envi-
ronment of the littoral zone. V«rell sorted, fine- to
medium-grained sediments. Much cross-stratification.
Few trace fossils, mostly poorly preserved (Eoclified fron
Howard, 196Sa)«
B
T-1100

of suspension and bocons part of the sediment. Honce, in

quiet waters the trend is to-»v?.rc- horizontal, intricately
patterned burrov/j« By studying trace fossil forms and as-
sociations on the outcrop, in nine workings, and in the
laboratory, the history and environment of deposition of
strata can ba deduced, Frcn those deductions the positions
of various strata in the depositicnal framev/ork can be postu-
lated with an increasing degree of accuracy*
The Upper Cretaceous strata of Wyoming, Colorado and
Utah have been the subject of intensive trace fossil studies
in recent years because of the paucity of their contained
body fossils vand extreme wealth of trace fossils. Represen-
tative investigations are those of Toots (1961), who used
trace fossils to delineate beach zones and strand lines; and
Masters (1965), who studied the Mesaverde Group of northv/es-
tern Colorado arid used trace fossils as environmental
indicators. Hov/ard (1966a, 1966b, 1966c) carried out an
exhaustive study of trace fossils in units slightly older
than those discussed herein. Hov/ard r s work in the V/asatch
Plateau to the west of Sunnyside dovetails with the studies
which are described in this paper.
The creators of all trace fossils described herein had
an affinity for warm waters. Reeside (1957, p. 505) has pos-
tulated a nearly tropical climate for the area under consid~
©ration for most of the Cretaceous period; an interpretation
based primarily on body fossils. Parker (1968) collected
rj>1190

fossil flora fron the Blackhavk Formation near Saline, Utah,

and concluded froa the study that the regional cliriato vfas
subtropicnl during Late Cretaceous tims. The conclusions of
Reeside and Parker agree with the writer's interpretation,
which is b^sed on the thick coals in the geologic sections
and on GJLn!vgO"typ8 plant fossils found in terrestrial depos-
its within the Blackhavk Formation (fig. 6) 0

Most sedinontary syngenetic economic Biinerals are con-

trolled by physical and chemical conditions extant at the
time and place of deposition 0 Oil and natural gas in strati-
graphic traps associated with near shore marine sediments are
well known. Use may be mado of trace fossils as environmen-*
tal indicators to predict areas that are favorable to
entrapment of such deposits and loci for exploration conse-
quently may be delineated. Localization of sedimentary
mineral deposits of manganese, phosphate, barite, iron and
evaporites is controlled by factors such as depth of water,
temperature, salinity, circulation barriers, or organisms
that will facilitate precipitation. In the western United
States, most coal deposits are associated with marine or
transitional-marina sedimentary rocks. Vfhen trace fossils
can be recognized in drill cores, depositional conditions
fcay ba ascertained at some distance from the outcrop. Body
ossils need not bo present to interpret sedimentary
Figure 6 plant fossil found in upper Suanysid;
Member. Inferred to be part of a leaf, based on mor
phology of the fossil.
T-1190
eiivironnsnts c Recent discussions among geologists seem to
indicate an awakening of interest in trace fossils and the
onset of research into their definition and uses (Howard,
1960). SorjG mining conditions of various commodities might
also be predicted through knowledge of associated trace
fossils e

Because it is not definitely Known which genus and

species of orgi-.nA.si.is mado individual trace fossils, traces
cannot be groupsd into noriaal systematic taxono^ic units.
As described herein, trace fossil noinenclature is based on
the function, or ethology, of the fossil and follows the
methods developed by Seilacher (1964). Traces are described
partially on the basis of their relationship to the substrate
on which they \?ere ferried.

Trace fossil preservation is classed as epirelief, in

which traces are present on the lower surfaces of bods,
(fig. 7); or hyporelief, in which traces are present on the
upper bedding surfaces. Full relief describes those traces
that are conpletely contained within the strata and are pre
served as the original cavity or cavity filling. Original
cavity, full relief trace fossils are very rare in ^the Book
liffs, as field work in preparation for this paper shov/s,
in the V/asatch Plateau (J. D. Howard, 1967, oral
Figure 7. Types of presentation of trace fossils (modified
from Seilacher, 1964).
 26

SEIYIIRELIEF

CONVEX CONCAVE

HYPORELIEF
CONCAVE CONVEX

PRIMARY CAST OF PRIMARY CAST OF SECONDARY CAST OF

SURFACE TRAIL BURROW AT INTERFACE MUD BURROW

11 m
: \\--'--'vl-y/-'.'.-.: ::.:.v.i'::;:lv-:

^ S&tSSMifc

- -- 'iSSfcn
- - " "" " ^:-^r- '

FULL RELIEF
FILLING ORIGINAL CAVITY
communication). Epj.relief and hyporelief are subdivided into
convex* and concave, A convex feature is one that projects
above the upper bedding surface or belov/ the bottom bedding
surface.

0J1, £1 jL?ii"i 1!^.??. .

Every outcrop of Biacichav/k rocks in the area of interest
exhibits some evidence of organism activity in the sediment
at the time of deposition. The environment in v;hich organ-
isns responsible for trace fossils v/ere most abundant and
most varied is represented by inter bedded silts tones and very
fine- to fine-grained sandstone. Scivs mudstones are also
intensively burrov/ad, but preservation of trace fossils is
poor in mudstone, The si Its tones and fine-grained sandstones
fire rich in finely divided organic material, and are very
thinly and evenly bedded. (fig. 5 A), The organisms that in-
habited this environment were dominant ly detritus feeders,
organisms that pro.yled the surface of deposition and/or bur-
rowed below the surface in search of food. Detritus feeders,
*lso called filter feeders or sediment feeders, are organises
that derive nourishment from nutrients that are part of the
s edinent. Such nutrients may be living microorganisms or
detrital organic material. The actions of these detritus
seders in their search for food thoroughly altered the pri~
f y sedimentary structures and destroyed all but a few traces
suggestions of the morphology of the organisms themselves.
TMU.90 23

Evidence of primary lamination is scattered, because the

organisms churned the sediments before lithification. The
pattern of organic mottling suggests that the original
sediments were thinly laminated v/ith little or no dip.
The environment in which organises responsible for trace
fossils lived in moderate abundance is represented by thin-
bedded, very fine- to fine-grained sandstones which occur
a-bove the interbedded siltstone and sandstone'unit described
above. The rocks of this unit are cross stratified in long,
low-angle wedge-shaped sets* Both complete and truncated
large ripples are common in this interval. The depositional
environment supported a mixture of detritus feeders and sus-
pension feeding organisms, which are organisms that filter
the suspended load of the water in order to obtain nourish-
ment* In beds where detritus feeders were dominant, the
strata are mixed and mottled. They are not quite as inten~
sively disturbed as in the siltstone and sandstone zone below,
however; mottling commonly occurs in patches or pockets
within a bed. Laterally the sediments may be relatively un-
disturbed in the sane bed* Such strata are described as
"clean-to-mottled" in the field. Vfhere suspension feeders
Vfere the dominant organisms, sediments are moderately well
sorted and slightly carbonaceous (fig, 5 B). The current
velocity was high enough to winnow out the finely divided
sediment, including carbonaceous matter, but not so great as
to permit constant reworking and mobilization of the
T-1190

substrate. Trace fossils of detritus feeders in rocks of

this environment indicate an attempt by the organisns to
escape to a more favorable habitat (Seilacher, 1987, p. 42i).
The smallest population of trace fossils is found in
rocks that are fine- to medium grained, moderately well sorted
sandstones (fig« 5 C). Sediments were often affected by cur"
rents that built rippleinarks and cross lamination, and
shifted and reworked the sedinents. The power of the trans-
porting nediuni was sufficient to winnow out fine sedinsnts
and prevent deposition of organic detritus. Organisms in
this environment were almost exclusively suspension feeders
that built burrows which were strong enough or deep enough
to exist in a mobile substrate. The organist-is built their
shelters upward to keep pace wiich sedimentation. Progres-
sively fewer traces are found in rocks indicative of
environments of increasingly stronger current velocity.

Cl_;xsgej3» Seilacher (1964) has established

the following nomenclature for trace fossils, based on the
function of the structure:
1. Repichnia: Trails or burrows left by vagile ben-
thos forms during directed loconotion,
2. Pascichnia: Winding trails or burrows of vagile
mud eaters which reflect a "grazing" search for
food by covering a given surface more or less ef~
ficiently and by avoiding double coverage.
T-neo

3. Fodinichnia: Burrov/s made by hemisessile deposit

feeders. These reflect the search for food and at
the same time fit the requirements for shelter.
4. Domichnia: As the root suggests, permanent shel-
ters dug by vagile or hemisessile animals procuring
food from outside the sediment as predators, scav-
engers, or suspension feeders*
5. Cubiclmia: S bailor/ resting tracks left by vagile
animals hiding temporarily in the sediment or lurk-
ing or resting on the sediraent surface, and
obtaining their food as scavengers or suspension
feeders.

L Trace Fossils. Seilacher (1964, 1967)

grouped trace fossils according to the bathynietric conditions
preferred by organisms that made the traces (table 1), The
"universal ichiiof acies" , or trace fossil groupings are:
* H§I£iie£" :facies » defined by Seilacher (1964, p.
311) to be "bathyal with turbidite sedimentation."
Dominant trace fossils repichnia and pascichnia 0
2» Zoophyco!5~f acies , in the zone sublittoral to
bathyal, belov/ wave base and v/ithout turbidite
sedimentation o Dominant trace fossil fodinichnia
of detritus feeders.
3» Cruziana~f acies t in the littoral to sublittoral
zone, above wave base. Dominant trace fossils
 >-*
<D
O
UNIVERSAL ICHNOFACIES

Nereites-Facics Zoophycos-Faci es Cruziana-Facies

Dominant groups: Paschichnia Fodiniehnia Cubichnia
Repichnia Domichnia of suspen-
sion feeders
(shallow, turbu-
lent zone)
Fodiniehnia of de-
tritus feeders
(deeper zone)
Diagnostic inorganic Load casts, convo- Bedding and lamina- Oscillation ripples,
sedimentary struc- lute lamination, tion poor foreset bedding in
tures: other turbidite shallow zone, well
structures laminated in deep
water
Dominant lithology Mudstones, muddy Mottled siltetonee Well sorted sand-
and silty sand- and mudstones stones
stones with high
carbonaceous
content.
Probable depth: Bathyal Sublittoral to Littoral to sublit-
bathyal, below toral, above wave
wave base base.

Table I. Universal ichnofacies (modified from Seilacher, 1964, p. 310, 311).

T-1190 35

domichnia and cubichnia; fodinichnia of detritus

feeders found in deep water,
Environmental significance of trace fossils in the fol-
lowing chapter is based largely on the work of Seilacher;
interpretations of the author that differ fron Seilacher are
duly noted,

Systematic DgscriDtipii o£ ^jjicjkhay/k "Vrzce Fpssi^ls

A structure cormonly observed in trace fossils is
spr ei t e , defined by HUntzschel (1982, p. WI78) as "a German
noun literally translated as 'spread' and meaning something:
spread between two supports, as the web of a duck's foot. 11
Formal generic and specific names are underlined both in the
following descriptions and elsev/here in the text. Unless
otherwise noted, names of individual trace fossils are from
Hantzschel (1962). In the interest of brevity, a semitele-
graphic style has been adopted for the follov/in^ descriptions

Pascichnia
Chevron trails (pi. 4, figs, 1 and 2).
Trace fossil occurring as convex epireliefs on bedding
surfaces Of very fine-grained sandstones, Yfidth of track
varies from 10 to 15 EICI and averages 12 ran. Commonly multi-
, subparallel to parallel trails. Often aligned
l to shoreline, as shown by measurement of associated
Pplenarks, sole markings, and alignment of detritus on
ding surfaces. Apparently pascichnia formed by orgauisns
 Plate 4

Figure 1. Chevron trails on bedding surfr.ce of Kenilv/orth

Sandstone. Coin diameter is 1.90 cm.

Figure 2. Close view of figure 1. Movement from upper left

to lower right. Distance botv/een nrro~.?s in lov;er left
corner is 1.15 cm.
CO
T-11CO 34

grazing at the sedinont-vrater interface. Shallow neritic

marine indicator (Howard, 19S6a).

Fodinichnia
T^-Vc]\ic,hTius A (pi. 5, figs. 1, 2 and 3).
Burrow consisting of a series of £l>£§ii: s v/hich foro a
vertical blade. When viewed from the side, resembles a
narrov:-angle "lazy" V 8 Intei'layored with the sj3rej.jte are
carbonaceous, silty laniuae v/hich have not baan burrowed.
The nonburroived material is fine grained and not resistant,
and hence forms a constriction in the blade. The constric-
tions give TeJLchjlch^ius* A the gross appearance of a series of
superposed round tubes, all emanating from a primary, or main
tube. Height of the blade varies froni 2 to 4 cm; width is
usually about 5 mm, and a length of more than 75 en has been
observed on outcrops. The blade itself is always normal to
bedding, but sjDrjeijte of the blade vary fron horizontal to
vertical, and commonly form a sinuous pattern. Found in dense
sandy siltstone deposited in marine neritic environments
*
(Seilacher, 1954, p 8 310) 8 A feeding burrow of a detritus
feeder, possibly a polychaete worm.

2),
Possibly forced by the s?.me organisms as type A, but is
a nuch larger structure, always in the form of a vertical
blade cutting across bedding, with spreite forming superposed
tubas. The individual tubes are oval in cross-section,
 T-11SO

> Plate 5

Figure ! ^^^cil^&SHS. ^ * n Kenil\vorth Sandstone (arrow)

PeVici 1 scale Tcircled).

Figure 2. T^J-_^h.ichnjjs A, showing £2^ in end-on view.

Figure 3. ?]!.^^ A» vieT/. Arrow indicates up.

i-iiso
T-1190

Plate 6

Figure 1. Z§.icblcluiii£ B, from lo?;er Kenilworth Sandstone.

Coin diametei- is 1.90 cm.

Figure 2« 3l£i.9.1l2^i!l?IH£ S» close view of figure 1, illustrating

bladed* sti; uc"ture. "Coin diameter is 1*90 cm*

Figure 3. ArJJirjD^liy^i:^ in nodular carbonaceous siltstons of

SunnysTdo jie;nbsr. Pencil and pen scales on either side
of trace fossil.
>-» r
So Kt
T-1190 37

hor/ever f arid are cor.inonly as nucli as 1 cm high, 5 rum wide,

and in ?ill observed speciirsns: the tubes are subp-iral.lel
throughout their length. Most blades are about 5 cia high,
1 to 5 cm wide, and vary in length due to the random grazing
habit of their creators* A fodiniehnia-typs burrov; found in
very fine- to fine-grained sandstone; believed to represent
deposition in shallor/er water than type A (J. D 0 Hov;ard,
1967, oral conmmicatiou), because of increased size of or«
ganism and better sorting of sedinents v/here 3l§i£liij?JilliL^. £
Is found c

Arthrpphycus (pi. 6, fig. 3).

A conduit-like segmented trace commonly normal to bed-
dingo Preservation varies from full relief to convex
epirelief, cosraonly filled. Some branching forms have a
slight bulge at the point of branching, but these are uncoa-
Eon, Round to flattened oval in cross section, 5 to 15 nm in
diameter, length is indeterminate v/hei*e trace passes into
sandstone or av/ay from the outcrop. Often confused with
because of its rough exterior and branching
nature. Most common in si It's tone and very fine- to fine-
grained sandstone. A fodinichnia burrov/, indicative of a
relatively vide depth range (Seilacher, 1964, p. 311).

s&ooth tubes (pi. 7, fjg. 1).

Full relief or convex epireleif burrov/s, preserved as
Qooth, curving, unornanented tubes oriented at random
 1-5
K

S;«

^^pl-.. ;<\$\
*^-4;^%v I -J-l
w&pw&timfc*
im4&*9&*

O)
CO
 Plate 7

Figure 1* Smooth tubss (arrows) from siltstone above Sunny-

side coal. Diameter of coin is 1 0 90 cm.

Figure 2. Chondritc^ (circled) from niddle Sunnys.lde Sand-

stone. Dianeter of coin is 1.90 en.

.^roMF ^-«p^J.^n^:-^^^.T;^.«!^®rT^-'i:^
T-1190 39

throughout tho rode, May be Art] i£Op h^ciis Cross section is

round to o'/al, v/ith a dimeter 8 to 15 LLT-I; indeterminate
length. Found in finely mottled siltstones and "clean to
mottled 11 'fine-grained sandstO2».os« Neritic marine indicator
(Howard, 1967, oral ccrunimi cation)*

Concave epirclief trace characterized by plant-like

appearance v/ith numerous short branching1 sclents. Horizon-
tal branching trails reflecting short excursions from a
central vertical burrow. Diameter of the branches is 1 to
3 mi3o Found in very fine-grained sandstone, very shallow
neritic to littoral marine sandstone (Seilacher, 1964, p.
311).

Cy_l i n dr i c hnus c onjc_ent ivicus Toots (pi. 8, figs* 1, 2 and 3)»

Cited by Hor/ard (1966a, p. 73) as described by Toots
(1961) . A full-relief burrow found in all orientations froia
horizontal to vertical. Horizontal burrows are .found in
very fine-grained carbonaceous sediments. They reflect a
random, contented grazing search for food in an hospitable
environment. In this environment they roil and mottle sedi-
ments intensively. Steeply angled burrov/s are escapev»ays
*rom hostile environments. Cylindrichnus built steep bur-
r°ws as the current velocity increased and food was winnov/ed
r°ra the sediment, or as the rate of sedimentation increased
nci there was less food for the animal, as the finely divided
T-1190

Plate 8

Figure 1. C3^4s5J*i£llBllS. ££BS^S^lL93:^. ^- n fine-grained sand-

stone cxf Kenilu'ortS Member. Pen scale.

Figure 2. C. ££^centr_ic\is_, left of pencil, Sunnyside Sand-

stone. Pencil and pen scales.

Figure 3. £. concentricus escape burrow in Vt-ell sorted sand-

stoiie of K.enilv/orth Member. Six inch scale clravrn on rock
face.
 10
O

im
ft^^^^^^^g/f^,-^ kiksiss
 T-11SO

nutrients were v/iniiov/ed out. High-angle and vertical burrows

are cornr.on in cle?.n, v/ell sorted sandstonas, where they are
associated v;ith OpMo^OTphsu High-angle Cvlj^jrJ.clnius bur-
rows culminate upv/ard in v/hat Kov/ard (1956s., p, 70) calls
helicoid funnels (pl c 9, figs. 1 and 2); full relief, ver-
tically oriented, funnel-shaped structures varying In
diameter at the top fron 4 to 25 cm. These funnels reflect
a change in the animal's burrov/ing habits, a fresh influx of
carbonaceous material into tlio environment, and a lov/ering
of current velocity (J. D. Howard, 1967, oral coimaunicntion).

CvjJLndrichiius reptllls Eandel (pi. 10, figo 1).

Named by Bandel (1967, p. 6). A vertical full-relief
tube of 1 to 3 cm in diameter, usually 8 to 14 cm high,
cylinder~shaped burrov/s found in coarsely mottled silty sand"
stones. Comparable in form to Cylindricuin Linck. Comaon in
tbinbedded sandstones in both members of the Blackhawk Forma-
y s tion. Believed by the author to be an indicator of littoral
to sublittoral marine zones .

castings (pi. 10, figs. 2 and 3).

Locally found as pockets of tightly inter^ound trails
Castings preserved as convex epireliefs on the bottoa
aces of fine- to medium-grained sandstone beds. Similar
rPhologically to Zll^o^s. (HUntzschal, 1962, p. W208). The
interstices betv/een castings are filled i/ith carbona-
Commonly associated v/ith pieces of woody debris.
T-V.'-90

Plate 9

Figure 1. Relicoid funnel of Cylindrichnus coneentricus, at

top of fine-grained sandstone bed* Depression of funnel
is 20 cm across. Specimen broken across trace fossil.

Figure 2. Helicoid funnels (arrows), in lower Kenii'.vorth

Sandstone. Brunton compass scale.
 ^.f-:* ^ *t ^^>*k>il^1 *V»»^M:'^ii*»«^^J*feS:3l
o
o
T-1190

Plate 10

Figure 1. C y 1 i n d r i c h mi s reptilis, at interface between carbo-

naceous sandstone and overlying medium-grained well
sorted sandstone, in Sunnyside Sandstone. Pen scale.

Figure 2. Labyrinth castings, from upper Sunnyside Member.

Note different sizes of fossils. Coin diameter is
2.33 cm.

Figure 3. Labyrinth castings, from base of Castlegate

Sandstone. Coin diameter is 1.90 cm.
o
CD
 T-1190 4*

I
Indicative of tidal zone to floodplain environment, probably
made by polychacte wori:is (J. D. Howard, 19G7, oral cosuauni ca-
tion).

. (pi. 11, fig. 1).

Simple, bilobate trail preserved as convex hyporelief in
well sorted, fine-grained sandstones. Characterized by
mediun furrow. Superficially resembles Aul_ich n_it es 0 One to
7 rim wide, of indeterminate length, 1 to 3 ram high. Gener-
ally smooth surfaces; crossing burrows pass over cr under
each other, never destroying another burrow, Random, mean-
dering locomotion. Not branching. Described by Seilacher
(1964, p. 311) as nondiagnostic of depth, but because of the
traces with which Gyrpchprte is associated (fig. 23), the
author believes that Gyrochorte indicates sublittoral to
littoral environment. Trace probably made by gastropods
(HUntzschel, 1962, p. W198).

(pi. 11, fig. 2).

Simple, bilobate crawling trail preserved as convex
ePirelief forms in very fine- to fine-grained, well sorted
sandstones. Median furrow in all trails. Meandering direc-
ions, reflecting a grazing search for food. Trails are 1
° 5 mra wide, 1 to 3 mm high, with smooth surfaces. Burrows
0 re-used, not branching. Probably a gastropod trail, may
e same genus as Gyrochprjte, but different habits. Indicates
to**al deposits. (Description from Bandel, 1967, p. 4.)
 Plate 11

Figure 1. Gj'rochortg, in Sunnyside Sandstone, Coin difjneter

is 1.78 era.

Figure 2, /oilj.cl^riijt^s>, from Kenilvrorth Sandstone. Coin

diameter" i"s 1.78 cm.
o
o

01
T-1190

Doinichnia

Ophiomorpha (pi. 12, figs. 1, 2 and 3

plo 13, figs. 1, 2 and 3).
Knov/n for many years as Halymenites 2a^jor_ Lcsquereaux, a
European algal form which it superficially resenbles, Ophio-
morpha is one of the most widely distributed trace fossils in
Mesozoic to Recent sediments in the United States. A full
relief burrow, frequently vertical, preserved as either cores
or casts with characteristic bumpy surfaces. Casts of bur-
rov/s found in deposits of shallow water environments have a
thick outer wall, similar to burrows of the modern shrimp
Callianassa major Say, which is considered the modern coun-
terpart of Ophipgorpha (Weimer and Hoyt, 1964; Hoyt and
Weimer, 1965) Burrov/s of Ophiomorpha vary widely in size
with variation in sedimentation. Well sorted fine- to
medium-grained sediments contain the largest burrovs; burro\vs
are smaller as the content of carbonaceous debris in the
sediments increases. Ophiomorpha preferred environments v/ith
little suspended sediment for its role as a suspension feeder
because when there was an excess of suspended sediment, the
phytoplanlcton upon which the animal fed would not be present 0
It is found in many different types of sedimentary rocks at
Sunnyside, hov/ever* Several different species of Callianassa
are found in estuaries, opsn lagoons, or tidal inlets, but
burrov/s of other specic-s than C 0 nailer Say would not be con-
fused v/ith Ophior-orphn 0 Bnrrav/s of other species of
T-1190

Plate 12

Figure 1 0 Ojf^j.^2iOrj3]ia, from Sunnyside Sandstone. Vieu paral-

lel to beddlrfg surfaces. Coin diar-ieter is 1.90 en.

Figure 2 0 pphj^oinor;^]!^., from Sunnyside Sandstone. View normal

to bedding surfaces. Hammer handle is 4*07 cm measured
diameter

Figure 3. ^^J.o?!]orpjha, from Sunnyside Sandstone. Vio^y nornal

to bedding surfaces. Haiamer head is 18 C 65 era long.
 K&ibw*^''^"^;* i
^^^^^^'y4^,r^'-^V. :^,
JfV%;'; r, f^*j »;4^'i > ^V,'^v ')-V-'*' / f J-
w^'&&^/&&^
o
c^
H
iH
T-1190

Plate 13

Figure 1. P^!li£?^£lL^> upper Kenil^orth Sandstone, Hammer

scale.

Figure 2. SSM^H0,1!!^^' from uppar Sunnyside Sandstone, illus-

trating branching nature of burrows. Pen scale.

Figure 3. Qph i omqr pjia , from upper Sunnyside Sandstone, ill

trating branching nature of burrovrs . View parallel to
bedding surfaces. Pen scale.

Figure 4. ^^IJL^yji8.3- (circled), expressed as pairs of

indentations on top of bsd, Kenilv/orth Sandstone. View
normal to bidding surface. Coin diameter is 1.90 en.
 TllSfSW'W"1"*'
v_T

}""*>

'/K^v'
,.
'/ ,. <<y .^'1,1 . > T*^5?^
f < 5v^v-T^»<!?tk »*VA
** ''-(i T;^rJ
M) H»i»>|!>^.» ^r-.'^yo .**' '* -T';'
'-'" ' : "

Mj^m&
#3'5^*$S»5
j^e>V;:'^%^:*a?^rr'.»-fj

!!
v; A >';'-
Vj---. ^ "..°^^^^>
:^'''%'A- .-' p
%
"."A- ' /-, '' > <' ;>V/^ v- AAA
O)
T-1190

O.lliausxssa. ni?.y resemble ArJ;hrp^t)hvcus, snooth tubes, or larj

horizontal burrows (P.. J, Weimsr, 1968, written ccnmusiica-
tion). Seilacher (19S4, p. 313) points out the bathymetric
inferences drawn froin trace fossil orientations.

A full relief, vertically oriented 9 U-shaped burrov/

with a diameter of 5 to 7 nm. Most burrov/s are oval in cross
section, probably because of compression during lithifj.cn-"
tion. The length of the burrov/ is controlled by thickness of
ths enclosing bed. Arenicolites is preserved on bedding sur-
faces as pairs of depressions, usually 10 to 50 mm apart 0 A
domichnia or fodinichnia type burrov/ of a polychaete worm,
found in well sorted, fine- to mediuin~grained sandstones; bur-
row indicates littoral environments (Seilacher, 1964, p. 311).

(pi. 14, figs. 1 and 2).

A convex epirelief burro*.?, very common in sandstones
throughout the area. Burrows are a series of Y-s£aped,
Ranching tubes, intimately interwoven. Tubes are circular
to oval, with a diameter of 5 to 15 mm. Burrows are devel-
°red at a sand-to-sand, sand-to-nuddy siltstone interface.
Considered by HSntzschel (1962, p. Y/218) to be burrov/s of a
CCaPod crustacean. Indicates shallow neritic conditions
GSe to the littoral zone (J. D. Howard, 1967, oral comiauni-
 Plate 14

Figure 1. !Ol?J^J?JiMl£L^JL> underside of bedding, leaver

Kenilvvorth 'Sandstone. Coin dianeter is 1.90 cm e

Figure 2. 31hal&S£inoid_£S, in Sunnyside Sandstone.

vie^, psn scale.
o
o
o~i
V""i
H
T-1I90 51

Plural curving tubes (pl e 15, figs. 1 and 2).

Description by Ko-,rnrd, (19G6^ f p. 76) for groups of sub-
parallel, curving, vertically oriented full relief tubes that
have definite v/all structure* Tubas sre very light .grey to
v/hite and are very noticeable on outcrops 0 Tube diameter is
constant at about 7 ma, and the tubs vail is 1 to 2 rAiii thick.
Tubes are open at top and bottom. Grain size of the \?all is
the sane as that of the enclosing rock, but organic natter
and clay are absent. Probably the permanent burro*./ of a
filter feeder (Howard, 1966a, p. 77), in fine-grained sands
of the littoral zone (Seilacher, 1984, p. 311).

Large horizontal burrows (pi. 15, figs. 3 and 4).

Large, branching burrov/s preserved in full relief and as
convex epirelief in silty, carbonaceous, sandy mudstones*
Described by many writers as "fucoids", the trace is similar
to £iHl2lAJL§.?. GSilMBii3-* In ^ he Sunnyside district these
traces are found only above coal beds or above medium-grained
sandstones. Often aligned subparallel to strike of ripple
nark crests T/here associated with them, but no indication of
mechanical reworking of burro'.vs. Burrov/ is oval in cross
section, with a maximum diameter of 10 to 60 mm. Burrows
filled with very fine- to fine-grained sand with clay matrix
a£d some carbonaceous material. Distinctive on the outcrops.
elieved by the author to be constructed by detritus feeders
n terrestrial subaqueous deposits; interpretation based on
 Plate 15

Figure 1. Plural curving tubes, natural size, raiddle

Kenilworth Sandstone.

Figure 2. Plural curving tubes, Sunnyside Sandstone. Pen

scale.

Figure 3. Large horizontal burrov/s, top of Kenilworth

Sandstone^ Pick scale.

Figure 4. Large horizontal burrov/s, from siltstone roof rock,

Sunnyside coalo Coin dianeter is 1 0 90 ca.
 o

V^>.
''** . , ' r\ -
Jfc A

yf. '

fn
T-1190 53

both stratigraphic position and lighologic association of the

trace fossil.

Cubichnia
Sylls^UBiLEfiB (pl- 16, figs. 1 and 2).
Resting traces preserved as concave hyporeliefs in fin3~
and medium- to fine-grained sandstones. Traces may form a
circular pattern, an apparent trail, or may occur singly.
Suggested by Howard (1968a, p. 78) to be made by "jellyfish
or an animal with similar bottom configuration." Traces are
oval, and have constant dianeter of 10 to 15 nun. In cross
section they exhibit a peripheral trough 2 to 5 mm deep with
transverse v/alls. The center is a raised boss slightly lower
than the surrounding surfaces, 5 to 10 mm wide, and is saucer-
shaped. The trace is uncommon, but its occurrence on outcrops
is probably limited by the scarcity of horizontal bedding sur-
face exposures. Indicative of littoral to sublittoral
environment (Ssilacher, 1964, p. 311).

Fecal Material
Pellets (pl. 17, figs. 1 and 2).
Pellet-like structures preserved as convex epirelief or
convex hyporelief at sand-to-sand interfaces. Ovoid, \7ith a
tiajor axis of 5 to 10 run and minor axis about 5 ran. Locally
abundant, these features exhibit no interior structure.
Sinilar morphologically to Saj^j^i^chnus Seilacher, 1953
(Hantzschel, 1962, p. V/215). The trace fossil is believed by
T-1190

Plate 16

Figures 1 and 2. SiillS^PJi^l6^ (arrotrs), pattern and trail on t

of bsdding, lower Kenilv/orth Sandstone. Coin dianoter !*
1.90 cm.
o
v-i
I
T-1190

Plate 17

Figure !« Fecal pellets, on top of bed, middle Sunnyside

Sandstone. Coin diameter is 2.38 en.

Figure 2. Fecal pellets, on base of Castlegate Sandstone.

Overhead vie^v, pick scale.
LO
 55

I
the author to represent feces of fish or of large
crustaceans in a shallov/ neritic to littoral environment,
bocause of the stratigraphic position and litholo^ic r.ssoci;
tion of these trace fossils.

I
T-1190

SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

Sedimentary structures of the Blackhawk Formation may be

grouped into two categories: biogenic structures, built by
orgr.nisns; and inorganic structures, which are primary fea-
tures developed mechanically* Biogenic sedimentary structures
in the rocks under investigation were described in the section
on trace fossils* This section is therefore concerned with
inorganic structures.
Klein (1967) and Potter and Pettijohn (1983) made ex-
*._
studies of the role of sedimentary structures in
of sedimentation patterns and depositional environ-
cnts. Klein's work described Holocene deposits, while
ter ancj Pettijohn concentrated on paleoenvironments. Both
%Orf-
r^s contain comprehensive reference sections* Interpret?."
ns of environmental significance of sedimentary structures
~ aa in this paper are based upon these two publications and
13 Papers by McKee (1957, 1964).

57
 5S

F!ode!I'll Structiires^
Sandstones of the Blackball: Foruation corrjnonly are
cross-stratified. The nature of the cross-stratification
Tories vrith the current velocity in vyhieh it was produced.
Thickness and type of stratification depends mostly upon the
velocity of the transporting medium. In strata deposited in
quiet water, laminar bedding is dominant, and depositioiial
Cross~stratification is uncommon; deposits in environments of
higher kinetic energy are thin- to thickbedded (2 in» to 5
ft), and most are crossbedded in wedge-shaped sets (fig, 8)
6 inches to 2 feet thick. Such sets are tangential at their
teases, and have planar tops (fig. 9). Sole markings in beds
Of this type are parallel to the direction of crossbedding.
^fcis indicates that the beds were built up in the direction of
*edinent transport. Primary dip of crossbsdding varies with
the energy of the environment, but dip angles greater than
*® degrees are rare. Most crossbedding in Blackhav/k sand-
at Sunnyside dips to the southeast at 2 to 15 degrees;
O f direction of transport indicate a nearly con-
direction of S 80 E. Of 80 measurements of features
icative of transport direction selected at random fron
oid notes, 74 are within 2 degrees of S 80 E, and none
more than 20 degrees. The directional features
include crossbedding, flute casts and other sole
asymmetrical ripplenarks, and orientation of plant
on bedding surfaces. The nearly unidirectional
Figure 80 Terminology of Crossbedding (modified from Potter
and PettiJohn, 1963, p. 69). No scale.
 59

v.-'^S-v.'^/-- .set

thickness,
depth
c

Tabu la r
Crossbedding

Trough
Crossbedding
T-1190

Figure 9. Tangential crossbedding in lower Kenilworth

hi ember.
o
UTA :M<-^^1^ i
c
cr>
vt
 T-1190 61

r sedinent transport is a major factor in the interpretation of

' ^positional environment, to be treated in a later section*
Many sandstone bods exhibit ripple cross-lanincvtion
(fig« 10), a bodding feature forced by low velocity current
drag peneconter.iporaneous v/ith deposition (Potter and
Petti John, p. 155). Laminae are built up by ripplenarks mi~
e grating in one direction. Where this feature was found near
'^ynnyside, measurements of the direction of laminae buildup
1** Indicate ripple migration to the east-southeast .
Crossbedding that indicates sediment transport in oppo-
site directions in successively overlying sets (fig* 11)
A formed in local areas of deposition. This type of crossbed-
;>"8! ' '

|,^ing is preserved in some outcrops of the Blackhawk Formation.

Particularly -good outcrops in the upper Sunnyside Sandstone
J in Water Canyon (fig. 11) of such beds display a vertical
Sequence of foresets 6 inches to 1 foot thick that dip in
°Pposite directions at lov/ angles. Potter and Petti John
'P« 96) point out that most crossbedding points do%vn the

The upper surface of the main cliff of both the Sunny-

3e Sandstone and the Kenil^orth Sandstone is planar at
tat% ly every exposure (fig. 12). The planar surface may be
iluUcation of subaerial erosion prior to deposition of the
£rl ying sediments (Howard, 1966b, p. 32) * Rootraarks occur
t^ * h
; »-ne upper foot of the uppermost sandstone bed in each
T-in-O

Figure 10, Ripple cross-lamination, middle Sunnyside

Sandstone,

Figure 11. Crossbedding in opposite directions in succes-

sively overlying sets, upper Sunnyside Sandstone*
Oblique view to depositional strike.
IN
v<$*> **
»l&i&II^I/«
- ; ',.* W4-~*&
Ww&«-Ww\*4%-}
^1,v.:^liltyi
p^v;'"/*.r H'lt'i t> l'^-^%^-'^¥ rr-'
I.M-fete/^^'-l^l.lM.lu.m^^^/Mg^£A.
tt»mmtii»itMimi\ turn** t»^i**m-it*<t,wni»tt',f**k ^-u^yfc
t-M* ^"; ^.r,_
f -' 1
r-l
TH
I
Figure 12. Top of Sumiyside Sandstone, ill -~ ustrating plar
nature of baciding surfaces.
 . l ''-'' ^^
'
iv^,^ai>:'" '/s. ! ,%' A ' T^ffe^v.
o
r «nber ('is- ?6 )» indicating that plants once grew at. these

horizo2is c

iprlc-.narks are the r-ost ccnr^on types of current«built

rlructuTr? in the rocks at Sunnyside. Many are syia.~ietri.cal
(fig. 13? with relatively straight, subparallel crests that
r.re trai. averse to the oscillatory water Movement that formed
then (Potter and Petti John, p. 29). Current ripples (fig,
14), which are formed by directional movement or transport
(Potter rind Petti John, p. 29), are abundant in thirtbedded,
fine-grained sandstones in the Sunnyside area. Oscillation
and current rippleniarks vary widely in measured amplitude and
trave ler.-th. Megaripples (Potter and Petti John, p 0 89) with
taxinmm snplitudes of 1.5 inches and Y/ave lengths of 7.5 feet
Occur ir. the middle Kenilworth Sandstone in Slaughter Canyon
(fig« 15). Megaripples are best preserved at this locality,
although they are conr.on elsev/here in the Sunny=side area.
Gilbert (1899, p. 138) postulated that "... ripplemarks
?.ro only half as broad as the waves rolling above ther.i are
fcich." if this postulation is true, waves that formed the
s described above v/ere about 15 feet high, Heezen
Hollister (1964) have photographed current ripples on
° sea floor at depths as great as 8,000 meters, thereby
Moving that fossil rippler-iarks have no bathynietric sig-
ft if i
* A caac?« Current ripples in the Blackhawk Formation are
Figure 13. Oscillation rippleniarks, upper Sunnyside
Sand?tone 0

Figure 14. Current ripplenarks, upper Sunny?ide Sandstone5 .

Overhead view 0
 - ^ ^f^^'^-^^^^^^i^K'^S^^V- -
^s^^tji^^^i^^j^

^:^ ^&^?&! ^ *$>c"

^ ^^isi^ ^^^&^^M
~z&
T-11PO

Figure 15. Legaripplc?? in middle Kenilvrorth Sandstone

(A) Sharp peafced ripplenarks (1) overlying and trun-

cating lo',v amplitude, long \?ave length ripples (2)«

(B) hegaripples with wave length of 6 to 8 ft and

amplitude of 1 0 5 in 0 Hacwiier scale.
 V-*
V-*

< '" . j-^'l '* l ''-'^ '&v\-^\ r-"M>^r ^^-ift 1 im"Wff

'^^^mmm
;::^mf '»^m
*& {i'BiV 1 ' ' '<> ;:vC^/7> ^ -W S
^> : - hi^jl*.-; , *,?:..i h ^'.i\:i.'\; ^. .., -v.\v>-

M/ /-^'fe^tekli
-'
- - u\;^__^l^'^''|Vv^Mj!. AV
---5 ...i Visa»*£i£a3w;i * !; ; ^
v^-f
"*-, v v > V;.r
* i mi|s
, j-^-j i , < \ } m§
:¥f 'ttl
**-

(D
0'?
transverse to the direction of crossbsdding; according to
letter and. PettiJohn (p. 94), these ripples aid in delineat-
Ins the depositional strike. Interference ripplemarks (Potter
rarJ Pcttijohn, p. 93) formed by currents operating at large
fr-^los to each other, and characterized by po3yso:>al cusps,
arc found in so~:3 bads (fig. 16).

Channel §^>jctiires_
Channel deposits occur in nearly all types of bods. They
vary in width, 'depth, direction of transport, and orientation
vithin beds; channel deposits can seldon be traced for any
fcrpreciable distance laterally, hov/ever, because they ccmiiionly
crop out high on vertical cliffs and are inaccessible, and
they are covered by colluviuni on north-facing slopes 6
Channel deposits are found in tvro lithologic relation-
: scours into muds tone that are filled, v/ith sandstone,
scours into sandstone that are filled v/ith sandstone.
use these lithologic relationships may have soiae bearing
..0n interpretation of depositional environment, their data
fc ' 1 1 K
* 1J- Da presented .separately.
Channel deposits of sand in muds tone (fig. 17),, are con-
t^--'}
ViiJ-y the smaller of the tv;o type?* Most are bilaterally
' Metrical about a th?.lv:cg at tho center of the channel.
anel deposits of this type observed at Sunnyside r.re less
I '^
k^ 50 feat wide and less than 20 feet deep 0 They are len~
sandstone bodies, convex dov/nwarcl v/ith nearly planar
T-IVDO

Figure 16. Interference ripplcnnrlcs on bottom of bed,

middle Ksnil-.vorth Sandstone, illustrating ploygonal
cusps ,

Figure 17 0 Sands tone-in-inuds tone channel (arrov/s) in

upper Sunnysid.e Shale 0 Channel at thalveg is 12 ft
thick.
o

CO
V-1190

ODc;, and are enclosed in and covered by the same type of

ecdineiit into v/hich the channels were cut. The structures
r.re foreset crosshedded in trough sets (Potter and Pettijolm,
p, 70) that have their Ions axis parallel to the direction of
dip of the foresetSo The sets thicken in the direction of
tho foreset dip, and truncate other sets throughout the depth
and breadth of the deposit. Most trough sets display moder--
Rtely graded bsdding. No trace fossils were observed in units
of this type.
Channels of sandstone in sandstone are larger than chan-
nels of sandstone in muds tone. Tho smallest observes;! channel
of the sandstone-sandstone type (fig. 18) is at the mouth of
Slaughter Canyon in Whitnore Canyon (pi. 1). Although ona
side of this channel is removed by erosion, the projected
*Idth is 60 feet; it is 10 feet thick. The largest channel
structure of this type is located in the south wall of
*Mtnore Canyon, and was measured by pacing and with steel
taPe; it is 150 feet wide and 45 feet thick at the thickest
Point. These channels are asymmetrical in cross-section, with
fce thalv/eg well to one side. Sediments in these channel fills
^e crossbsdded in wedge-shaped sets that thicken laterally,
*'*£al to the long direction of the channel (fig, 19) 0 Fore-
bedding within sets dips in the direction.of thickening
sets. Sandstones that fill scours in sandstone are
ser-grained and contain less carbonaceous debris than the
Figure 18. Snr.ll sandstone«in~sanclstone chattel in upper
Kenilworth Sandstone* View northwest.

Figure 19. Sandstono'-in-oandstoiie chrumel in uppar Sunny

Shale* View northeast*
 vrc*t.<>*r % 'rifi^ /& ^3*^*83
^^rf1 '^ Wi>¥«v. -, -" ^«*8K*J
«K. V, '^.-wt.y, ^4.S;i|:i',f^-. / : ' p-'kv«w5.)tM:-.f-"^
4| 'v.;:%4:.;f J;fc-; 'V J '^^^;J
" " '., -'t-"'ii
.'^t£i
'.*«i<33
^ '. .{..A.'v. ,"^. i XiC*< */ '- ; '' '''^ ifrj**'" '!!»'' ''-S?SK'w
ffcrf M, IW^J1 ^' ; ;"; l| v^ii^^l
fcl^S </^lt}fv-:-:B^
F^f" J-t,- *« W 1 \ A^- .;A-/jf jJ#""->-.'v V"'-' -' : "S.V* i frj JLLr^**'M «S
r\t'Vv ^ ^ ^"^''^ /!i //* -' v " ' - ;-:"i V -Si ^ *w^1 v * ^*
1^-^.SK^>¥^^1i^
^.,:/ v i^|'li^' ; 'f^Ml^^l
P^C^^^^*^4^
7 £ f ;.. , r «J £^ *^*r^c>>*".J !* ;.^^< :"^r* S*|
^'^ ^-- /^^^^^a. ^ N ^^
o
V-cc!3 into v/hich the channels were cute The scoured beds
c:,::a;;only are thinly and evenly bsdcled, very carbonaceous, and
ccD-only are interbeddcd with siltstons* No trace fossils
vcre found in ch?.nnol fill sands tones ? but traces are often
r ' und-iuit in scoured bsds . Most channel deposits of the type
('.scribed here crop out high on the cliffs, hence they are
t/.sier to trace laterally than the smaller channels.

Ball-*and«pillov structures and load casts are the luost

corrion types of load structures in the rocks of the Sunnysido
District* Both features are caiised by foundering of a scdinan
into a less-dense sedinent while both bodies are still hydro
Plastic (Potter and Petti John, 1963, p* 145, 143).
Ball«and»pillovr structures at Sumiyside are characterised
fcy individual segments of a stratum v/hich have settled into
tfce underlying sediment, Ball-and-pillo'-TS are most coiunonly
of fine-grained sandstone \?hich have foundered into
, with stringers of nmdstone squeezed up around the

Load casts are formed by settling caused by differential

1 f\
°2.ding of irregular sediment surfaces e Initial depressions
*n hydroplastic mud beds are filled with sediment, resulting
^ unequal loading (Middleton, 1965, p. 249). Load casts do
break away from the parent bed, as do ball-and-pillc1,?
Uctures; they form pendants into the less-dense sediment.
 Load casts are most coirjnon \vhere sands are deposited on

rillaceous sodinents (fig* 20).

I
Figure 20 C Load cast of very fine-grained, dense sandstone
into underlying carbonaceous Eudstone, middle Kenilv;ortb
Shale* Pick scale*
gp^^wsyf "y-if?* r^r?? . v '^^y-'jPi^v-^^j^^^^r !.""
b'V. , /."-- ;j --
, ' y, j.. C\ ' .'"A^Av *'?&'~**fi2$!$rf-J^
H' *v^
*3, 'v V > , ! '/^ --s-sAvii.!psfesc-S,-'K!'-' '
- *>.. ^:&l»\\rt:iW^stiB&$ -.-x J
^ Hi' l
""' " 'r "" ' *'
^i?T^:"''^:; '/ '*- lf'vE^^^'^f'''nk*"'j'fe|^''^ Vi ' 'i 11 - !
:<;yC;/> ; .'.''j ';'->./X//#xi*^w^^^^t'--';'/ ss^'J' t~ > r '«
1'-f .-^^»^|!W^^- ? :
^r^vv-^^ipi^-';-;.'''^/!
: ' ,-',: v.;%^'xrtSirwri/v:,rt'A.'- ( -'Mrf-.a sf
A/>' \^ . j\
i\
''-v-i^H; i "i>,;n^*^f --..I:^ -u^ j''-x^ 1
> /x\ - ^4>f?h -;; ; ^\- '^^1 \v-*'- -*^
^^'/- s\v vww^'-^ ; ' ; " ' *--v " n v* M
^f-A^.'r:Ap^^r ,./;;^.'i^a^^'S^V
 S T R A .T.JL5L ILA-L..ILZ
0 F T K K B I, A C K K A >/ K F 0 I: H A T I O N

The Blr»clchnv/I; Formation at Sumiyside comprises, in as-

cending order, the Xenilv/orth and Sunny side Jlei.ibe?."^ of Yoxms
(1955). Each member is defined (fig. 3) to consist of a
"basal v/hitecapped sandstone and the overlying lagoonal and
offshore bar deposits" (Young, 1955, p. 181). Field obser-
vations by the author shov/ that the sandstone unit of each
t-onbar is a physically prominent and uappable unit (pi. 1)
^nd that the lithologic dissimilarity between the sandstones
* fid coal-bsariug argillaceous sedinents indicates that a
different set of conditions governed the deposition of each.
fe«* *
*»»e 'basal \7hite~csippod sandstone" of Young also occurs at
*v ,
i;G top of individual sandstone sequences in each ncnbsr. For
ft ess reasons, the author proposes to divide both the Kenil-
^orth Member and the Sunnyside Member, In
" c " nenberj the divisions are a sandstone and an
, N
coal-baaring (fig, 21).
31 the ICenilv/orth Sandstone, Kenilworth Shale,
Sandstone, and Sunnyside Shale.

74
Figure 21 c Blackhr-.v/Ic Formation at Sunnyside, Utah.
Key: C Castlesats Forn?.tion
S Sxmnyside Member
K Kenilv/orth L'GCibsr
M Mancos Shale
c_

K
» ^>ti'?$"^fit-''4*r*'"'"i'-\ v*-'"&V'*wy*1** ' * i***. v^^j*^*?V's!*";- ' !'*'V. -" "*"*''*' ***1* tty>ff*f^','-'.-'i-- f-^,'"'' ""* **'"'"' *>

M
'^^a&fesi^
 In this report the ter~i "sands tono" refers to indurated
: : .!i::-.--nts cGT.'prisiirj particles fi-CM .032 to 2 C 0 L:;.I diai-istcr.

1 wiitstciie" refers to nonf isrsile indurated scdins-its composed

c ; silt-si:-^ p:\rticles fro:t ..062 to 0 004 un diameter. "Clay-
' ;c-i:2 f? in this report refers to i-cuf issile, indurated beds cf
cl"y~si:-;od particles less th;"\ii ,00-1 rj'.'i diaD3tov e "Lludstoiiy"
indicates poorly indurated, indistinctly badced r»G?Uri-5iits OA

fr^in Gi^o less than .001 F:JJ-S dx^notci*, iioiiTisslle, Isininar or

r.-.^sive. Tho term "Sh^le" is a gix-up torn indicntiirj a col-
lection of bads of dominantly argillaceous sed.lr:^nts; "shr-.lc"
rofcrs to fissile rrjdstons, claystcno, or siltsto?^. Grain
fiizc notations are in accord v/ith tho Iventv/orth scale for
clastic sodip.ents used by the U« S. Geological Survey*
H^ure 22 shovs current velocities necessary to transport and
Deposit particles of those sizes.

Each member exhibits a depositional sequence that varies

t; lightly laterally at Suimyoida. The cequonco begins at the
case of the sandstone subnenbor v/ith alternating layers of
*cry thin-bedded, carbonaceous sandstone and sandy, carbona-
ceous silts tone. The sandstones are evenly bedded, r/ell
°-'ted texturally, and contain nuriorcus trace fossil?; &ost
Its tones \7ere thoroughly rcv/orlcod by organisms. Although
^ two lithologi.es are interbedded, there are sharp boundaries

layers c Pj^Jj-9Jj9£V>jui is the dcrainant trace fossil in

;v/est sandstones; tho siltstone interbeds co?itain abun-»

:^ii.~ci£i£?2ir-15.> focal pellets, and labyrinth castings ii'

Figure 22. Current velocities required for erosion, trans-
portation, and deposition of sedinsnts. Curves are
based upon orcparir.ents \vith particles of specific nrnvjUv
2,60 to 2 C 65 (modified from Hcezen fcnd Hollister, 1964 '
p* 171).
 77

.001
i -r c a r b o i i a c c o u 3 n a 12 r i r. 1 i s p r e s e n 1 0 L s. b y r i 51 i h erst i; . c; s a r o
i :ot abundant at the interface of siltsto:-o and overlyin^;
randotone, P. horizon thr.t r-e-preGe/its a surfr.ce of depo^5 tio':i 0
I isturbanco of the sedinent Avas so intense in thc-so bsc's
(fi- 9 5A)'th^t fev/ identifiable trace fcss.VJ.s p.ve p^t3OT/£d
,! r tho rocIiSo
The next overlying portion of tho sequence is costly
t'.ir.^-sddaii, ve:.4 y fine-drained sandstone T.r jth win or, discoii"
1 I:\ITOUG lenses ?.:u! pods of ccirbo:iriceou2, fo^silifei'onn silt«
fitcTie, The fine-grained sandstone corraionly contains
i '-jr.ripplcs, current ripples and oscillation ripples; nost
lc-ds are crossbedded in tangential foreset sets c This sand-
stone contains abundant trace fossils of the kind interpreted
fcy Seilacher and others to be indicative of shallow v/:itor
{p» 45 to 55 of this paper) 0 Thinbedded sandstones are
characterized by an abundance of trace fossils. 2lilL}l£^J?A"

s and Aycn_lcol.-ii®Sp are sone fossils that are pro-

*-Orved in the roclcs of this type« One factor that governs the
association of trace fossils is the amount of silt, nud and
S^nic debris in the environment . Where Much fine sediment
organic detritus \vas present during deposition, Ophiorj
Ai S small, most C^M^r_^hr^u£ are horizontally oriented,
e^cellent helicoid funnels are associated with Cyljjid
C rp
xe i£ic_hichnns is co.~r.--on in the nore carbonaceous roclcs c
 The third portion of the dopos.it.io:i.il sequence is a
noderatej.y veil tovtcc?, thicT-bc::;aou sandstorm that cci'vonly
rake-3 a r.assive cliff c It coiit^iirr; variable anoints of ciirbo--

ii.iccr»ii3 clobvir;, and ccc-jiozily contains an ab^udrait trace fossil

faunao The thickb^c-ded sandstcno is coai*3c-r £jrs\in?.cl tlir.n tb?

underlying usnit^ s
The tipp'2vr.os£ unit in tho scqu^nco is a very light-^rey
sandstone, nor^^rO.ly \.; ell co'.'cc.;1 s fine-- to ri-diir/.i-'graiiioc!, ^iid

nonfo3siJtijL 3.*ous; nest stratificrition is in tr.i^ential foreset

crossbsds. This unit is the "blor.checl zone," ox1 l? v/hitecap-' of
Young (1955, p. 85); it is co:.-r.!o;tly the upp^mo^t unit 01 a
sandstone subnieriiber, but is also found In r:any outcrops some
distance belov/ the top of the subneiabei** Thiclcbodded, v/ell

sorted sandstones in the subnenbDr are characterised by largc-i

225£p]l2: burrov/s (3 to 5 CLI diameter), and by COMHOII Ave-
^ burrov/s. Cylindrj-chtius burrov/s are vertical, and
tracks and trails on b3ddin2 surfaces are abundant.

Any parts of tho sequence nay be missing from the section

at a given point, de-ponding upon conditions at the tine of
deposition (fig. 23).
ur>H=s
Rocks in the coal-bearing ^K^^^S^s^W include a basal,
ir^egular and discontinuous, very carbonaceous sr.ndy silt-

s tone; an overlying coal bed; a siltstone or fine-grained

sandstone bed; and dark muds tones \7ith thin, discontinuous,
cross-strafitied b3ds of claystone, siltstono, or very fine-

sandstone. Chaiinel*-fill sr.ndstonos occur in tho

Figure 23« Coluvmar stratigrnphic section of ths
For-iation in the Sunnysicls district, shov/in^c
trace fossil litholor'ic associntion.
 80

Young, 1355

labyrinth cast ings(lc)

mollusc shells

large horizontal burrows (Ihb)

Sunnyside coal bed
Qpnio nQjO_T£ h_g (O), C_yJ |rijdji[cJi nj^s (C)

chevron trails (ch),RuLiLe.s.a.uj:ea(R),

ArenicojiLe_5_(A), Gyr.QC_n_cii;'t£ (G),
AjJJlcJmite.s_(Au), plural curving tubes(pct)
RAArthroohv:_u5(Ar), Teichichnusd).
ThLaja s s i n o i a'_e_s ( Th )

1C

hb
-Rock Canyon coal bed
O.C.ch

R^.A.O^Au.Ar, ch.pct

T^O.Ar.Th

O,C

T,Au,Th,A,ch

R,0,Ar,T,Th,lc

G,ch,R,0,pct

Rp/kr, TJh

~~1 00 ;.v ;.;-.__ medium-grained sandstone

l^g? carbonaceous siltstone,claystone,shal e
I . fee
Sx
ti^:
coal
thickbedded, fine-grained sandstone
"y~==?^^~ thinbedded very fine-grained sandstone
fytg interbedded sandstone and siltstone
Q '-^r-2- mudstone
I The bc-.se of the sandstotie ^^zsczr^saa^ is at the base of
t :-.<-» lo.;cst Ox thros sr.ndi'to:::!-?: toques in the Kcnilvrorth
: -_:"jor at S\.?:iiy3ids 0 The throe tongue? arc ncstly sandstone
: pro se::-vratecl by thin units of reel: litholc^ically sini-
' / to the M?.i;co3 Shale c The Icv/er raid Middle tongues s.re
'..- ..tier.! succc'Ssioo'S of intorbidd.c-d sjltstouo and sr.nds Lena,
interleudoa £j?.i::lsto.i3 and siltstono, and thinbacklcc' Gniid-
?tciiG 8 The upper to:^i.ia co:.i;ji% i^c-'S a litholo^ic succc^oion
)ike the lov;er ton.3r.e3, but is cr.ppid by a thiclcbeddecl, v/ell
s o r t e d , ci G c! j n i« ;j r a i n e d s a : i cl s t o n e b £ d , The t h i c P: b e d d o d 1 r ;. y t r
contains local bodies of very light-grey to v/hite sands tou-o
f.t various stratigraphic levels. This is the "basal, r^r.fjsiv

^bite-capped sandstone" of Young (1955, p c 181). The sandi-

tone s-ub:r:sub^r forms an abi-uyt cliff, up to 200 feet lu&'h,

that rises steeply above slopes of Mancos Shale. It Is dis-
tinctive in the field (fig. 24), and is a mappnble unit
(pie 1).

The Kenilv/or th Shale ^^sx&ssaztes^ is composed of a 150 to

-Jt'O^ foot thick sequence of coal-be«iring, dark grey, clayey
-^les, mudstones, and sandy siltstones. It forms a slops
^-CVQ the cliff of the Kenilv/orth Sandstone £&&mz££i&3&<> The
r-terval is cade up of a discontinuous, very carbonaceous,
* " ^r\
*..ay silts tone at the base, overlain by tha irregular, thin
°ck Canyon coal bed, which persists throughout the area.
i j, ft
'- cocil is in turn overlain by very fine-grained, ar^illace-
&'§
rocks that contain abundant coalified carbonaceous debris.
Figure 24» Blackha\?k Formation at Sunnysid.ej, Utah.
Key: C Castlogate Formation
S Sunnyside Mc-riber
K Kenil-wci'th MeinbGr
M Mancos Shale
.-3
 80

Th;V' 5 discontinuou:;, lenticular bods of lir.onitic siltstone

Pi*c con:.:on throve, liO..'.! the intervale Large horizontal burroyrs

and DabyriJith castings ftre very coupon trace fossils in the

prgillacoouG roc!'3; the lonticr.lar siltstons beds cojo:v.oi\ly
contain Ophioi.vorplia, CyJ.ir.c^i'j.chni-Sf and Ar&nicolites <>
The co:il of the ICGZiiluci'th Shr\lo(Hock Canyon coal bed)
in the Sii2<iiy3ide district varies in thickness fro:,i a fe'^v

inches at nirierous pldcc3 to six feet in No» 1 Fan Cp.zjyon.

It is detrits\l co^.l, composed of sc;o.ll pieces o^ pls;.nt tia-

terJLal derived frc::i fe^us, r.n^icsporins and conifers (Tid'.rell,

1966, p e 88 ) 5 !:'o large plfint pieces such ?,s trees or stunps
are kiiOr/n in the cocil It is not commercially exploited, in
the Sunnyside district at present »
Tho uppor boundary of the Kenilvorth Shale is
placed at the base of the lov/er continuous sandstone of the

cliff-forcing Sunnyside Member that overlies tho coal»bsarirt^

interval of the Kenilworth. This horizon is the i?-ter«-ri£iib3r
boundary betv/een the Kenilworth and Sunnyside WeiTibers, and is
one of apparent unconformity.

The Sunny?ido Mer-iber v/as nai-ied and vp.s defined by Youn

(1955; p« 185) to comprise
.«»a riassivo, basal sandstone tongue and the over-
lying coal-bsaring rocks which are replaced east-
v/ard by offshore bar sandstones,
 Young's definition derives frcn bedding characteristics,
iicholosy, a:1-" inference 01 origin, De-tailed field inve'-ti-
fictions' by the author show that Young's "Missive, b::>.sr.l s^.nd-
fior.3 11 is the top unit in an orderly stratigrr.phic succession
fron interbeddod sandstone and si Its tone at tho bnsc to
IhicIc'oeddGd, msdiy: -i"grainod snndstona rxt the top» Tho dip-
tinctive sands toue unit is overlain by t. sequence o.C fine-
f rained, coril-baarir:^ , argil lac sous rod-is thr.t forn ?.
£ operate, distinctive unit. Tho n.?.'-AC3 Suimysiclo Sp.ndstono
d:5523S^3^3 (lover) and Sur.iiyside Shale -e®S02£t2^^>~ (upper) ars
I .-opcsod for these tv.-o litholos:icr.lly dissimilar units.
Tho base of the Suimysicle Sandstone is placed at the
trise of the continuous, cliff-forning unit above t/ie Kenil-
' orth Slialo.esiS3g32afi§2a»* The b:-».sal facica of th& sauc-sto^o
«&'>^22saBSBS^- at Swnnyside ic interbadded siltstone an:! thinbod-
dc-d, very fine-grained sandstone (fig. 25) * The siltstono is
t'ctrenely carbonaceous, and is so intensively rev/orkcd by
organisms that traces of original bedding are rare* Trace
fossil preservation in siltstones is uncommon, because the
tfcoroushness with v/hich the substrate v/as reworked either
Destroyed or altered the bio^enic sedimentary structures.
iil & sandstones are less carbonaceous tLr-.n the siltstones, and
*- r e not as "inottlod 11 by organises as the siltstones. Trace
os sils are abundant in the sandstones;

" s most corjir.on types found in the thinbedded sandstones.

Figure 25. Tho Sttanysido Sandstone interval at the novith c?
Slaughter Canyon* View scxithv;ard. Thiembedded sr.ncl« *
stone is <5 A'eot
 :/*.' %
f >^~-M
X* \ ?,

S? ':. -. ... *".-s";,'s-\.' "> ^

..PP* F"S .. ... / vT- ^ *^- ..-> /'^V--^- -^ ^ .'-"
Jj- - '- . " 'fj.^ ,-~ ->-,*.'-*.-V "v :Xi
*v.. /- . ' "-4*^ --1^^--" -^.Vj-Vr'-*,-^:^--^
^i^-:,^^^^.^^-
XT. - '
**} *f^v ?,\£-'-^' ** " *i*-***s*--i J a< ' <
f <v1
« S i .I ,'
X-Root zone
.£:'&-^i£2f<ty&.*; -!*# / ff'^/J _
^/?';/ '- m-'t-TV^ ^^/i »hlt
Whitecap

Thickbedded
sandstone

Thinbedded
sandstone

Interbedded
sandstone and siltstone
 The iaterbcckled basal sequence of the sandstorio OSSS^"-*-':
in ovorlr.in by thinbsdded, cro^s-stratified saadotone that
co.itr.iii3 variable amounts of carbonaceous debris* Foreset
ci-cssbcddirg is the r-ost cornion type of cross-stratificatioiu
* ; :; sandoto'.iO bsc'.s contajn an ab'j.sidant trace fossil fauna; th-
i-tUvlduaJs cf the fauna of each bed vary vith the ancunt of
c.-rlioiii-icc-ous datritus in the sedir-i-^nto Tho less carbonaceouo
i . ,'3 co'.itr.in A^lich^ites, Gyrochorto, Oghijr^.Drphq'_ s vertical
C vl i'\-:';.\ichxiv^ s plurr.l curving tubas r.nd chevron trails« Beds
vith a nod.er0.tc to high carbonaceous debris content contain

c'jVACJinj^o ?.nd helicoid funnels 0

The- norct overlying unit' in the sandstone is a

^ -ic.-ioec'dod, crG33''-3tr?itificd^ fine*-* to nedj,irri^'grii^.Aiocl sand**

*tone. Trough set crossbcdding is the most cor.ir-ioa type of

cross~ctratificatio^o Snail chanTiels occur in the unit at
different stratigraphic positions. Lenses of coalified carlro-
c 2-ceoi:s debris occur at nuiierous localities, and those lensc;-
c oa::oiily contain labyrinth castings associated \7ith the carco-
!: ceon.s naterialu The facies is ^7ell sorted texturally;
f "-in si^e varies in discrete beds, and size increases upv/ard

iAl:n in the unit. Trace fossils in this facies are similar to

4

*"--'=>c in the less carbonaceous beds of the underlying thin~

sandstones.
The upper unit of the Sunriysida Sr.ndstone ic a
£ded, v.'ell sorted codiu^-graincd sands tons. The vr>-osv
f dstoiio contains patches of very light-grey to i.hite sru-cl-
f-. ic-:.-'- £-t vr.vious- t-tvr. ^^rap'iic positions; this is the ''basal,
: . b2ive p vhi tc^c^.y-pod C'lndstoii'j" of Ycjr.^ (1953, p d 181). t-
\.1\c.~ rJ.r; :ral that no^ascopically rosc'.ablos jai%C3ite
' " :-3^ s °4^2- o:i ^6' CG:.:ioii!ly ccci^ro i?i tha uppor 3 to 6 foot of
\\j Gand3tc-ii^. The- u^c^:- 1 foot of t)i3 unit cont^iiis abunc'r;iit
j;,oti.:nrk3 (fig* 26 ) e The upyjsv surfnco of tho sands tons body
1^ nearly p!r-.nr.Vo Ti^.ce fossils ?.ro ravo in this facies;
to;!din3 foi-;vis are tM^ontir-,1 foresat :i;td t^'oc^h s^'c ci'OGGb2t3-
dc-d sets*
The uppor bouiirlary of tho Sunnyside Sands tons ic placed
Jit the top of the upper r.iost sandstone bed in the continuous
vertical cliffs.
The Suni-iyside Shale sub'!c:ibor coiitaina a briof,! thin,
tHscoatinuous, sandy siltstono, overlain by a thic!< cor=l bad
and 250 to 300 feet of dark, laminated shales, massive mud-
-tones v/ith lentJcular bodies of sandstone and siltstone 0
The coal is the Sunnysids coal bed of Taff (1903, p 0
255 )i a hard, bright, brittle coking coal of high-volatile E
"ituninous rank. The coal has an irregular break, due in
to the nattin^ and intorlayering of the plant parts
<s nako up the coal. Tho Sunnyside coal is rich in v/axes
spores. Fossil msgasporos form resin blebs in the coal,
*-nd are very cordon throughout tho vertical and horizontal
*k ent of the sear:i. The cor::ion spores and waxes, together
coal composed raostly of plant debris instead of v;oody
Figure 26. Rootm-?.rlis .In upper 0:10 foot of tipper Su
Sandstone, Unit ixfcovo uppor plr.nar suriaco is
which underlies Surmysido coal bscL Pen scr.le.
 - - -, > ''; "' '?' '' '
V \>'V^'<M '** . ^'^^^il'::-^ "3 '
..^^ H-2^b"- ^^TTf^rrr-:^ ****. - : ,
 .» --'ir.l, indicates formation of cetrit?,! coal in shr.llov/

t- (T^chvcly, 1931, p* D7). The Sunnyside coal bed is

< ,?lit by siltr.tcne and muclGtone a few inches to as Liuch as 75
ft -u thick (li^o 27 ) e Consequently, miners and sons earlier

v-y/Ivsrs beliovocl tlis coal to bo tv;o different bads* Dot?..'.led

r:*r;faee r.i:ip;jii*jj rui'-l cor-.-i-elr.tio;-: of under^roi'iicl S2ctj.o.is sho;:

th".t the "upper so:o" and "lov/or soam 11 ^re splits of tho stuio
!'.;! end were fon:v3cl isi tho s:r: .;9 sv;r.rio (Brodoky, 19GO, p e 36) c
V-:D split is not everywh^o pvoocivt in the aroo.; it thins to
the north p.nd east, and thickens to the couth and vast.
The cc:'jr,e,itary sequence overlying tho coal is cliarac"
Vvircc! by v^:,'y cnrbor.9C3O^s shales, muds tones, and silt-
i'Uuco, r.nd lenticular S£-.ndstO2iss and siltstones* The only
u .-.?o fossils observed in rock.? of this sequence are large
1 ' isontal burrov/s aiid labyrinth castings. L?.rge hovi^ont?.!
^-rroT?s are nearly ubiquitious in the rocks overlying tho
fe?per split of the coal. Labyrinth castings are associated
large pieces of carbonized material v/hich are strati"
y above or b-alov/ the coal. The thin-shelled, small 9
^rly preserved nolluscan fauna previously referred to in
"* is Paper (p. 81) v/as found 40 to 60 feet above the coal bed.
*ho upprr boundary of the Sunnyside Meraber, Vr'hich is
^!:- 1 f^ f* 4~\^

*** *^ne uppev- boundary of the Blackhav/k Forraation, is placed

!f * *«
ne Ibv/est appearance of secUrients of the Castlogate Forma-
rester, 1913, p. 24). The Castlcgate at Sunnysido
is a light yello,/-grey sandstone on fresh exposure.
i .;-IIui.:~£rairi£d 3 friable, and contains lar>je pieces 01 \?ooay
t'/:".*is 0 The fori.u--.tien &.verac,'3o 2:"rO .fc^t in thic':r\:533 in the-
;---C-D. of interest, and forus ru iLipresicivo v or tic til clixi«
', :. ~i i-'!t&rforp3,tion"'.l boyndtii:1 / is irregular because of th3
; ':o-iAO:e:^ablG nature of ths dcposi'tior.'. ox Cas elevate on
I i"icl;ha*.vk« The lei-.jth oT th3 period of erotica and deposition
represented by the u^co-ifori-iity is un^nov/iu
 1 N T E R P R E T A T I 0 N

There seeSis to be little question that deposition of the

I XicTchavIc Formation £.t Suvr-iyiide v/ns in the shallow vatcr cf
an epiccntineiA'tal Late Cretaceous s&a« Spatial relationships
t-? the Blackhiv,/*; to strata of undoubted Late Cretaceous a^e
1 recliuio an {ii-fcv.-ieiit over ago of the Blackhav/k (fig* 23),
Trace fossils that occur elsewhere in beds of undoubted
r-r.rino origin occur also in the BlacTchar/K, and fossils cf
f^o^i:isr.s that are knov/n to ba nariiiD are found in the under-
lying Mancoo Shale (Fisher, Erdnann and Reeside, 1960, p e
*--j~31). Spore and pollen analysis by Saruiento (1957, p*
i093) supports the shallow \vater concept. The question left
*o this paper, therefore, is how the sediiuents %/ere trans-
t-^^ted into ths site of deposition, and \7hat the environment
°- s during deposition of the Blackhav/k Formation at Sunnyside.
The data presented in the foregoing sections are adapt-
to tv/o interpretaciOiiS of depositional environment, One
^pretation is that the sedjnsr.ts v/ere deposited as part
periodically progradin^ coastline succession of offshore
**» barrier beach, lagoon-swarip, and piedmont environments 0

94
', v~ ouhsr interpretation is thr,t the ssdlrients \7ese part of r.

;- : /jrird-vrogracUnrj doltaic scquonco, nnch lilca pc-.rts of tha

Ho3.coenG Mississippi Kivor delta. In the following di£ciK>-
;-..i s lilies of evide-vca are discussed for each intc^pcc-t^tlon
tho-.^h it is the only ncccptable ijitorprotc-tio-io I'his
i.ylo is adopteu in the interest of brevity auct to i:;-eelv.do

: ';. t ctono'd3 repetition.

» .'v;'.rc.dir.fv Eorich Biiyivo": "eiit

The Blaclchav/k Formation \/?.s dopositacl Jis a scries of
£^3tT/ard=-pro2;3*r:.dj.n2 offshore bar, shallow n?.rin&, b'lrrior, and
tccch«ST;ar*T)«cor-.st&.l plain envirosvncats (SpieTccr, 5.9'lSii, pc
62), The observed relationship of trace foscil assc-ivtblr-^es
^ith litholo^ic type indicates that depositional environmants
bocrj.13 shallov/er v/sstv/ard (fig. 28) c The shoreline tre-ided
north-northeast (Fisher, Erds-ann and Reeside, 1960, pi. 11,
^:;pp and Cobban, 1962, p. D52). None of the sandstone todies
studied by the author has the geometry of an offshore bar;
*-o tops of all sandstones at Sunnyside are nearly planar.
*r,o dopositional enviroiosnts indicated by the sodinontavy
^-^ucturea in the Biackhav/k rocks at Suraiyside are deeper
*-'«-itic, shallo.v neritic, littoral, boach, laj<oon-sv,T.r.ip, and
Cc -stal plain (fig. 28).

Beeper neritic deposits are characterized by dark-^rey,

v^t niudstones, siltstonos, and very fine-grained
The sediments are thinly and evenly laminated,
Figure 28, Model of prograding uarine bsach " "«
(A) Barrier beach builds offshore en gently slo-.i-^
floor, formir-g lagoon and terminating grovrth of r.ri'»V"
beach. S\??iip forns along coast.

(B) Barrier beach progrs.des senti-ard \vith addition of

sand fron uplands Lagoon fills and is covered by s\r?- -.
\vhich burie.3 forner be^.ch profiles. *!

(C) Subsidence hinging L?ar shore iiiuricii'.tcs b

part of s\fa r ip, IlG\y br.rricr bcr^ch builds in sh
vater, lagoon fills, a«ia old s\;^i.,p again eprcr
v/ard. (Modified frcn You:og, 19SG, p. 18«)
 ^

-PLANTS

'/~ LAGOONAL
- - PEAT. COAL
:.'~-~-SAND, SANDS TONE*

5:5i--*lluo' SILTi CLAY

; contain a largo trace fossil fauna that indicates deposi-
i , in clsep, cuict vatc-r (So:, lac her, 1934, p. 311). Snail,
t hi i:- -vailed Ophionprpha burrows are abundant in the lov/est
. ;.~ lor.:.-s; the silts tc-acs coi^'ionly contain £:/lindr .J^to^l3.*
'. " ::'- lc'-i:rjs , fecal pellets and, if much carbonaceous debris
is I'i'-isc/it, labyrinth castinjs. The restricted association
cf labyrinth cRstir.^s v/ith lar^o pieces of v/oody debris pre-
-. . .':z this ti-ace fossil from boin^- of ^rcat vali/e as a bathy-
: . Iric indicator* Load casts ancl ball-and-piliov/ structures
M*3 found in the si Its tones and sandstones v/here they overlie
rrdotone. Traced tovrard the paleoshoreline, sediments of
this environinent contain progressively increasing amounts of
f-r.nd, and pass into inter bedded very fine-grained sandstone
« - : u c 1 a y o y s i 1 1 s t o it G «
Rocks of the shallow noritic envircnnent comprise mostly
sandstone, Vvith lenses and stringers of grey siltstone. The
-odin-ents are thinly boclded, vith prominent unidirectional,
Io7;~angle, tangential foreset crossbeddingo A large trace
fossil fauna is found in this group of sediments.

anc^ ^TJ^lSiPl^ ^ ej?. a ^^- occur here, and are grouped

according to the amount of nud and carbonaceous debris in the
CriVlronment. Where much fine sediment and organic debris v/as
* :"03ent during deposition, QphJLorrtorpha is small, there is a
""^e population of horizontally oriented C_^)J._nclrichiry-i3 and
*' 3s ocir,ted helicoid funnels, Tcichiclmus is also associated
v-ith the carbonaceous environment. When the cite of doposi"
\i,-)ii. v-as s-,,-3pt by stronger currents in the transporting
v .;.diu:n, interpreted here as shallov/ins due to deposition,
* V.oi'iorpha. turro'./s b^cp.no larger and thicker v/alled to resist
I,: 2 current, Cylinclrichrius burrov/3 are vertically oriented,
indicating an attempt by the anir-al to escape to a more favor-
f,ble enviroiriant c Gyrocliorte and ArGuicoln are more nv^iarciis
!n arsas of well sorted sand, vhere water Vi?s clear 0
The beach eiivironuent is prc^crvad as thichbeddod, v/cll
rortcd Gar-.d3tono 9 Theso rocks contain very little silt- and
clay.-sizs naterj.ale Particle size ranges fron very fino- to
fine-grained sand, and the rocks are mostly quartz sandstone
^'ith carbonate cei'ient. 2£ki£E2-rJ^-)5: burrov/s are at maximum
Pize (2 to 4 en diameter)> and ^^ejjdc^oy-t^s burrov/s are com-
Con. Tracks and trails on bedding planes are abundant*
*-0'7-angle, tangential foreset and trough crossbadding is
concon throughout. The sorting and foreset crossbsdding are
interpreted to bs the result of reworking and deposition by
*^al currents. Body fossils of organisms are unknown fron
^iments in this zone. Logs, leaves and other plant debris
% ?* f\ ~
** e common, but poorly preserved 0 Bedding is thicker at the
'P °^ the unit than at the botton, and grain size increases
t * t» -~
^*ard. Current and oscillation rippleznarks are common in
i*"-
--^e sediments. Tops of the beach beds are planar, indicat-
IK^
*-o subaerial gradation as the sand v/as sv/ept into the sea
iilCi V;as rev/orked by the v/aves (Spieker, 194Ta, p e 64), The
I > :,- Ic I: one bods foru to^aes ovxstv:r\rd, vith each higher tongue
: ,;.-chins' f^thc-r e;:c'-tv/:xi-<.l (fi^, 29) c Tr.sSo- sandstone! tongues

' -j?t out Into the sea as successive ciccu^ulr.tlouo of ssncl

; : clto-r, 5.9^9:., p a 62) 0 The sand? -wore furnished to tho en-
-, l.o-.-.^.vfc by stroaro (Kr.le and Yr.n DC Graaf. 1S6-1, p c 136) 0
'..:.; consistent ear-t'./urd ciivect.ion of tranG^ort norri?.! to tho
«;.-rel.\ne inclicfcte^ £ .-! rtb:;c:ico of loi'.^Ghove currents during
I eftcr sc^..i.::c-ntp.t. j.on» Sr/ac'r, ten .: :? 13 led FCOUVS In sand-

: ';o::r beds arc inlets c^/r/od into th-s bench (fig. 28) by
tides that alloy/ad a mixing 01 nsriro r-.nd noun?.vins t;aters
: !\-.I fauna* Ths most pv^ob:--.b?.o rerson for the 3?.ck of body fos-
sils in the rocks is that the botton eriViroaiK-nt v/as unfavor-

f.ble for fossil proservatioiu The shells of organisms rany

Kr.vs been dissolved if thoy v/ero clsposited under conditions
in which their chemical components v/ere unstable O'/eirner,
396Ca, p. 19). Ths nixing through channel^vays may account for
the occurrence of marina forus such as Oghipr-iorgh^ and ^j.^e-

^-^9lAJL§§. ^ n sedinsnts stratigraphically above the beach

l*2posits c "Bleached" zone-3 of bo?.ch-depo3itcd sandstones vrere
caused by leeching out of iron by v,-aters fron the overlying

£^amp (Spieker, 1049F., p 0 64; Youn.s, 1955, p. 178).

The coal-boar ing sequence above the sands tons units ?;as
or^ed behind the beach in a lagoon-cv/ainp-salt narsh environ-
' ^ nt. The' coal sv/anp existed immediately behind the'beach,
W * tld vras characterized by lev/, sr-.aH plants; large plant
*- ie cos in the coal are rare. Small pieces of plants and
L'-'lli.O

Figure 29. Diagraiipatic cross-sections illustrating ^

cessive deposition of runrine, nonmarine and nixed" "
environment sediments in the Sunnyside area,
these events,
fol

Stage 1. Strandline stabilized (subsidence in

rium \vith sedimentation) at A, resulting in de-
sand bench A.

Stage 2. Slight incrcr.se in sedineiat supply, in relit

to subsidence, caused strnndliiie to shift seav.Tird to
raid stg.bilizr.e once again, resulting in deposition of .*
bench B.

Stage 3. Slight increr.se in sedir.ient supply, in r: 1

to subsidence, cr.used str?.ndline to shift s.;av;-.rd to
and stabilize once again, resulting in deposit ion c.f
bench C.

Stage ^. Sizeable decrease in rats of sub.~ino'*oe,

rel?,tion to sedimentation, caused str^nulinc- to £- "
rapidly to D } leaving relatively thin sand r.:j clJo::
Its \vake. Strandline once again stabilized at D,
resulting in deposition of bc-nch D.
1.
i :.v9S and blaclc-s of grat-.s-lilxo plants are CGL:r:only observed
«" tl:e coal* The coal contain:? sc-.:o ivinDi1 pyrAte ar.d runor
s-iilfate uiiioralo v/hich r-:.y bo derived frc:-i pyrite* Sulfides

"it* KocT: s-'jlits in the co'.il v/ero forced "./ho'i stree-5:3

c.:-vrled cccli-.iont civfc onto the s-a:.:p surface, possibly after

rlo~vs in th-> fjC-uvce Pren* A It.^'^on vritb local snlt tiarsh
; .u'itio'.:^ c::i^ !;ea ja^ c J^-^'v.'i'.vd of t?'<3 cc-'-.l s^,/i-/.:p e This cii"
vli'O;.r:ent is cii;",racteri^od by Irriiiii.^tv-d t«.> i.:?isciive uuc'stones
\/ith local thin lenses of carbonaceous siltstone.- Pyrite in
these nudntonoo and siltotc:'iG-s \,eathsrs to £;ive joint fil-
lings of gypsum (selenite)c Rocks of the lagoon cnviron/iont

contain abundant large horizontal burrows. These trace fos-

sils are most cocoon at the interface botv/eon coal and the
overlying sandy, carbonaceous siltctone,, Subsidence of the

tasin progressed apace v/ith sedimentation for the thick la~

fcoonal sequ37ic8 to have been deposited. Brodsky (1950, p* 58)

Postulates that a rise in the water table in the sv;anp would

kilo?/ accu:n.nlat ion of a thicl: secIiMsnt v/edgo.
Channel sandstones in shale and nudstone which occur
r' c'^r the top of the Sunnyside nf.iber must represent stream
'-vars-33 that forned as a result of continued seaward pro-

«- r ^dation of the coastal plain, Although these sandstones

*% *c lenticular and discontinuous, they raay be of narine beach
A °^fsho3re bar origin as suso^Gted by Young (1955, p* 186).
 The: C»stlocate Format ioiu v/hich uncor-forr-ably overlies
" ^ FrJ".^.-:I':v.-;k Fo"-L.it ion is of Ic/vlmcl ? Xc:>c^lai <i origin, v;ith
V. *.-' " -** .* '

ro ccal cDntf.incct in it r.t Suu-iysida (Spic'ccr, 194Sc-., p. 72) 0

f_' _ O.ct lo^r-to : ;-.> ba p.n inlatifl ylco:-pl?.5.n ir.cies of & nr.vine
;, , -c:>-?.r.^c-jri £>cqr^r:ca th?.t c-;tDiit:s ffii-thor ecistv/art* (Yoir.:^,

l-:.:^, p. 188) c
The clG3cri*c-jd coiicMt.icos v;c-re broi^:;ht about by an CYo:r«*
, ' ~. ri;jrc.^3AOii of the; E^ r\ 9 \/J.tli r.eco.'i^'.i-iyirr: son.'./ard pi-occ^-^''-'

l:.o:: or the cc^'st^l plctiiu The ssqu^iico \;^? deposited during

I hi er.rliest sta^'t j of a region?.! rG.^-^ecoioii, dosigiiatecl R~3
ty uoincr (j.930a, p c 7). KroM the Gtr.ndpoint of litholo^ic
variation, tho Sunnyside Menber is nearly identical to the
Koail\7Oi'th Jlenber; this phsnorjenoii gave rise to Young's in-

torp:-otc;tioii of cyclic deposition (1&5V)« Youn^ rcco^aisod a

four part cyclothcrj of basal marine shale, overlain in turn
^y littoral marine sandstone, la^oonal deposits and coal r.t
the top (1957, p. 1766).
In sugary, the Blr.clchrxv;k Format ion at Sunnyside v/j\s

t: -Posited on the shelf of a slo'./ly subsiding marine basin ?.s

^ £ -3a7-p.rc'-proo:rading sequence of successively shallower T/ater
c ^posits, culninating upv;ard in terrestrial deposits of the
l-l-?sr part of the Sunnyside ?-Ienber. According to SpieTcer
, p. 65), tho interpretation outlined above is the only
e interprets c ion.
I
 An alternate Intc-rprotat.' on is that th3 B3.acT:n:-v/;k For.::.-
lion at Sunnyside vas deposited as a ^e:ir^rd-pro^j.'P.diii2
;*..".taic sequence at the iL-outh of a stror.rj or uotvrork of
v Lroairic c.:ptyi?.j into a shriller.? cpico/itiucntal sea (fi£. 30) 0
7he nearly -uiiiclivectlow^l scdli.ie-it ti^nGport is one of the-
strongest lines of evi.donce for this interpretatiovio Nearly
all indicators of tran^po^t dircotio-\ indicate dspoiBJLtio^i to
the es.Gt~3outh3fi3t, ? . direction novi:i?.I to th:- shc-volino; Tha
lo':;-angled foreoet crossbe-ddiitr;, taiigontial at tho base and
with nearly planar boundavloo indicates ttvo.;^--cuvvo7it
deposition (HcKeo, 1985, p. 81). Grain size and sorting
fcenorally increase upv/ard in sandstone sequences, indicating
successively stronger currents in each depositionr;? environ--
cent. Strong unidirectional currents, nor rial to the Ghore-"
line are typical of f luviatlle-rjarino environnents, and tho
alluvial sand bodies that forra in theso environnents are
elongate dovmdip in tho direction of transport (Potter, 1967,
P» 345). In contrast, currents inpingins upon a beach coast-
line fror.i offshore are seldon directed normal to the shore-
a; these currents fiov/ onto the shore at an angle, and
nornal to the shore, resulting in an overall longshore

Van Strp.aten (1SSO) and Potter (19G7) sumarizec! the

characteristics of deltaic sedinents. Aiion^ the character-
^s of deltaic sand bodies that are sinilar to those
'
T-1190 1C?

observed in tho Blackhawk Formation at Sunnysido arc these:

detrital origin; abundant carbonaceous debris; petrographi-
cally moderately nature; detrital plus chenical ceaents;
faunal content low to absent (probably because of high rate
of deposition-*-Van Straaten, p. 426); poor to moderate sort-
ing; abundant silt in the fine-end tail; tendency to poor
round.ing; asymmetrical ripplemarks and abundant well oriented
cross-bedding, coraaonly unimodal; gradational lower boundary
and sharp uppsr surface; lenticular bedding with erosionn.1
scour; tracks and trails common; larger channel-fill sand-
stones tend to be coarser grained than smaller bodies;
channel-fill sandstones are usually courser grained than the
sands into which they are scoured; elongate dovmdip; excellent
correlation of internal directional structures and elongation;
associated silty shales; coal beds comson; multistory verti-
cally and multilateral horizontally (comprising multiple beds);
abundant roots, leaves and stems of plants. There is no abso-
lute evidence of the location of the wedge-edge of the
Sunnyside and Kenilworth sandstones, but Hale and Van De Graaf
(1964, p. 125) indicate that the Blackhawk sandstones thin and
pinch out northward into the Uinta Basin. It is reasonable
to assuns that the Sunnyside and Kenilr/orth Mectbars do the
same.
The coal and carbonaceous mudstone and shale are postu-
lated to have formed in marshes and swamps. Colenan and
T-1I90 103

Gagliano (1985, p. 146) define marshes as

... low tracts of periodically inundated land sup-
porting non-v/oody grasses, reods, and rushes. The
marsh surface approxir.iates mean high tide level 0
There is 0 ..abundant plant life.
Swamps, according to tho same authors (p. 146),
...constitute low, flat areas periodically covered
with water and supporting a cover of woody vegeta-
tion with or without shrub undergrowth. ...best
developed in fresh basins of the upper delta.
The sandy, carbonaceous, irregular slltstone immediately
below the coal beds at Sunnyside is very similar in fora and
content to subacurial levees that form between channels and
marshes in deltaic environments (Coleman and Gagliano, 1965,
p. 145). Such detrital bodies contain: abundant carbonace-
ous debris; wavy~laminated bedding; intensive burrowing
activity; abundant rootcarks; occasional ferric and calcareous
nodules as the result of weathering. The subject siIts tone
contains all these features. Splits in the coal beds formed
as the result of spillovers of fine silt and very fine sand
from the main channel.
Channel-fill sandstones in the upper part of the coal-
bearing: sequences at Sunnyside are postulated to have formed
as fluvial sedimentation occurred in meandering distributary
channels (fig* 31). Trough-set crossbedding built up as
depositional sequences in the direction of scour in the
meanders.
In surnjary, the Blnckhawk Formation was deposited in a
deltaic sequence that programed generally southeastward
-Ti;n 7.;OLTCp^ S JO UOTlUq T a^S'C p T\JOT^
 107

TROUIGH CROSS3EDS '-\'.

Upper Flow Transitional-

Heglme Regime Lower Flow Regime

very fi ae fine-medium medium-coarse

grained grained
T-1190 103

throtighoiit Blackhar;k tiiae in east-central Utah. Tho sequence

began \vith deposition of the Panther Tongue of the Star Point
Formation in what is no"/ the Y»rasatch Plateau (Howard, 1965b,
p. 23-30). The deltaic framework persisted, and prograded
seaward in response to sediment supply from the west. The
environment at Sunnyside at.any specific point in time con-
prised the prodelta, delta plain complex, and coastal plain.
Subaerial erosion of the area took place before deposition of
the Castlegate Formation ended the fluvioisarine succession.
Stratigraphic data on a more regional basis are needed
to accurately reconstruct the processes on and along the
entire deltaic plain. The interpretation presented here is
the simplest possible to explain the observed stratigraphic
data in the Sunnyside area.
The author supports the deltaic plain environment inter-
pretation for the origin of Blackhav?k rocks at Sunnyside,
Observed stratigraphic data correlate better with examples
from knov/n deltaic plain environments than with examples from
prograding beach environments.
 E N_G J__N E li_R _!_ N_G A_N _D

G E O I, 0 G Y

Coal !'iii\o bvi.'ps arc sudden, c?,tas trophic releases of

stress in ths rib, roof or floor of a coc.l mine* Bunps cause
nuch property daru-pe (fi£. 32) and \.-ork loo;i f a~ veil £.s loss
of life, Sumiys.ldo mines lon^ have been loci for violent
bin.ips (Clark, 1923, p e 32; Osterv/ald and E^gleton, 1958, p.
14). Coal nine bv.".-ps are partly the result of "vertical pres-
sure on the coal frorn the overburden, The total stress on a
point in space in a coal bed is a reflection 03° the surface
topography and the thickness of the overburden; for a point
under a high ridge, one of the principal coinpressive stresses
is directed vertically, 2nd the lesser components of conpres-
sive stress outline the adjacent topography. Tensile stress
is directed horizontally av/ay from the point to*,vard an area
of less conpression, in an attempt tov/ard stress equilibrium.
In mines, the area of least compression is the void created
by the renoval of coal \?hen driving an entry. Much* stress,
therefore, concentrates around the entry, and most stress is
at large angles to the axis of the entry.

109
 *- o
*< *H O
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ct ^ o
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is! u.' O
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o P-I
£ 'CJ U* s-^
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r~% ?-<
Dt '»s O «
f.v it' 0_, _^
rQ <JJ ^J
05 -K cn W
00
tu f-O f
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« O O H
f£ <"ii O
f:! G O f-«
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t.tl o.
i-J O ^ CO
CH .c: ^3 -p
< "S Wr-t
;i -; o
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rsj R CH -,u
co o o «->
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O a <H Crf >r
H
,^-^; V«~---- .. v^ry* "f^r^S,*' / ' /?*
< . ' '-. - > !jf-' ,W.\iy X:'.
' ' ' Jf' '. rfV^ / '-. '
.« i . ' . /' >' -v. . '///
i'.. --,\
.\ iJ *; / \.,
;v: - / '-; }* <j.* ^ - <
 ^'t.i'.s arc-as in thD Siijinyo xtfo nine:; are ch^.rr.otci^i:-:-'J by
" t'.^.t centi:»v.p.!ly t? ^cus?.;s3 !? inl;o the entries and spalls
tlinroby continually reler-.sit^ -tress (fi^o 33) 0 Other
: r.i*e r;:irl:ec< by floor-: anticlines s roof syiiclines, and
*"i'il ribs, all conditions rGSultir-s fro;-* stress bviilcUip ii;
cc.xl (C3t3rw.-ld s 193:i. s p e C3'!9) 0 The rcc^ rock p.l-G-v-3
', / j^'.in^" area^ ciM.:r jiily is r. -ri'r.c---t,rairie'a E5.1tr<tr-UG c^J
; cO:ie e The roo/ roc": in othor areo-S ox co:"l d.:»j:or-r-i?/cioix
i " P. coarser-brained siltstone or jL.ino'.-g;r?.i7ied S:\aootcn3o
. :v\.^ld (19G2, p c C5) ruis sho:.n that, other factors bsing
,...lj the difference in coefficient of frictio:i v:ith the
" . 1 bot\?e3n the fine-srainocl and the coarse-grained roof
- -Tec clot ermines the relative ease vrith v/hich the ccal c?,n
' ovo laterally,,
V/here t*n& coal is able to nove laterally v/lth relative
c:2o, the coal nefir the roof Eay sp:«.ll off into the entry
'--d effect the continual reler.se of stress in the coal (fig*
2-1). Bumps that occur under these roof conditions are be-
**ovc;d to be of louer Magnitude th?.j? bucips that occur in
c "e?.s of coarse-grained roof rocks 0 The course rocks, v/ith
^-sir higher coefficient of friction vrith the coal, contrib-
l:t(2 to a high buildup of stress in the coal, and, thereby to
iavorable conditions for large bumps.
k Inorganic and bicgonic sediiuc-ntary structures are three
c ^^Sasional, Both types of features iaay have reliefs of up
tO 18 inches in Blackhnuk rocks, as do so:.:o load casts and
 ri--:o 10

Figure 33. Deformed roof bolts in the roof of Sunnysic'

n.U'-Do D^foruation resulted fvci.i "cqxioe&Iiig 1 ' of uy
corl rrid siltston-3 split into entry from lateral y.
in piling. (Photo by J. C. V3tt«)
T-1190

Figure 34, Diagrammatic sections shoeing defornation around

nine workings in Sunnysidc No* 1 mine* Diagonally line*
areas are hollov; ft (Modified from Osterwald, 1951,
p« C352e)

(A) Roof syncline (E) and floor anticline (a) develops*

where coal slips along argillaceous roof but adheres to
coarse-grained rocks in the floor-

(B) Bulged and buckled ribs where coal adheres to roof

and floor.
 111.

:- c cc-!, carbonaceous
.- ; e, c r shafy sMtstone

oai Mine worki ng Coal

Coarse-grained
ccrb. si Its tone

Medium-to fine-
grained silts tone
; -v ... ?-' - '/f

(';//
Shear ' ,\\
fractures 1^
;''
Cod! / Mine work! ng Coal

\A \\IoGrse-grained
\\vcarb. silts tone
 - " r:,<:l-pAIlo'.y stv.-uctuves, cr thsy 1'r.y bi only filr.3 on the
; ",:;:c surf i'.c-Df such a.-> tho troco fo;j.3j.l Cho^i'ite3 « Most
3!;i- '.V:.v. ? hO'/GYoi' f are of sufficient relief to ir.flucoico
friction bol:v:.-;.n tv:o rock CDC-I'O vh-rn structures occur
t"..:-ir iiiocrfacc?* A spriti£.l and directional orientation of
' ;. :tv.-'o?» exxcto in tho re j!-'.o at S..i.r1: y:-j:' d-^ ; toci.^so such an
; ' -.tr.tion i.ai3t exist iv. r.iiy rocT: th:vc va:> clc^corted by n
C. . ; ctioncil ageiicv* The ccr-tjualt^ of crie-it^tlon Vi-.ri.G3
\ii:h the typa of structure: tho trace fo^&il Thr-.lrspj.iioidos^
: ."".J.b.lts 210 prG^t-rrod orienfctitioxi, vhsrer.s current ripple-
: . 1:3 and large horisontfil barro"/:3 (ii^ e 35) both have highly
i -crerrecl orientations. Rocks co:it?.ining Ir.rge horizontal
I .-/. XJ'JG , v/hich arc- tubos of st;ncsto^c in a cnrbonr.ccov.s silt-
-'. :v.a or r:ucl3to:ic natrix, have lov/ov she or str;.-;A.Q;th th?\ii

recks that are structurally more homogeneous. Youash (1965 s

} - SG«98) pcrformsd trlrj.xj.al p,nd unconfinod uniaxial coinpr-sG-
1 -Ion tests on roof rocks fro:a the- Sunny?,.Ida No. 1 mine; he
^ounci that the shear and cohesive strength of roof rock v/ith

r ~rr-o;7s and other contained litholo^ic a:id structural dis-

c 'j:itiniiities lc less than rocks of sir.ular lithology but
^ -tliout contained structural Inhonogeneities. Your.sh further
j'.vnd (p c iii) that failure of the rocks varies v;ith the
' --:;uir:r dlffersnce bstvreon the direction of principal stress

k r -' bodding s-arf?.cs-s in tho rocks c

The relief and orientation of the scdinantary structures
An thG rocks of the roof ancf floor of a co?.l mine probably
T-1190

Figure 35. Large horizontal burrovrs in reef roc!:, oriented at

a small angle to the long axis of entry; Columbia Mine,
Utah* This nine is approximately two miles south of
Sunnyside, and is developed in the Sunnyside ccn-1 bod c
Photo taken after a bumperelated roof failure at inter-
section of workings. Timbers, lower right, are 6 in.
diameter. (Photo by F. W. Oster-./ald e )
T-1190 116

have a bearing upon the amount of stress that builds up in

the coal seam. Where the preferred long direction of the
sedimentary structures is parallel to, or at a small angle to
the direction of the long axis of the mine entry, these
structures hinder movement of coal past roclc at the inter-
lithologic interface, and cause the friction bstv/een the
bodies to be greater. In areas v/here the dominant long
direction of structures is normal to, or at a large angle to
the long axis of the entry, these structures form no barrier
to movement, and may actually aid movement by trapping and
forming conduits for such interformations! and intraforma-
tional fluids as night be present in ths rocks.
Experiments with British coals (Evans and Pomeroy, 1966,
p. 179) show that v/etting the interface bstv/een coal and a
steel plate decreases the coefficient of friction by a factor
of 0.7. Soaking of the coal reduced its conpressive strength
by 5 percent for a low volatile coal and by 20 to 25 percent
for high volatile coal (pp. cit.» p 0 182). The modulus of
elasticity of coal decreases with v/etting by 7 to 10 percent«
Evans and Poiaeroy (p. 183) conclude that the overall effect
of v/ater is to reduce the friction of coal; a water layer,
possibly adsorbed on the nating surfaces of a plane of
weakness, reduces the stress at the interface and so lowers
the friction.
Because the Sunnyside mines are dry, no such fluids v/ore
observed in this study.
 C3t^,;:-.ld r'ld B/od3l:y (1S30- p c B:;.43) ccnzludsu tli:-.t
-. e-'-.t.vivss inters ~et fault Eo^-cc ax r. s-:.?.±l a^lo ? clip;. : / £
"; " . ccc";^ i:i tlii rib l^.Coro uucli stress can aeciu^lFte* If
, 3C'<\i' ?.:-:Jc- ov tha c-itry inter:. 3Cts ji irailt or f vac-lure at
: ' ;-.vr,-- r.:^"3.^ 9 sl*.yp-;.gc \;i3.1 fca Is33 likely to ocec-r, cnuG.ins
- 1:; V3;3 ctve-G concsntyationo
IK 193-1 an oil s.-op \rr^3 c::Cv--.-:«to-^c" diu'ir.g dov r:.c^.\o;-il:
i ..I: in tha Su-i.ij.ysido No e 3 L;5.no, r^rlle^j 4 fest o<; satu«
rvued sr.ndstc?!^ cora -»,;r-G i-eo-ovovcc* fro'."* the co:-l iiitc-vval in
>.-.::tnre Cr.Tiyon* Enci-^U oil -fic'..-eJ. frcv.- a chanac-1-fill s?.r-d*
f Lone in ths roof of the i-»i:\o v;o::-I-:in^n to cr/ar;o ?. flurry of
c "cite:nc;nt asiorjg nine- pGi^onnalo The oil at SunuysiclG is
\
d by the author to be a strictly local pltGnouo^on.
A ^o oil probably v;as forLi^d diasen^tically iron either cc-=-;;.i2i»
isn:s that inhabited tha tiarsh or sv/a\:ip areas, or fron tha
c::trenely carlro'naceov^ scdir'.Gnts that surround the coal sear
Viie oil probably for-.T.od in discrete particles, then nigratcd
into conduits forraed by chamois in the roof of the coalo
»ihea raining exposed th-3 cliaiiiirjlo and disturbed the pressure
equilibrium, the oil flovrad into the opsnins. The oil seep
las lonjj since dried up* Exploration for oil in tha Black-
la".;:; Formation at Su.anyside should concentrate on the-
strp.tj graphic traps forned v/here the sandstones pirch out

k -to the less pernoable midst on es . These strati graphic

^Vi*ps aro thought to be the Liost favorable sites for oil
 iJ

At r.ppro:;j.::^tely the siv;ie tine the oil scoiv-^-o V.T.S e.-i«

,-. ../.v-jrc;:, frc.r.li ovtflo:;s of natural gas (raeth^ £ ) f?-c:i th*

: -.:r rocTco wore iicciccd. Meeh^us j.u. eon.1 nines i^ v^ry

; . /: :! throughout th 5 vorld, ez:d the cippoarance or oil in

c.. -.1 i.1.in::s in tho Book Cliffs is not i!ncc:iuori; niusrs in the
( ^tl^s^'^ r.iJiiO J.ji the V/:\?:;tch Plr-.t^uu once encountered £!.».
c '.1 ssop th^t lca!x.^d eriov^h oil to vet the h^nlri^e tracl:
(. . W. OotG-'T/^ilcl, 1GC3 ? oriil cc r ."luj'-ic^tion)« The nothruie
J3 believed by the author to 03 a product of decomposition
c ." ver;et cible n^te^ip.l c-urxu^ di^-onGSis and coal foi'U?.tio:^.
' ,- li:e;it^ry structnrbs such as char:nal-f ill £and3te;i3S &iud

Iraco fo3Sil horizons may have trapped the gas in a strati-

f raphic tre.p in the roof rocks.
As a result of tho study dsocribc-d in this paper, a
tf^-ologic study of a ciinin^ area would be justified .bsfore
3:\ying out drift or entry headings. In addition to the
i ;-: ual geologic inforiv.at ion gathered, tho study should focus
l; pon types of bicsenic arid inor^nic sedii.ientary structures,
tnoir tirignitiide, node of occurrence, and sp?.tir>.l orientation*
^ such a study v;ere incorpoi-atcd into the frauev/ork of the
^ning operation, it could contribute materially to the

5 --icty ?.nd economy of the venture* Escauso continual creep

r-^cl spelling of the coal aids mining efficiency as well as
toatribuiii-.^ to safety, a nine should be opened vzith the
f '-trios driven parallel to the trend of directional structures
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hJ H" *d !l« (D « p. o w rj c! '^ H-

G} '.1. f-J <-> «* w. o « rs is r!- H- $ O
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 J

turn's: Mississippi River deltaic plain, in. Primary

sc-di!:u-il:-':ry structures and thsir hydrodynai^ic interpre-
tation: Soc, Ecoiic Paleontologists and Mineralogists
Spec. Pub 6 12, p* 133-3.40.
: :L-c,i, C% ft e> 18SO, Report c.* the hljh plr.tsau^ of Utah:
U, S. GGO-* F.!>d Gc:>] 6 Survey HocT-y Htn. Region Report,
121. p.
IN-r.ns, Ivor, and Por.eroy, D. D., 1966- The strt^^th, fractura
and \/ork[\bility of coal: London, Pcrg^iicn Prc-sc, 277 p»
I-'^.::ic.'.:^n, N.-M,, 1931, Physiography of v/^stc-rn United Stfitesj
Nev,r York, McGraw-Hill Boole Coc, Inc., 534 p* s naps.
Fisher, D. J 05 1936, The Book Cliff G coal field in Enery and:
Grand Count ic3, Utah: U, S. Geol . Survey Prof. Pc.psr
852, 104 p.
1'ishsr, D, J., Erdrarain, C c E., and Rossido, J. B*, Jr., 1930,
Cretaceous and Tertiary forr.iations of the Book Cliffs,
Carbon, Emery and Grand Counties, Utah, and Garfield and
Mesa Counties, Colorado: U. S«, Geol. Survey Prof,
Paper 332, 80 p., 12 pis., 20 tables.
Forrester, J. B., 1918, A short corjiaent on Bulletin 371 of
the U. S. Gsological Survey (Richardson, G. B c , Recon-
naissance of the Book Cliffs coal fields, 1909): Utah
Acadeiiy Sciences, Trans. 1, p. 24-31.
G Ub3rt, G. K., 1899, Ripplemarks and crossbeddins: Gool.
Soc. Ansrica Bull., v. 10, p. 134-140.
 -.?.-»-?.y, Jc^-i-a, and RoG:side ; Jo B a JY,, 19?'8, Sodin-ntary

roclrs of the San Kafaal Kv^ll me! adjacent art-rxs in

eastern U;ah: U. £ Gsol, Si'rvoy Prof, Papor 15 Oft

r. roi'-D:.AO s
; .11 ; W c J« Jr., Kivuioy, D c M,, rr.d 2^.;-;p, A, D OJ 1953,
Lf.test Cret?.ceooS a':-1 en.rl.Uvr-.t Tt:rclr-.ry recks bstv/etn
Castlejats Jiv/:! G:-'cc;-: River, tJ-.:r-h (?.bi;»): Gcolo SoCo
Anorica Bull., v* 67, p c 17C1 4«,
i:?.ls, L s A., PJIC- VCLP. D? Giv.r.x, Free!, 1954^ Cretaceous Stra-
tigraphy of thG Uintix Basjn- i_n laitcr-nouiitp.in Assoc s
Pctroleu:;; Geologista Gnicioboo!:, 13th An:i 0 Field Couf,,
Uint?. B?sin Utah's hydroc^'i'bon storehouse, p 0 3.23--150,,
i-.'ntzschel, Walter, 1962, Trace f o^slls and problenatic?.. i^i
Treatise G-J Iiivcrlobyate Paleontology, Part Vf, Mjscel-
lania; Joi?it Co-v^ittes on I/r/ertebrate Paleontology,
Re C« Moore. ed c i Gool. Soc c /*noi-ica raid Univ. Kansas
Press, p. Yil77-T,/2^5.
boazen, B d C 0 , and Kollister, Charles, 1964, Deep-sea currant
evidence fro:-- abyss s-.l sedinents: Marine Gcol., v* 1,
p. 141-174.
I:'ollenshe?,d, C, T., ar.d Pritchard, R. L c , 1980, Geonetry of
producing Mesavorcle s?M'dstonc;s, San Juan Easjii, i_n An,
AssoCe Pctroleura Geologists Fiesearch Coi.;:.-i», Geometry of
sandstone bodies a synposiv:n: ALI. Assoc. Petroleun
Geolo-ists, 1961, p. 98-118.
;?. P C B N,, Pr-;-'e, B 5 M,, and Avsritt, Pr.ul, 1943, Geology

ciC th* bitv.'.-ij.rtOuS Ba:i:ls vor-e deposits nsrr Sunnyside ;

C 'r'coro. Ccvnty, Ut-ih: U 0 So C-col , Survey Frelir.1. Oil ?.nc"

Cr.o 3!r.v. Tr.p 83,

'c', J 0 D £ , 1965a } Upj,--jv Cvetr.cc-ov?? Panther S and:; tone

Toi^-ue of e:.;.-;t-cc:':t.-.-i c-.l Utah; its stdiDontury ircieG a?id

depo^itic-K-l cr-vj i Oi:-;c:\ts : viipub, Ph« D c thesis,

Erigh?n Youvic University > ^55 p e? 17 illus,, 35 pis.,

5 tables.

19661?, 3edir.isntat.ion of the Panther Sandstone

Tons xi a, i\\ Csirtral Utah Co?.lr. : Guidebook, Geole Soc*

America: Utah Gsol. ar.d Mineralc-s. Survey Bull* 80,

-.
e 23-

_ 1963c, Charr.ctovjstic trace fossils in Upper

Cretaceous sandstone of the Book Cliffs and Wasatch
Plateau, i_n Central Utah Coals: Guidebook, Geol, Soc,
'^j;iorica: Utah Geol. and Mineral eg. Survey Bull. 80,
p. 3-1-54.
____ 1968, IchriOlo^y nev,-sletter : Univ. Georgia Marine
Inst. Sapelo Island, Ga*, 11 p.
J. H., and V/einer, R. J., 1965, The origin and sig-
nificance of ^pJjA^LliT-Pl1.^ ^i^.YiL^I-ii^) in the Cretnceous
of the Vfestern Interior, in V^yoiiir.g Geol. Assoc. Guide-
book, 19th Ann. Field Conf . , Upper Cretaceous Recks of
Vfyorning. 1955: p. 203-207.
 ,;-; .-:on, V 0 H 9 , 1053, Cross-section of Uppc-r Cretf.cccvG rorVj

shc'V/'j-i;£ relationship of coal deposits to stratj ^iT-.ph* c

units arid correlation bDcv/oan £cuthorn CastIs Yul.Xoy r.:--:l

vest-central Colorado, i<: Internoimtain AE;;GC O Pstroleum

Geolo-ists Guidebook, 7th Ann, Field Conf», Geol, £ir?.cf

Ecciio D^poi-jts o^ J^st-CsatiTil Ut'ih. 1956, p, 124 &

] " '.::. c h, P* Jv, 1956, &o:.:S notes 0:1 Crati'ceou3 f mni^s cT ;

eastern Utah P.ncJ \vesteru Col02*?.do, 1^3 Intcrr.ioiiiitn.in

Assoc, Poll o!ev.Gi Geologists Gv.ioe'ooo!:, 7th A;m 0 Field j

Coni,,, Geol, and Ecoiu Deposits of East^-Contral Utah,

1956: p, 116-119.
rt
Klein, G c deV,, 1967, Paleocurrciit analysis in relation to j
modern narine sedineiit dispsi-sr.l pr.ttorns: An, Assoc* \
PetrolGun Geologists Bull., v. 51, KO« 3, p. 306-282 e
, C, T,, 1916, Geology £^nd coal resources of Castle I
Valley in Carbon, Emery ?,nd Sovier Counties, Utah: f
U* S 0 Gsolo Survey Bull, 628, 88 p. !
s, C. D«, 1955, Sediiaentolosy of the Mesaverde Group |
i
and of ths upper pnrt of the Mancos Fornation of north- *
vvestern Colorado: unpub. Ph. D. thesis, Yale Univ., f
i
88 p 9 I
? 'cICGe, E. D,, 1957, Primary structures in some recent sedi« . j
f
ments: Ain s Assoc. Petroleum Geologists" Bull., v. 41, ' I
noo 8, p. 1704-1747. ' f
W '
> .._.__.__ 1964, Inorganic sedimentary structures, J.n f
t
Approaches to Paleoecolosy, Jo Iinbrie and N. New oil, I
 eds.: Kc-v Yorl:, Vil-y and So:-.:;, p. 275-295.
1935 - EVporir:ci\ts on ripplo Irninaticii, jLii Primary
G>n!:.i;!£nt;iry strucU:rc3 r.v.d their hydvDdyiitriic interpre-

t-.tio;i: Soo» Eecn £ Palsontolcjists ancl MiiiS^aloslsts

SprCc Prb, 12, p. 63--S3 e

:. :.''-'.:.c'con, G. V., cd c , 1335, Pi"i; % f..ry f?ec'i::}.o:itr.ry structiu'es
and tha.lr l-yc'.:.T.-:'yi,.".:.; i.e. i.rlt:,s i:-re tilt ion a cynpcsiun: Sec.
Ecou, PaleoirtcO edicts a:xu ?J:.-^;ralc^ists Spec. Pub c 12,
265 p.
Cc.iond, Jo C^, 19G1 ? Toctculc histo-ry of the Uinta Basin,
Utah, in Int^/.'noiintain AGCOC,, Pa'crolon:;: Geologists
Guidebook, 13th Ann. Field Ccmf., 1064, Geology and
iiiKoral resources of the Uinta basin, p tf 47-58*
Oz-tir-rv.'alU!, F 0 W,., 19S1 P DoiO:-.-r.^tion r.nd stress distribution
around co?.l nine v/orkiii^5 in Sunnyside No. 1 nius,
Utah: U. S. Gaol. Survey Prof. Paper 424C, p c C349-
C352.
._______ 1962, Prelininary Lithologic and structural nap
of the Sunnyside No. 1 mire area, Carbon County, Utah:
U. S. Gaol. Survey Coal Inv. Map C-50.
C'3terv/,ald, F. W., and Brodsky, Harold, 1960, Tentative cor-
relation between coal fcui.;ps and orient at ions of mine
v.'orkin^s in the Sunnysicle No. 1 dins, Utah: U. S.
Gc-ol. Survey Prof, Paper 4COB, p. B144-B146.
!.-rui-vv:.iJcS i", Vu ? and Di;arud f C. R 8 , ir-34, Geology appli-u
to Hie study of co?.l nino bui-ps at ^a'i;];-sidc ; Utr.h:
U« S c Gcc'f j. .> 3y. ;~voy cp 3t?."f .5 x-3 import j 8 p?
IS-i/o^ 1*1 stirOiOntp,ciC'ii steely of coal HJ.n-i bu.-p.3j

G -«-l_- -'.-
* -7,~% % r~ /^i*'*
-C ^ ^_ '.'i^-»
^Z '-v- - "i
Vj>^\_'.L e
^* ^, ~*
^ »,# v.- ^
^ - *. -j /-».-, *
* .-.*.,'_ , _ ^ . - «
T""".' " T 1*
C' u i. II
^-r "^ "*»"?
VJv-*^'-'- s
d ^~ ^T
<%-z_-L
^ i ""1 Ci*'' f * * r*«^r
- * . - i-* C7-. c.-.l^^Jj

Survey Bun, 80, p. 9Y-lj.O c

Pi'alir-?.lnary litbolc^ic and Fti^acturvil r/j.p of the

Misc. Geol. -582

Gc'.O « Su'rVO/ iSr=Sr I?iV c Jlt'.t; IA (li* ^^-"^s),,

C-jt^rviildp F, Tr c, ai-d Ejslcton, K, S., 1958, Geologic factors

relaxed 1^0 cc?;.l DO'-LUC^O an<l I'DC-I'^uvsT-S in tlis ouiiHynj.*.!G
Yir^i
1 ~> 0. "\- t.'ifai"-
L .-'-.» 3 -_. j III"' » T"i *
vi.-i.Ht Tj
«-* O S
*~- & r^^<'*"5
\~ *_ - - » Sp'-'-vr"-"'
>- !»', * *.^ _,' rj^i^'-'o-f1
l^ j-' *~- »i ? "i,v f^
J. .L t_ v^"-^/*i".'''-"
i 1^ f~r .,/ i c> j

55 PO
>^rker, L, R, 5 19G8, Cretaceou3 plants of the Blaekha.vlx
For-.iatj.cn of Central Utah (t-.bs,), in Gcol, Soc e Anerica
Rocky Mountain Section program, 1968 Anii u neetir-g:
Geol c Soc c Ari^rica, Boulder, Colorr.do, p.- 57 9
^ikci, T/ e S,j. 19*17, Intertopxguin^ narino and nor«marine Uppc-r
Cretaceous deposits of Ncv/ Mexico, Arizona a:id soiith-
T/estern Colorado: Gool e SnCo America Me:.i. 24^ p« 13«25«
-'otter, P, E«, 1967, Sand bodies and scdinentary environ-
noxits: a rovicv/; An c Assoc. Petrol, Geologists' Bull.,
v e 51, no. 3, p c 337-365.
. ;: -, f P 0 KCJ, ?iid P-^L L?. J-:.-'..'; Ft- J c , 1933 ; Pj.lcoouri-tilts and

b;,:;ii; £r:C-.lysis : No- Yi<v> ; Acu.c.'.ic P^'css, Inc., 2£3 p 0

;:. c'- rdocii, E, G», 1907, Tho Pod: Clixi'o cor^l lielcl bst'.:£Oii

Graiid River, Colci-Jtdo r.:-^ ci-iiiv^I'le, Utr.h: U c S e Gcol,

SuiTty Eullc SiS s p, SOl-SfiOe

1909, R^cor:-2.iG-;r.KC3 of tho Eoolc CJ.J.IIG cc:,l

field batv/esii Gvrmd Eivar, ColoiT.do and Suzia^oj.oe, U'crvli:

U e S. Gcol. Survoy E-j.llo 375., 5-1 p c

Cabins, F e P e , 1962 P Grains of doti'Itul, sc-conc'?.ry rxnd pri-

r.-ary dolo:;ite frc::i Crotr.eco":i.v stratci of the Western

Interior: Gee,!, Soc, /.-,^-lci Bull., v. 73, p 0 1183-1196

M?.ruionto, Rob-^'to, 1957, Hici^ofc^sil conation cf the Mns=cos;

Group: An, Assoc» Petroleum Geologists Bull,, v. 4i,

no* 8, p. 1683^1C93 C

^or.rs, J c Do, Hunt, C e B., and Kendric'zs, T. A, T 19-11, Tra^o-

gressive and re^rocsivo Crot^.CGOUS deposits in the

southern So n Jx^.n Ba3in s New Mexico: U, S 0 Gcol s Survey

Prot e Paper 193, p. 101-121.

Soilp.cher, Adolf, 1984, Bio:;onie sed.inai;tary sti^uctiires, in

Approaches to PaIcoecology, J e Inbrie and N. Kev/ell,

eds,: Ne;? York, Tfilcy and Sons, p c 296-316.

_______ 1987, Bathymetry of trr.ce fossils: Marine

Geology, v e 5, p. 413 1S8,

s ;UsT<er, E c Mo, 1931, The Was sit ch Plateau coal field, Utah:

U e S e Geolc Survey Bull, 819, 210 p 0

 t-iVi: U 0 S . G:olo Svvvc-y Prof, Pr.psr 2G5-D,

3
5> ^ /-; % v ' --. - . -f- ^ i v
* ** v- v.-. .,, .- i. s.- ^ - V' - * J~
V
"P f \ .-- ^
JU t . V.-' -U ^ - ?*.-
r» r> n
<.-, i .. ^4.
r< "-' c' " '" _*-*.-
<^. i - ».-' »^.-'
li ° "i"C' P c-
* -^ *,-
d i r> ^ T " "* D
v . ^.. -. -f ^f , x,'

Utr-ih: Gcol e Soc e /nsrica Men. 39 ? p. 55-C1.

j.94Gb- The tr?,i:";j. lion b^.t\*e^^ tiu Colorado Platea
r.nd the Gr.s^t E-u-i^ in cc/'ti--:.l Ut^n: Guide-tool: to ths

Geology of Utrih, no« ^, 103 p e

i^er, E. M 0 , ?ncl P.GS--;:? d?., J. B c Jr os 19^5 f Cretr.cecus and
Tertiriry fori^tions of the Wacr.tca Plntenii, Utah:
Geole Socc America Bull., v. 33, p c 435«^54.
1925 > Upper Cretaceous shoreline in Utah: Gsol.
Soc,, Amsvicri Bull., v. 37, no s 3, p» 429«-135«
i, M. B., 1955 5 Structure- 1 features of east«ceiitral Utah
and v/G3 t-central Colorr.do, in Intevsaountfiin Assoc*
Petrol eu;:i Geologists Guidebook, 7th An:u Field, Coi?:l\ ,
Geol. and Ecoi^* Deposits of East-Contral Utfth, 1958:
pc 23
, J. A*, 1906, BooT; Cliffs cor.l field, Utah, west of
Green Riv&r: U* S c Gool. Survey Bull. 2G5F, p. F2G9-
F302.

tts, B. L., Dunrud, C e B., and Osterwald, F.Vf., 1966,

Soisiaic-rsfraction neasurenents at Sunnysj.de, Utah:
U P So Gool. Survey Prof. Pr.psr 550-D, p. D132-D137.
Tjd-v:?Tl, V. D e> lv,3C., Crt:t:\c--3U3 Pr. Icobri si:.y of c:vott^v. Uv. ! ;

f.nd v/^cvor/i Colorr.ao, i:\ Contra. 1 Utah Coalo; Gii.Ulol- _ ;:'.

Gco?. . Sec. Ar.i-3ric.:=: Utrh Goolo a-id Mineralojo Survey

Bull, 80, p. S7-S5.

Tcots, Koinrich, 1051, E3ich in-JJ.cr.tor3 in tho JIoGavGrdc!

Format lor., in Wvc'iurg Gc^l, Assoc e Gi-idetoo!:, 16th Anii,

Field Cor.!., S>:.iposU: : ca I-^te Cr^tacc3^s rockc, Wye- d^

and adjacent r.ror.s, 1931: p e 165-1VO,

Tsclmdy, R» II « , 1931, PaXync-norphs r,s j.^dic^.toiv; o:r ic-cie:j

envj.ron:.:ent in Uppor Cretriccous r.;id Lo^rer Tertir-ry

strata, Colorr.clo and V-'ycninj, ii\ V/yoinin^ Gcol. Soc.
Guidobool-r., 16th Ann. Field Conf ., Synposiuw on Late
Cret^c^oi'C rocIvS^ 'i/'yor.ij.i-^; r.nd adjacent areas ? 1951:
p c 53-59.
Van Strait en, L.-J. H. U 05 1950, Sone recent advaiicsjs in the
study of dslti-.ic SGdin^iit-ktioii: Liverpool P.IIC? ii^ichs^ 1-
ru
ter Geol c Jouf., v. 2, pt 3, p. 411-4^2.
Vishor, G. S., 1955, Fluvial processes as interpreted fron
ancient r.nd Recoat fluvial deposits, in Prinary sedinon
tary structures and their hydrcclyn:-:.iic intci^pretation:
Soc » Econ o Pal eontolojis ts and Mi nsr alo^i s ts Spec « Pub ,
12, 1965, p. 116-132,
Weiricr, R. J. ? 1960a, Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy, Piocky
Mountain Area: An. Assoc. Petrol sun Geologists Bull.,
v c 44, no. 1, p, 1-20.
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 A P P E N D I X

Belr.'J.Iecl Stra''-i^;r?.p^c S to tic

 fUv sco. 31., To 14 S., R e 14 E
No, 1 Faii Canyo:.- Section'

C as 11 ?sc.t e Format ion

Sandstone, ^.i^ht'-yollovv-or^i-^e, fine*- to
meciiuifi^'^r a i neci, calcf'-r^o'iit' s vevy caroonaccous^
c o n t o r t o d b e d d i r-31 , 3 o 3 c. r, d br a !i c h i mpr e s s i o n s «- «
Blrckhav/k Formation

Sunnyside Shale
Cov er ed-"C?,s 1 1 e^a t e f loa t nos 1 1 y car bor.ac ecu s

S?.nd3tono f njdiuii-grey to light-grey, fine- to

insdii?u:«-gyf.inGd, \ver.t her eel to li^ht-^rey,
finely divided carbonaceous trash on bsdcling
planes only. CrosS"ljininao dip southeast in
thin sets, tan£C;;iti:-i.l at base; calcareous,
poorly sorted; thinly and irregularly bedded,
labyrinth castings co:.u::oii« ««...««»- «- . .,» UM ^»»<^. 14
Covered intorval-'-thin, discontinuous stringers
of: very f iHG-'^raincd sandstone, noncalcarG
ous, cross-laMiirise dip southeast, thinbeclcled,
uneven, slabby; siltsto.ne, dark-grey to red-
brov/n, clayey; claystons, darr;~grey to
rc-d-'brov/ri to 3'ellov/--brov;n, v/ith gastropods, -
zone of fossils 22 ft above top Sumiyside
Sandstone. At 75 ft from br.se of covered
unit; sandstone, very f ine-^rainecl, thin,
v/avy bedd ed , f 1 aggy , nonf oss i 1 i f erous ,

132
 brittle, ci'o3G"lfL~i 3n.?i ;o d;.v> southeast r.^.c- n
T7est« Above is cr.r:.-o.;"tr-.ccov,o nudntouo vi i:h
t;?.ny plant iLipre3oio::o - - -.« -=>..=,

Cor-1 fcoyi-3, b'-n'jtsd on oi-torop; corJ in th-3 i-i

is 12 ft thiclc-'-''------- --- -"- - - ---

scne'j co.v-^r.;V ? vevy c:-r:onar:cou3 ; rei

rf5:ces sno*;7 root'-.v^.vko po^: pendiciilar to
.ij.i;'^3* Coaly fr'-i^-.i^nts, in-e^ul^r Ic^/er
ntact- '- .----- --------.- -- --- - -"- "- 2

ndsto^i^j light-yolXcx/^^i-cy to liglit-^roy,

fine- to nediiic-gr^iiieil. Increased grain size
upv;ardc Stro-ijly cross-la^inated in t?,u^cntiri
sets up to S ft lonj,*, 2 ft thick o C?.rbo?:?.cooi.;
on bedding, calcareous throughout; Ojjh.vciiOi'vji
lo-; er; logs have labyrinth castings; ripple
crests strike N 10 E, N 40 E; channels south-
east and northv/ost. Rootnarks tipp 2r «»*.., .««-

Sandstorm, 3 ight--yollOY>'greyj, vevy fins- to

f i;-is- gj'aitiod , citrboiif-.ceou? on cross-lr^iii
surfaces; "stD.irste^" bads, thin bedded
sandstone interbeddod v/ith soft siltstone,
very dark-grey 0 Sanctstorie crcss-laninae
S 75 E and N 10 Y/ 0 (7 and 15 readirgs^ re«
spictively)«-'«-^--'-.«---^'^--------«--'---^--^«-"-..^--^"-^"- ««" «"«« 50

Kenilv/orth Member
Kenilvorth Shale
Shale-2i;iidstoiie t ciediui.i^grey, slightly silty s
v;ith thin, discontinuous 'silts-tone \vith iron-
stons lay c-rs «-« ""-" »»»« «.««««.«-, =»-.«,.»«^ r»««.~^^« t-«,« -.,.-. « 75

Sandstone, c!?.rk~yollov/«broTm, very fine-grained,

silty, thinly laminated to laninated, evenly
bedded, £^adG3 up into cross-lauinae diDping
S 58 E, N 65 W, S 80 E at angles of 5-10
degrees E and of 15-25 degrees Yf» Very for/.
fossils o Sharp top - -~~ ««.«- « -««.....«.... . 14

Covered dark-grey mudstono in digs--- " 10

Sa^clstoiv:-;, f!a:.'I;«-yill</.;---bro".-"r. to brc-vii-ovar^roj
very f in^--'£.«.v.in£d s i ixr.stairt^d, calcareous ?
£ :: j« *-./->... ; T>,.'^-*^'~,7 ; *; }V'";*d V-» " T y"{ Q- S j :[ V) j^ y .- «-»t-»^-j"tr-,>.^^»

Sandstone, ligl;t"yollo~.>-£roy, very fine- to

f ine~graiviod, sc:;^ !:ocju:i c Vary sjullar
litbolo^y to uep^r Si ny3j.d^ Sandsteno*
oct.?i3' P.--M. l..- .; :' .:iu
iincve;! a/id dif-coi'tl';.-' iOMo b'_.d :: i ; ; ;; c/'or^'-lr^ii"
nr\e clip erst'-.-Ti^d, r/t Ic.v; an^le-" «'-" ' * -- --' «" =- 15

o:-.Tiii^^5 i: c"r}' fivv-i- to iino-^r;iiii3d } poorly

sorte-J; O^iic ;orpha -throughout, plurol cur
ing tubes at b?.sc, fujinals at 15"18 ft,
Makes bi^ roinicicd bluff; bocldin^
but sons t\7O~-v/ay ci'oss-lr^iinati
Basal pr.rt is "stairstep" sa^d,
\?ith very thin, soft si Its tone 0 At 18 ft
is a 3-S in* bed c?.i*bo3iace.oiis shale, Unit
thickens rapidly S 50 E, thiclcbsdued and
nassive, increased grain si^s up'./ard, fine
to neKliirji»"""«--'--'--«"«"-»-""~««"«--"~~-«--«««~«-~««'--«--'-- 33

ltstonO; dr-'.rk-ycsllc'./'-brij./iij, very finely

sandy, carbonnceDv.s, i/ith carbonaceous trash
on laminae, sons sr-3.11 pieces cosillfic-d* No
coal s t r e a L: s , n o 1 a r £ e p i c c c s e Po o r 1 y pr e «
served horizontal tiails arid burro. ;s e Unit
deeply v/eat hurled. Several sanc'stoiis strii-S"
e r s , v c r y f i n c --- to f i n o - n i* a i 1. 1 -2 d , p o o r- 3. y
sorted, silty, carbonaceous, lonj and lo^7
cros sbsdd.inp;-- '---^ a«*.-^-,«*.«.-, =-.»,. «..^.^««0 r...^ M«^.iJ, 0. 33
ndstoiie j tiediii^i-grGy-ysllo*?, very fine- 'grni visd,
obvious cross-lr-Li.inatlon v/as absent to Minor
in lov.'cr units; fossil population ranch thinnsr.
Lo".v-an^le east^rard cross-lariinrition dips
steepor (1C-15 degroc-o) westv^rd. Transport
direction S 25 E, S 40 K. S 65-70 E prevalent,
K 10 V/, N 25 Y/, N 15 Vv, N 20 W. Hard, resis-
tant, slabby; lc-cl^;e and cliff nakcr « Grain
size increase upv/ard to fine; nore friable in
upper 3 ft «-« .. ...-.-».,...,o.,...«....«^c.,««.,-»«« 45
 very cc.^c jnaccors in i N.:>ttlccl bi'J.rj. v/ol3. sorted
,.,. .,-->., :
t. _.- ,.'_.j. <_. o
-\j- .. »r,t O v-.-.,. i-,.-, j...', .^. i... '-<ii i c- x- - . ; c -'
1 ^ ti^. -;.-'- Cu.- . li.-^', X. . ! ' . ' ) iii ..-ci.'. X ^.'^'* wciv.*
b'"v''3«. U'' 11 L'-O'^G I"O.S':3i V'3 tu-^-it b^l.GV.T « Thill
clr.bby boc-o, Cvo^G-lr.-.iJnrvS dip er.st and \7est,
N 10-20 \: 9 S 60-70 I!-- .,.-~,-.-.^ -.-^...,,«.,-^-...« -«- J-O

Sandstone, netliu:.;~^roy-yollc"* s very fine^ccrriiiisd,

silty, very cr:lciircou^, slightly crirbD.i:-.cco'U3;
trails on bc-J'.'i;^, Cyllir^VrAchr.v.s^. pDhlcriGrD^^s
roci-c;>ap?d t'.'.bc:: to fc^i'd.U'ij:* IritorbBucl^d at

very calcareous and very carbonaceous; T?ell

sorted b:;1 ,^ hD.vc cr'.vbon^ceov»3 trash only on
bec-cUr.^ £:i:rj:aco* Sens b:?ds of ^7Gll sorted
sano EiiO.j' cro£»-x3*'r bcciCt.1 n %'^ cippinj; a.^. lOi~ n*i^J.G
(?--- tov/ard S 60-70 £
1'r.ncos Shale
r.yotoTiC, risr!iuv }~yGllQ-,:~b?Gv/n, slightly s5 Ity,
deeply v/a^th-^rod, shr.ly split, focsiliforous.
Sj.lty, sr.iidy, ncdulu-.r v;eatherin^ "" " *-' ^"--

Siltstcnis, r.e'Jiui.;»yellov:«bro.vii to dark-bvov/n-

yollov;, very slightly sandy, vith very fine
sand; thin and flaggy ? irre^ulr.r discontinuous
beds; interlr-.-ainated v/ith c?.ay3cone belov; 0
V/oody debris on dcpositional surface.

ClaystoriG, nadiu";>-yellov;-brov/n to medium-grey,

shaly split; silty strj.r^ors throughout are
nore resistant; very rich in plant debris,
Possibly a for/ v/'orns 0 Very fe:v shall frag«
nents, no ^/hole spsciirieiis. Base covered*-- 1 21

Total section- - 676

 Met-'.:-'.uv^d section 2 :-67
Center S\f\ sc-Co 30 ; T, 14 S,, R, 14 i).
Dragtrton 5> ctJ.G-"i

Feet
Castlegcite Foriiatj.cn
Sandstone, li^ht-^rey-yellc'./ to iiGdiiui-yallov;
brov:s», fin^- to r.adiv/. I'-^raj.riGd. very carbo-
naceous, vitn coal.if .led v;oocJy dabris throii^h-
out, labyrinth castings cordon on loss and
thick sections of carton. Bedding e;:trenely
contorted. Poorly sorted, silty, clay&y,

Bl?.ckhav/k Fornation
I
Sunnyside Member . I
i
Surmyside Shcu.a t
Covered Interval' strinfers and lenses of: j
sandstone, very fine-grainsd, hard, iron- j
stained, calcareous, very carbonaceous, |
irregularly b3c!d<2d; di^s in colluviun sho*,7 f
muds tone, carbonaceous, dark-prey"-"""""" -" -" 32 ?
I
Sandstone, light-grey to nediu.iV"grey, fine- to 1
mediur.i-grained t poorly sorted, calcareous, j
carbonaceous. Yroathsrs very light-grey; ' i
crosS'-la^inae dip ri-ostly southeast in sets J
to 1.5 ft thick, tangential at bo.se; thin, \
irregularly bedded, silty, with labyrinth " (
castings and large horizontal burrov/s-~~~-« «« 16 I
I Covered, colluviuri slope* Digs at intervals j
shov; isiudGtoiic, very dark gi*ey, very carbona- !
ceous, nodular; siltstone stringers throughout; [

13G }
UDDOi* part. Conditions that governed tlio deposition of thc-^c
sediments were i.ot as orclorly as those controlling dvpo-itio;:
of the sandotona Ci^'T:^.'...,.; : ",3, bs-causc the vertical lithologie
succession in the coal'-boar.'.!-g unit is unpredictable, v/hsro-?.s
tha succession in the- sr.r.c'vtones is reli.t Ivoly predictable.
The only body fc^ils foui-d in the area by the author occur
fron 40 to 60 foot stratigraphically above the £ii/>riycida co:^l
bed in dark f;.<*oy, silty, cs.vb'niacooiio rrac-stone (fic;> 23)«
The fauna co-^p^isco s/ir.11, thir---c:Iiollccl poorly preserved rnol-
IUGCS that v/ere identified by T/ 0 A fr Cobb'in of the U 0 S.
ecologies-.?- Survey (vrritten co^inunication, 19S3) as:

AnoMia nieronena Meek

_Br a_c J i i do 111 es s p c
CorbuJ^a sp.
The trace fossils most con::ioa in the Er^r^^^^ are large hori-
zontal burrows, r/hich occur locally in carbonaceous silts tones
overlying coal seams and are knor/n as "fingers in the roof" by
ninors. Trace fossils are rare in the argillaceous bsd.s.
Many of the sedimentary rocks in the Blackhav/Ic Formation
at Sunnyside are calcareous; most of these effervesce actively
iri cold dilute hydrochloric acid, indicating that the calcare-
c'^3 material is calcjte 0 The carbonate has been postulated to
bs a v/oathering product of primary dolomite by Sabins, who
ni^ed dolomite rhoinbs in the Blackhav/k sandstones fron
^asatch Plateau (1962, p 0 1194). Dolomite may be tha
< -v.trco1 of calcareous ce~:ic:it at Sunnysida; X-ray povrcler diffr
xicn studies indicate varying amounts of dolomite in rocks f
<-,lceted horizons (table 2) 0 The carbonate also nay be con-
: ir.cd in either v.T.tcr of deposition or percolating ground"
- Jcr, or it my result frori feldspar degeneration in the
: ,:-c!3, iii v/hich calcium combines v/ith carbon dioxide derived
i':-o;.i organic-rich scdinents during dir-i^enesis e

The Konilv.'ortli Me-.^bsr is the lov/est stratigraphic unit

of the PlacIdi.av.'I.: For.-i^xtion at Sunnyside* The r.i uibsr v/as naivied.
rr.d \?as doiin^d by Young (1955, p. 184) to coiisist of
,.. a massive, cliff "forming, basal sandstone, an
overlying series of co?,l«b3nring rocks, and tho
offshore bar sandstones behind which they v/ere
deposited 0
ung's definition derives from lithology, topographic
£~pression and inference of origin. Detailed field invcsti-
?.' ?-tioiis by the author shov/, furthermore, that the basal unit
^* Young's defined KenilAvorth is the upper bed of an orderly
-i'Vard succession of interbsdded siltstone and sandstone,
"-nboc'dsd sandstone, and thickbedded sandstone. All these
combine to make up a nappable unit of sirailar lithology.
<<0 author here proposes thr.t the base of the Kenilv/orth
r * v\ ^
*-^er be placed at the bass of the sandstone sequence (figo
3) TJU
/f It is further proposed by ths author that the Kenil-
*" ich Menber be divided into the Kenilv/orth
* "-stone (lo.ver) and Kenilv/orth Shale (uppar).
T--H90 S3

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(E, E. McGregor, analyst)

Table 2. X-ray ponder diffraction data from selected rocks of

the Blackhawk Formation at Sunnyside, Utah.
 Feet
-:-

clip SGutiK'xst; slabby , discontinuous. Above

is clay:- to-: a, ii^di i~ v-yollow- brown, burned,
with pvct'.'Opo:?.? . At 75 ft above top 01 coal
Is- < ft r> mi',' or. ton s, V3J J 0'./'«-1^*o',,'ii, very firt.-3-
f;ri"-. inocl, c:i.lc?rGoiio , carbo:".:-.Ci:oi.s , v;oll
EOi-tec-j c:'O3C"-l:-":ilnc^ dip southeast and
noi'thv/sst, thin vavy bucIdaJ^ noirf ossilif er«

Coal zoii^j biirnocl on on t crop- ~~~- '- -- -«-»»- ««« -«. 16

Siltsto^e. clarK-^i'oyj coa?.y ? -u^avcii tluc!-:n';33 ,

TOO 'ci..?L~rl'LC r > r-- - - > ' «--'-^ " ---<:-« - - « --= - -= = ,- - "..-.-=-.1, . ^«.^. «.,^.,^^» « 2

Suiii'vslde Sandstone e^~'?*~~^^*? f

calcareous, crcss'-lai'iinae dip southeast and j

northwest (70 dip readings average S 7*0 E, |
N 15 YO. Thinbeddocl and slabby lower, I
int embedded v/ith darl^-grey silts tone; bedding r
grades i\pv/ard to thin and blocky to thick [.
and massjvc ii\ upper unit, bads to 15 ft I
thick d Thin carbonaceous nudstone splits at I
various intervals. Carbonaceous throughout I
v/ith carbonaceous trash on bedding planes; I
logs, sticlzs on many bedding surfaces, v/here j
are labyrinth castings« Bl&aclied zone is I
fine- to i;i-adiu:>-grained, 11 ft thick, starts I
at 53 ft; above is 9 ft fine- to medium-
grained, calcareous, very felspathic
sandstone, carbonaceous and jarosilic, v/ith
fev/ burrov/s and. fossils of any kind, }
Burrov/c. ar.d r.iottled sandstone to siltstone
zones throughout, Cylil^-^ichirjs rjpDtjLlis
in muds tone stringers/ ppjiio;.iarTyha , "lar^e
horizontal burrows in upper; plural curving
tubes in r;;ore fine-drained part at base.
Forms vertical cliff* - "- ' - 74

KeniIvort h Member
Kenilv/orth Shale
Mudstone, groy-brov/n, mediun-grained, silty.
clayey, carbonaceous. At 23 ft above base
 7-1190

Feet
is interbedded sandstone, light-grcy-yellow to
yellow-orange, very fine-drained, silty,
slightly very finely carbonaceous, calcareous,
thinbedded and slabby. Interbeds increase in
number upv/ard to make single bed 9 ft thick at
45 ft. Covered above, digs show mudstone as
above - - 115

Kenilv/orth Sandstone
3stone, light-grey-yellow, very fine- to
Lne-graineci, poorly sorted, calcareous,
Llty, clayey, carbonaceous«. Burrowed and

- _. i- i i r
comb veathering. Bedding poorly preserved
thick to very thick, massive, ledge former
"Y/hitecap"
"wniT.ecap 1 - base at 3U
30 it,
ft, y9 it
ft tnicK
thick, fine

i to medium-grained, very light-prey, poorly

sorted, noncalcareous, porous, very perinea
+^> vx -*- «- \~f *> * «*.* *-x * * *« - *--* -* ^*s «-*,-*. \**f\^r v^ * ' «

Sandstone above \vhitecap is extensively

neled. ripple
neled,
extensiv
riDDle cross-laminated, with very few
chan-
f- \_r J- v- v4 * ' * x-- * r f-^ ^-^ ^- * * ^ ' ^*- ^-^ -*- ^-"

large fossils. Top of unit is very fine- to

mediuiii-grained, very poorly sorted, silty- 67

Mudstone, medium-grey, silty, clayey, with silt

stone strJngers throughout, Unit mostly
covered 23
Sandstone, light-grey-yellov,*, very fine- to
fine-grained. Unit has nassive appearance.
Grain size increases upward, thinbedded to
laminated, flaggy to slabby split 0 Calcare-
ous, few fossils, cross-lamination proninent.
Megaripples, amplitude 4-6 in c ; length 3-4
fto Strike of crests N 40 E. Some units of
thinly laminated, ripple cross-lamination
>vith channels on top of unit. Channel axes
strike S 85 E 0 Transport direction S 45-50 E.
Crests of oscillation ripples on channel base
strike H 40 E. Clay galls very common, es-
pecially in channels - - 35
Sandstone, light-grey-yellov/, very fine-grained,
very calcareous, mostly quartz, high grain-to*-
matrix ratio. Y/ell sorted, carbonaceous only
on depositional surfaces. Some more carbona-
ceous, thinner beds interbedded, giving
 leoge--" : iu~ci.it cliff e Veil sorted units have?
thu:-'b**oi?;£d pv >i.i rj"=o:''p--f v,T ith plural curvir-.£
tubes. Cyljlncr j or. ;r.:s funnels, Cy5._ij>c!i'ichi-v/5_
Ar?; ii col itoVT More carbonaceous units have
smooth tub?:;, C>! 5. i.o vi clr i'j.? . I^'0-..in s-ii"i" lev.
ai-^le C:;G^-- lr;*rivi-'G" V::.p""i.ibs"(:ly S 40-60 I;.
steeper (to 25 co^i-c-f-s) i.iOJ'tlr. 'tst . CrooS--
It.niuateci sets 4--14 iu. Smooth, plfiuar
bass-=--"«-" -«« - ---'-- -'- » - -~ -, -.-- ..- - ~ --->= -« " ----»--« 17

Sandstone, riodJvri.i~bro*./n-'S'roy, vei'y f iua-grained,

very cp.rboi-r.ccoriG \-'Jth c-C'cVit .. "-*
grouiid3 !! tr;\sh ov b..'" 1.': ':j; ?..:'$ th*'ou;vh<;'0 c bc-cls,
Iriter-.ni'v'ely burro >-^-i\ citul riottl^a, Cbovi'on
tr?.ilo, Te!ch?.c;r.ii]-v ? Oyhio.-c^^h?!, smooth tubas,
Cyli iin'f'ic r.i-' vi. 9 all vc-vv co:'v.o:? 3 Very th.iiv*
bGcid"ed7~ir:Tr}'.vfcsd, sc^t? 6-10 ii< . thick,
irrer;vil'-:-" bu?: covLliirov^ a Sr^rp v.^pe:-- JUKI
lower centre !:s 3 Poorly expo^c^I cro^^-O.^iu M?.tion
Horizontal Ophior^qr^pha in \voll-sorted unit?;.
Some s i 1 1 s t o 3 1 e i n c or b e cl s , v e r y f i n e 1 y so. n d y s
very nottled - »« «.»« .«= « ,. ,.«^,.-.««..« M ..

K?.HCOS Shalo
Muds tone, d"irk-grey to bleck, carbonaceous, v/ith
carbonaceous claystone lenses and pods at odd
intervals. Upper 3 ft i? r-iediuia-grey-brov/n
siltstone, sandy, c^vbonacecus, very calcare-

Interbaddsd nudstone, siItstone, and sandstone.

Mudstone: dark-grey to black, very fossil-
iierous, silt.y, slightly cp.lcr.reoiio, clayey,,
Y/oody debrjs, shell fr0.^1.10nts (no whole
fossils ) e Silts cone: dp.rl-r-yollov/'-b'ro.vn to
mediuri-grey-brGv.-!!, sandy, shc.ly split.
Sandstone: brov/n"orf».n^o, very fine-grained,
calcareous, Irriinr.ted iii beds 4-8 in, thick*
Ripple crooS'-lanii^'.ted, building southeast»
Lar.iinae arc uneven and discontinuous, sets
are long and eve-n with sharp upper and lower
boundaries c Heavy lincoiite staining. Very.
fev/ bedding surface tracks and trails.
Base covered- ""«.--".- " -~.'-««~.-"-~» «-.»« « "«». ^,^..~«^«^ 74
Total section- " 638
 c-ASur£'i_spct io-i !> 07
oc. 35 s T. 14 S., R. 14 E.

Cnstle^nte For;.- at 1021

Sandstone, li^ht-yollG.v-giNTy, fino~ to ntdii:<.;
grained, calcareous, carbonaceous, silty;
very unoven, irregular base, ^cgs, brjaio.h^
carboiir.ceous debris throughout « Contorted

Sunnys itle Me:.-.b jr

Sunnvside Shale
M v. d s t o ii e, (I ar k- - gr e y f c a :o bo 11 r-. c o or. r , v; i t h c ar b on a-
ceous trash thvou~!\c.-ut. V[or;:i trails on
Ir^ninaeo Fresh pieces r,re structureless, but
weathered pieces have shcily split - ~... «««^.- 21

Sandstone, li^ht-ysllov.' to licht--c-^ey, very fine-

to fine-grained, silty, cr,rbon\iceoi!3, calcare-
ous f norrxossilif erous 6 Thinbcc^ded and slabby,
uiieveu b;ads'"" -'-"»<=-'- ""- «- - »«------*.«»-'~-^. --»>«. ,.>»-«,-.« 4

Covei*8d"-'Colluvial slope vrith siltstone and

resist rait sandy clays tone stringers cropping
out at odd intervals. Digs bslv.-een beds
show dark-grey carbonaceous nudston-s- j ~ 102

^ Coal zone, burned and slunped on surface.

1 Thickness frcn nine workings-"'--"-" - - - .---. 17

Siltstono, dark-grey to black, sandy, \vith rmch

coalified material throughout, TOO t narko in
 FeGl:
O *... T » ?--v-T i J-- ~ - - -** . ,- » .t 1 - -** -^ --i . - T t *~<
Dil:-,lV SUli ^ ;

Saridotoiio, liglit-'grey-yollcr:' to r;<3d_v«3i':i--'grey<»

yellc.v, £iiVo~ to rieuJACi-^rJiinod- with
silts tons sti*i!igc:"3 rs intei.'b^d:; , eon tain i;v;;
Cylindrichims 3^o;rtilis 5 coaly Material, nuoh .
clu'fcon^cjous i.iC-tter* Lr.rge horizontal burrows I
in siltoton^ b£-ds c S :i n '.hit on 2 grain si^^ 5
grades to Ifro^or lov/r.-rc' . Thlckb3;'ded 3 block:/, j
foror-'.s roi-'nc'D.: 1 clij'io frj.r.blc, O'oh.ioinr-i'^h?.. -
unco^:.on c Boil.? ir i^/;j;ir 17 it tto.iVisO yellov/
by jaroiute» Root u.^.vl:^ v.-ith r:>r^ c^.^v bon
content in upper 30 in 9 , alno in top Ox bad |
4 ft fro::t unit top---- ---- -' ' - ' » -- T 32 j

Sandstoi-e s light-'g^^y-ycllc".; ? very fin:;- to fisic I

grained, thinbedded r.iid slr-'.bb^'-, rnakcs l^d^oo '
with stringers and thin beds o:T very carbon^" \
ceous sandy siltstons* Sandstone moderately |
veil rortsd and clo?.ii. Cross lf.ain^e dip nt: j
lo,7 anslo S 75 E, so^ae dip novthvc-st N 15 W; !
sets 10 in, to 2 ft thick, tai^enU?.! at b--i.sc-. l
Plural curvir.g tubes coi.n >.on, CphioiuDrphj?., {
^ 0 ]!!1 !-?- escape burro w-s VJnd "cV~fVnnels, I
t^, Z5^ SlUJ^Jiy:?. » labyrinth castings,, - j
psiiiarhs on base of bads, crests strike I
N 10-20 E- -.-«-,«««^««,. ««^«..«»««..»« 0 .=.«-«,,^,«.«c, 23 {

Sandstone and siltstons, interbsdded: sajulstonQ, ' |

light-grey-yellov, very f ino-grainsd, thin and I
regularly bsdcled, bloclcy, clay galls, ironstone f
concretions, honoycciib veathoriuf; e Siltstone, !
light-grey., carbonaceous, soft, very not tied c \
Cross l?.uinao clip S 75-85 E at 4-7 degrees 20 1
I
Kenil\7orth Me^bor \I
Kenilv-orth Shale G'2fe;K^-^ i

fuiidstoue, dark-grey, to black, v/ith coal streaks

and pods, most nur.'orous near base. Stringers
of grey~broY/ii siltston-s at odd intervals, dis-
continuous. At 60 ft is 2~£t zone of inter-
laininatcd siltstono and nudstoiiOj carbonaceous,
coaly, v/ith osc.illatioa ripple:is.rks on bases of
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Cove:.l ecl ir.te;-Y.-:.!-'--c!i£3 at odd internals yield
tu-i; orj SL'.nO^to::3 bc:I^ co^ ;:oi'? throujho-.: t,
/- , -,! ;-. r ^ _, -; c^l r,- ..-.,.,,,_, ., !i .,_ i .,.,..,...,..,.-,,, . J4 ,,,.-_-,_._.-,,.»_.-, ..-. .. . t .,_,,,...-,,, 5_'i 5

.C;iei iv/or oh ^a viLi^tu>3 <c""''-C~ ;'-r"-t;'"\:?

. .
gr:-.lri.:-i-!j vevy poorly i-o^tid, s-j.^ty, v/ith
c-;'i4 c;o.<- i c^oi-:~> clsb. ir; yr-.d tivr.oh, s=c'.:o folcl&pai".
S:^.U p--/.:?::. :: / -:^, Cyl iv.-; .\I.c'-.'-,-: v u;;:i^l ;; ,
^e.U^Mc^.v.r^ . A'.': 2 -It lo r. 3 in LV.e'-.c ! :.;' ^cni-,
vhitcj su^^ry; abo/o 2 lit io £.a:i:^toi'C z-.s
r.L--jVrj 7 but crc^s-lr^iiiiut^j aud \rith clf.y
fvAlls o^ b^ddin^c^ Th ii'b^adcd ^ blocTxy, Fntjre
viriit ?.bove 2 ft is vhi tGcr.p -- - - -« - ..«« k . ---..«».-» 6

Sands to:-Ki, lisht-grey-yellc^ P very fino- to fine-*

g'rK.iu&<l t poorly sorted, sj.lty, clayey, slightly
c<vrbDr.aceous r.ostly on bedding, v/ith labyrinth
casting. Very c^lcaveoi:s- nud cracks (?) co?:~
no:\ on br^se of baddlr^-'-po} yt^or-?; li red v/ith u-* Z < i~^

c.'.rboi.?.c:.jii3 Pli7j.lo, f.bout sixo of quv\rto^ s

Horizon tr-il 0:3hio_.:ov_p_ha t*ui-rov:s, othar plnin
burrov/^ ur.y *bo" ]Cyj.i^r^r\i.ch;iUo . Bedding obscuved.
Fractures into sii-alT p'i'flo*vs, makes rounded
clifj?* ««-----«-»- ««-«---- «---'--*»«««--.-«'-"--- «««««-» 28

ai!dstoii3, soft, silty, csi"bon?.ceous; slope tinTcer,

covered., Appears to be a softer, sugary sar?d«

SandGtoue, li^ht'-yollov/--grey ? very fine- to fine« j

grairiod, pcorO y sorted, \vell cemented, hard, j
calcareous, thic!;bs:kled, ri?.kcs nacisive, i
roujided cliff, Ripplo drift lariinnted, very |
uneven lo'./cr surface. 80.13 honeycccab v/eathsr- 1
ins; X^r^.5 ?^ 0 -^- 3 * Ov-h.io' lorplici, Cvlin_drichu\is, !
helicoid fuiiri?ls; gn\in Fix 3 grades" "iipv/r.rd to j
medium; unit coiitn.iiis so~:e thin bads of la:.ti~ j
nated, very carbonaceous, Mottled, silty sand- j
stone* Over these beds are zones of clay galls |
on boddihrr, then more clean massive sand. I
Crossb^ddins1 in spridstono altcriritoly ncrthvrest (
and sou the ist, foreset be-lclir's dips 12-20 I
degrees o Upper portion (sraiii-Gize change) is I
STjgary-tcxtu.rec!""-- --.--. -,- ,.-.. .,«..... ^^.««. ..««,»,... .^ 55 !
 Sr-iv-l-to-,^, lis'n t-ycllcv-c^ey to fsrey-yellev/,
vury IJ ; . _>=;;r a ;.7;r^ pcorly sovto:*, v-iry car-to-
r-:-oc-ou:-; v. ith VGOGY debris coi bcdcT in^ met car*-"
bcii^c^oiir: trp.sh thvC'V.^ho'jt, burrovsct and
r.ottled EJ.J :;atly; CyU ndricbnu:^ escape
burro.-.:;, 1'h ? ._"*.,"SGj.t-"S U^'3 c " ""Very thinly and
UI13VG*lAy bOodj. rj but 51O c.]") v:^l' i: t CTCS':-
lr.r.j -u'\ cj.oii, Pr.pe^v in cciie bedG s Uppor 4
ft hao chf..ri.-rjl3 3 it thic': of th.lc^b?dd3cT ,
crosS"lrTij.nr.tGc' sr.;iCoto:^^ Slr-.V»by sandstone
bods are cut out, nove rir\ssivo channel sand-
stones r.re l.eid In, Ch'iv.'.irjls h-iive rir-.ny
CylJn-lvicriv.-3 G3cr.po burrc-v/s, so':3 horizontal

grey car!.or.c..c:<jL>i"s chO.c-j r-iity; top of unit

ic
JLO rv''- £'
t> ^J ""- » ^"* V,-W'")
K/A\.' ' } 3 <.',-iiwt
o r " " , r. ".r
^y « r> 1 'V;
v. -.'. j«r o
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\_-<_/v_«->
silts'co'jC v/i'cli carbon''icsov.s trash thrcu^houtid
Bi% at 12 ft shovred siltstone- - - -- -- 27

\?oll sorted, nostly ironstained quarts; silty,

very calcareous; carbonaceous trash on betidir^s
planer; thin to riodiira bsdded, grading thicker
bec'dtd upv/'ard, ii>. b^03 10 iiu to 3 ft thick;
cross"lai.;inr'.e dip S G5-35 E, to N 65-85 Y,' f in
v/c03-0-shaped sets that are nostly 5---7 ft long,
6«10 in. thick; basal ari;<le to 12 degrees,
tano-ei'tial at base, fil!i*:g~in of scour to
beccrio horizontal lanina'3 at top 0 Cross-
llaninated sets dip S 85 E e Horizorrtal and
vertical p^io^orglip., plural c-jrving tubes,
fev/ Ar^aiJ_co^lJ.tes. Top covered, but appears
to grade to thinner, slabby bod3«=-»~-«-««--" » » 29

Hancos Shale
Mudstone, dark-grey, silty, structureleGs->"~-"~« -
Total section-- " 754
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 For.:3 ledges up to 5 ft thick thr.t go under

Fr.'idstor,::^ rod, very li:,,--^; raned, very sy.,

dirty, CT.v!-.->n?.ec>o-J3, very c^.lc^reovs; shcv'3
bi-d.uj n;/; in every n;Klo frout chaotic to eveuly
l:v ii:::~ to-dj r'-ctXy festoon cro-:; 3bec!dirv; in
short c.ro'-'s-la d^o 2-5 i-io, in 2-6 iiu
tMcT: f:.jcs } j;>:.':t sc;t3 tf.bulr.i1 * Di-t-cction of
trtaHirM't :;o^tly S 26 :0 :> 0 Clry £-;; :«. Is p noii-
fofr.LO.ii-r&rou-:;. Thiuly lc .dnc-.tc:.- b;.sal 2.5
ft, ir^;orl.~-:.:iri?.tCLT v/ith gr^y-bvovn silt^tone,
gi*^dj3 -ip7:?rd to 2 C 5 ft o:C s:^^sto:i3, as
,. v-
f<. -^«-- -. 9
D'J?^- ; -5 o
iii ^' '-o -,
.-.^'o ^-v
t:; i'.C.-L
,- >"» vC'-,C'o
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^.- ^ -v> ^"'-: ,-.
.- Lf- t-j.
<-> ' H--
Dy
tip to 2 i'u c\-v;:«-:;vc y 5 5;h:-.ly, sr.n-.ly silt-
stov^Oo ^LtJro unit sit3 on drvlt-^rey silty
shr.5.0 (!- ;;: . ..;.:<! r^a h;?rt) c Above 12 ft unit
is ripplo-l:,^;iri^todj lcdr;ey, 4"S in e beds
vr.ryi.is f ?'u i friable to resistant. Noxt
letl^o i;nl:cr bj^iiio ^t 35 f t e ,«,o.^^-JKi ^^^^^,,^^^^,,, 59

Covered Su:raysid& coal interval at bace s steep

slope, nv.cli biirii^^^^"^"'-^'^^^^--^^^-^"'^ 0'' "^^^"^^'- -- "-- " ' 41

Sinmyside Sandstone
Sarif'stonc.- lAs^t'-g-oe f i!i3-£i.*£,j.:«:c:i!
Thickens southeast* Cross bod.d.ing djps mostly
southsriSt; no fossils, very irre^ulnr upper
and lover surfaces--"------ - - - «- - 3

Sand? tons, light^^rey to light--yollo".v-c:oaTio:s

to brov/n-recl (burnt), very vine- to fine-
grained, hcirtl, resistant, fori:.s sharp to
rovndcd. Icc^e, sugary texture v/hen fre3h,
fair so::cir.:v. Cross-ctrr'.tified in lon^ (6-8
ft) v/eds^-" ^P to 1 ft thick, lov; angle,
3.0-15 dojrces FSS. Calc?/rcous, fev; fossils,
horizontal P^b^r^orp^r. cc-i^on, filled often
v/it ii ii'Oiri3toriC-^' '»iJ'-->»-----=---'--^-'--">--'< «^«-o*~'=»««««r.«.^«^»-.«^ roi.
Sandstone, liQ-ht'-yellc'.v-O-va-igo, very fine"
grained, very calcf-reous dogtooth spar fills
cracks cross stratified in wedges, mostly
southeast. P^l-^iL: ^£.^Hi» £^y ^tL-^i^tHE v/ith.
funnsls, fecal pellets (comon on tops of
beds), J^i^JV^j}^ 3 * ^y1!?"3 '1 '? 1^^* Bods usually
separated by up to 2 "in T of "very carbonaceous,
fissile, silty sandstone that v/cathors away
to give ledges ferried by beds. These si^all
 units contain Ir.i'go horivcutal bur.v-ov/3,
lc l--yrl:;-jh cf:sti-^^s tracks and trails,
of r-jst Vviiita rivp\c: 1.-.: /!; :iO, U^it co..i t:\
CG;-.e.oo'!:ior3 o2 clc-.y-ivcM-'stOR 1? that riat
f * .""* C ' t~
L U o I/ c*.* J.
^ «- »"'-'- ^\ y\
J- o i/1^> f~* "'»" ' *' "»
LJ ^ -,'.'^-> * x-
',*,.' »-*
^ i *r
- "» i--* -~* «t~ f" i
-* *- . v - - " * «-.' "-
- --j.*«:Jt-j

r-terl^dccd sr.i'Jo l^oiio r;i":c' sitGtOiie

slightly silty. Vary thin bccUid to Ini.iinated,

flr.Si'V to pl?,ty sp?.lt e Cro33-3criitifiec',
mostly Gi'tr-riice-o 01 c-,ccrel;j.on but sorie fovosat
soutboast and north. :^3t , Lo-icl cr,3 Is iu Go::a
curr-Si-'t i.Vjj.v;?.i!--:o 0:1 b;>ttc..:^ o" £.; r.ad.v to;i£; b^ds
JLiitU.cr.to lr^?-u;o:.-t S /:o :-1, S f.O i;, N 70 1U
Ophio:/c-;.'pL~\ j Cyllv.ur.vciin.-o, p?.v-?"-«'.l ciu"/!;:^
t u V> s s : s .1 1 'c s t o : i o 3 1 1 :. o i i . .:. i - - r; «." a y - \.< s o\v i- 1 , v t r y

Kenilv;orth Shale

Siltsono, L-cdiun-groy to dark-^rey to black,

sli:-ily, c?.rbonaceov.s, silty with np.ndy si3t.
stona stringers . Stringers are visually
burnad, have burrovrs and trades and trails
Sandier- tov/ard top" *31 "*-^ "*-"'*-" - -- » ,^^^

Covered interval-'-::io3tly darlc-grey nuc'stoiio,

v/ith thin, discontinuoi-s, very fin ^-graine
sands to^a lenses""" ^-- -,_.,-,^., ^^....c-^.,^.:,^.,^..,^^

Interbactdcd sandstone and siltsto:i&: sand-

stone, very f ine-^raj nod to silt-si^s, silty,
carbonaceous, calcareous, pitted \r -Gathering
surface due v/eathsrisi^-out of carbonaceous
material,, £HSiPJ;!P>?l'Si*i ^- n v-PP-^' layers,

Tra i is" typ2 "f cs siTs « """"Ver y t h inbodd ed ? 2« G i n c ,

evenly laninated. Siltstone, dark'-g-rey-brov/n,
nottled, carbonaceous, calcareous. Thoroughly
reworked by burrov/in^s e Upper sandstone units
crossbeddod and evenly laminated, burrov/s .
Upper 6 ft is all siltstono as abovo- =-«- «="---- IG

Interbsdded sandstone and silts tone: sand-

stone, yelloT/, f ine-srainod, carbonaceous,
clayey, soft and friable; silts tone, darl:~grey,
 O
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to
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 Me? sure.-: .scct^o^jG^jp?
KSj-SWj coo, 5, T. 15 S., P.. 14 E,

Co^e Oven Sc;jtic-ii

Feet
Castlocate Formation
Sands ^en3, lislrfc-Ci^ey-'yellGYr, r.cd:UF.i'*£raiii3d,
c^lc^reijas j very C'-,:oro.-"iric-cou-3, \vith labyrinth
castings ccr.-ioi-i"- -- -"--»- --'--* - - =«...«<,«.».«« »«» ,.=.«..,«.-

Blac!vhn~k Formatio:i
Suniiy3j.de Mc-nbar
Suiiiiysids Shr.le c-^sst^^r-~^
Covered lei-iticular sands and siltstones
throughout, thickest is a poorly sorted very
fine~£;rained s?.ncl fi*ou 83-94 ft; thins to
zero or is covered v;ithin 10 ft eithsr side "- 12S
Sandstone, llght-grey-yellov/, very fine-grained,
well sorted. Thin bedded in sets of beds that
give nassive cliff. Clay galls on bedding
surfaces; bedding details very badly cori-
torted. Churned, looks like organic rev/orkiii;^,
but no organsiin traces seen. Very well sorted
W JL L II J- ii D '-_^ Ci ^> "^^^ «=>*«»«* *-» «.-» r = &>, *r> e <r» *-s *-J«ra . ^a »_» <rr» cea cj, c^> -a"» ^r* ^B «9 <,« »n. * - --^ r * « s-» f »^^ T^, f«-T _ -r ^J O

Sandstone, very fine-grained, crossbsdded,

lenticular; siltstono, sandy, coaly, discon-
tinuous, in carbonaceous shale; carbonaceous
clays tone; muds tone-- »« - «-»«««-«- »»» »«»..».«.. 85

Silts to?ie, clays tons and carbonaceous shale,

black (grey-brovm claystone) all coaly - «« - « 11
 Sands !:or-o , all colons fro;i brcvir-yello'.v to
rt-J-'bvcv:-.-;, nest yel lo;;«~orn.ni;a; vary fiiu--
gruincdc Very thinb:-c!dc-d to Ifcij.nated,
flrg^y to platy. Ripple 1 a:.'i fir. tod, v/orn
p.r.d snr.il trills on accretion surface:-;.
r<V£'Aly tO Y;V.Vi.ly b^uLi-ida hjCuUj il^,* grati ';.->
upv/v'.rtl to thj nb;du-jd Poorly sorted,
silty y very cr-.lc?i'cc>i"^ j slirrhtly Cc'-rV-ona
ceoiiS o Currcnl: rip^lG.;:; arI-c^ , long axis
N 20 3£«-^«."-..- -^.--.-...''--'..'-..-..--.'.------- -."«'---- --- - "--- 25

Sj.ltstou3 ; bro'.-'ii to d " -!:": -grey t s^vitly, struc-

ture!e.:u-j clr-.yey, ver.thsred li[',h'i>-gruy to
white, carljon^.coGuc, -- - -.-..----- .-.--. -*--

Sandstone, burnt, rtrd-crange to brov/n-red, '

very fins- to fine-grained, has Much very j
fine iron-stained feldspar, giving a ?
speckled loo!:. Few v/idGly scattered large
horizontal burrov/s, but very unco'.r,inoii» !
Crossbedded mostly northv/esl, sone south- \
east. Thinbsddsd, slabby to blicky, nakes j
discontinuous ledge" --"'--^-"-,^«J », ^^.«~,«.--,~-,.^.-.«.«.^,.. 5 f

Covered -Sunnyside coal, barned at this loca- I

tion. Several lenticular beds dark-gi'ey i
siltstone, nonfossiliferous, sandy. Moat I
of rest grey shale v/ith claysto/ie-~----"- --"-« - 5G f

Sunnyside Sandstone !
Sandstone, light-yeliov/ to light-grey-yellov/, > j
very fine~grair,&d, grades upward to fine- i
grained, poorly sorted, silty, very calcare- I
ous, noncarbonaeeous except on bedding. No j
fossils seen. Slunp structures common. f
CrosGbodding dips lev/ angle, 3.0 degrees or j
less; tangential« Clay-ironstone pellets j
scattered throughout. Upper 4 ft is light- f
grey, sugary, salt-and-pepper v/hitecap, [
overlain by 2 ft fine- to IPediIKi-grained, I
mediui^-grey salt-and-pcpper sandstone, f
crossbedded cut-and-fill festoon types, j
Overlain in turn by 4 ft bed of sandstone, [
light-grey as above- «~ --, «,_. J _,«»_«_ e...',,.w .,,,.- 30 |
i
Sandstone, whitecap, light-grey, v/eathered }
white, riediun-grained, eilty, sugary, v/ith
much clay. Clay galls filled v/ith ironstone. i
 G^hic -.orp'ia burrovs filled v/ith ironstone,
Crcsscedced in steop forests; dipt; ncrthv/cst
z-.':>d southeast, v.'ed^:e~sh:ipod sets, tangential
at bos,;, all dip 10-20 ce:;ro:>Se Makes
rco-'d-rd ledj::.s, 0 hinb welded , blocky, very

SruK;sLO:u3 ? ^ i.o.vu?.!;;: ;; be-.'- 1 oT (I) soft rr-id

clayoy ? fi-iable, D.^'-iiinccd, c^i'bon^ceou^ ,
mottled ?.nd co:«tovc&d. r.nu (2) hr:rd3r. silty,
vc-ry f inc- £;rrii\od . very cr.lcciror-us ? cr-.rbon:i-
ccou:> b:c."Jii:^c P-id? ii'.c-ntj.y very thin to
th;ii; v:j.th c: 1 ;. ?-ft b;d j--> i-p-.c-i'e Oob? o. orpl;n,
C>J.j.r:-5:..-icr>Vf.jr ^ reAi - c : i Lit:1'5. ^ u clc.^uJr " bsds^-^ ^ 28
Sandstone and siltston^ interbeddod: sp.ridstona,
ligiit-yGllov;-cr?.i]~e to recl-brovn (nuch baked),
very flr.e-^i'r.iriea, silty, .CylJ^dricl^.'S escape
burrcv/s e So-::3 CpiilOuior^Jia in cleaner beds,
iiostly upp^r, Siltstoi/a, Mediur.v-r^rey to grey*"
brov^n, carboi'.r.ccou.s $ candy, mottled'-"" -"-"--"^--" 50

Ken i Ivorth ^:-c".iber

Kc-uilv/orth Shi-.lo c"'r" - ,:;.:>'>

Covercd"-GC?.tterecl lenticular beds of siltstone,

red-bro'.vn , nonf oss i 1 if erous , noncalcfireov.s ,
sandy; nona greater than 8 in, thick* Digs at
odd interv?.ls sho\? ir.edixrm-grey to grey"bro:vn
clays tone and tiudstone^«^*'""~«~"«< ''- c '-"~--"»"-' <--'"*-i -~-''-'-- M 92

Kenilvorth Sands ten a ©sfe»Gi^a^>

SandstO;\o s mostly light-grey'~-yello".v, v/ith some
light'-^rey beds, very fine-grained to fine-
grained, vory calcareous, carbonaceous trash
on bocld ing. p^hj.jr>^pi;jjha, big plural curving
tubes, Teicdiiecjivis } Cylijidrichiu'is . Some
lenticular ia?.ssos of very veil sorted, very
fine-grained very light-'groy sand, very cal-
careous qur.rtz and little olsr« Grain si^e
grades upv?ard to fins, v/ell sorted. Rest
of. unit is very f ine--grained , poorly sorted,
mostly very effectively rev/orked by organises 0
Alu.io.st no bed-ding details present 9 Makes
rour-ded ledges. At 27 ft and at 36 ft are
very lifvht-groy \vhitecap typs zones of
variable thicknesses. Fill irregularities in
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 N;:--.SY/;> sec, 5, 'i', 55 S s , K. 14 E,

r.ndstoiiOp Hght~yellov:~grGy, carbonaceous trash

throuiioi-t chaotic bjddln - »--- -..-« <

niiyGida Menbar
Sunrysida Sh?.le
Ccvsrcc? ~- all clig^ shcvz d?.2^k-grey c^r
O ,L J. I/ f |i(4J.Cir. LO--''C^* J " =J 3«->K1«»' I CT=-»='< f-t JI-3«:»«JC^C.>ck->«:j«-^Cr

Sandstone, cte.rIc~rcc!"broY/:\ 3 fir.o- to nediun-

grained, very silty, c^rbDi-accoiis 0 Very
poorly sorted, Irre;jiil?.rly bocluod, bidding
surfaces uneven c Noufossiliierou3 -----.=.««--«=,.-» 12

Covered intcrvr-.l 'di^s show dark-prey raids tone,

clayey, sAlty, striicturslc^o e Cor.l in i-iijjc
nearest this point is 14 ft thicl;, rests o:\
I e 5 ft dark-grey Giltstoiio, Thin discontinu-
ous, irorstained sandy siltstone beds
throi'.^hout interval "«" «"«-*-"'-«.«.«.»« «.-.-=.« «««.-=.«« 175

Sunnyside Sandstone ^SSS!23t^B27

Sandstone, "vhitec^p' 1 overlios 2 ft siltstone,

dark-gray, very carbonaceous, mottled,
contorted, v/ith large horizontal biu-rcv/s.
» Sandstone, light-grey to l.i.ght~y3llo-,/-grov,
fine-grainsd, thisibsdcTod to thickbedded,
maker; nassive cli^f. Very calcareous, v/sll

15S
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i . - - -- -

s or toe:, Ci'rre-vl' ri.]:r>l£-.;;irk5 indie? ta 1; Bo

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-
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ollc-: to

&ro-::SJ C-U-D to sli::-i;jj or^^r:.j.c-'.:r; r.u

S-ctJon, Thinb^-J-GccI (to 13 iu c );
separr/toc* by 2--3 iiu c^rb-r-i'.r-.cc "ju

Mosh bec-3 frivols, i.v..!;.j j\,r..-J-,J. 1 - ;; -..-,

Upp^r ccntKlit? Li:-/.iy cl '.y psl"».^^, ii o/.:;taii' r-i*
coacret 102:3-- ------ ...- --... -.. . ..-,-.-= ..,-. ^ ...-..,-,_...- . ......... . .

terbedded sandstone and ciltstons: grey to

cterk-gi-oy, not tied, sr.iic;3-j clr.yoy, sandstone,
Ij.gh'c---si'oy"yol3cv/ to roc!"OrcV/c^» very fine-
grains-^, Vf-e'.l soi"tfjcl, abundant Oi)hlCMornha,
Cylii^rJ_chH_ii3, s-'ill (5 it v/ide7 "6-^ T:i 7"deop
tro"uc;hs; thinbe'JOsd c,nd bloody; 3.o^.d casts on
bases; lev/ ?,H^IO crG3Sb?cIdinjj, cross l^riin?. ted
Sots to 8 j.iio thicl;-*"""-51 --^-1 "^'-'""- '" "" '^" :' a - t " ii-

Kenilv/orth Menbcr
Kenilvorth Shale
Covered "diss shov/ badly v/oathercd coal (Rock
Canyon) at bn.se. At 18 ft is ?i 7-ft thick
bad of very silty sandstone. ?P?}-'- c;ii9 r .£ll?- ^- n
this bed* Brov/ii-oran^e to yelTo~w«-grean,
lir-ionite cei-isnt, calcareov.s , highly burrowed
by Op h ?. cr.ojrpjirx s C^/^ j. n ar j. c ! >. ' : tis P,I; c! T o i ch i chnrs ,
Carbonaceous throv^licuc , r. trociks of CcTrbo'n?*-
c e on s d a r k-- 2 r c y c 1 a y s t o n 3 » V e r y t h i it b 3 d. d 3 d
to laminated, plr.ty to shaly. Top 7 ft is
interbcdcled silts tono arid clr.ystone; silt-
stone, red-brov/n (burnt) to clarl;-grey,
burrov/ed intsnsively, cr-rbonr.coous, very
calcareous, structuresless , in very thin
beds; claystor-e, dark-^rey to black, silty,
shaly. very carbonaceou3 , slightly very finely
sandy. Siltstona hr.s Ophionorpha and
Cylindrichnus escaDa burr"ov/s -" «-" " --."- - "-^--« 85
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 NK:>-->:w£ sec. 5, To 15 SV, R 14 F,,
Rifle Range Section

Cast leg-:- to Formati

S rvads to;? GJ 1 ljiit-yallo"./-or?.n^;35 fins-* to
nadir-"" -xri'iirjod 8 ii^ovo'-.} lc..er cco t; act ---- ---.'
' iitt'.
>_/i. ,, v

Sunnysicie Member
c;-, s-.v -.-?'- ? / -'" ^> c; i- r. i ,-, JK^-^^y
o 1.U 1 A 1 y ^O . u G Oii,^jLG ^scs^i

Covered colluvium and

Sands tone , 1 i gbt ^yello'.v-or angc , f ine-grained 9
LiOder?.toly cr.lct>.reo :,is, noncsirbonciceous,
tro\.i3'h-sot cronsb^dciin£c , v/ith sone JLlo'.v-rolls,
Jill long fi>;<53 oriented east^south^ast e No
observed fossils. Thin- to t'niclibsclded (1,5-
4o5 ft)o Thickbodded fron 7-30 ft, thin and
unevenly bedded p.bove r.nd belo*/. Lov/er
surface very uneveii-- -.- -.«- «-,. .^,,.-, Ir,^^^, . .-,«. 40

Carbonaceous shale, dark-prey, coo.ly throughout,

and siltstone, clayey, sandy, iron ceLi^nt,
y el 1 o<i7~bro>vn-- "--« " ---"- »-««-..,«^. .« .». .-^««-.««..«^». 35

Sandstons, light-grey-yello*/; to
very fine- to fine-grained, thinly interbeddscl
v/ith grey carbonaceous siltstone at base (7 ft)
intricately crossbedded, cross lariinated,. next
upv:ard is thickbedcled sandstone, cross-lami-
nated ? very fine-grained, as above, 9 ft thick;
siltstone, carbonaceous, v/ith sandstone
interbcds, completely rev/orked, 13 ft. upper
161
 7 it thiiita^clod, su;-.ry. No certain

Covered--c^rbor.c-.c ?.o-.j-s f-hr-J.e s dc.rk-grey, ar<d

silts 'ccnfi, carbonr.c^oao, clayey, Sutidy, grey=
v/C:" thTri:^ j c^rbo:i?.c(ic-T-:s) at 6 f t, 1 ft
thick; Eiltstc?.'.c-, y^llo./'-orancce, silty, cr.r-
bon-3coi;z; 3 cl;iy ^allr-J, 19 ft thick at 20 ft,

cc-vc-jL-od, Uppor 60 ft is a succession of:

sands-lo^c^ vevy fir3- -v^ir^-d, silty, carb->-
i:C-.Cr.;; /.."-. ^ c"-J.c-" V'o;>\;:;, r.o'.if osiii lifer ous r

3-it; coc'.l, app-'o;:iir:r-.tely 1--2 ft thiclc;

ce-.i'bo-ir.ceous shr-.le r.ncl sj.ltstone, plrnt
debris, r.ppro::ii^tely ^ ft thick,, (eucccs-
sicn repsated C tir:GS ).---, ,-----,> , -,,, =,...>..^ a ^^-.=,^ 95

Sandstone, light-'grey-ycllov; to yellcv./-or£i.ii^e,

very fine- to fine-grair.od, lenticular, very
calcareous, unidirectional crossbc-flclins,
v/ed^'c shapsd, transport direction S75-G5 E,
current ripiDlcT.ir.vks, \"ory carbo:i^.ceou?- - = .-^«e-«-.^ 7
Silts tone, light-grey-brov/n, weathers light-
grey, very carbonaceous, plant fra^nents ?
structureless, shattered. Grades upward to
grey-yellow, Shaly top 1 ft, 2 in, COH! on
top 0 Many spores » -- - «, .- .,-.<......r,^, = ...o..,^»r, 7
Coal, split ? top 5 in, dirty » « -. =..--,..«« 3

Silts tone, nsdlu: i-yel lov/^brov/n, very carbona-

ceous, woody debris throughout. Hard,
resistant, thin, lenticular bedding, no
observed fossils, noucalcareous ---.« ««-«««««^ 2
Coal, Sunnyside- --"--- >"'" ' "-"- * * " ' 12

Si Its tone, dark-bror/n to dark-grey, very car-

bonaceous, crinkly, irregular thickness ~ 1
i
Sunnysids Sandstone
Sandstone, light~grey~yellov; to very-light-
grey, very fine- to fine-grained, some
 in v-v.:;, :
3 northwest* Blcclry,
j cirsr.S
u ^i-v.-ur,, discj:i'lj.r.vo'a^ \vhiti;c:'.\^ fro~i 32
37 ft f 47 i:o 54 3?t«-""«-~*-"»'"--"-'-'-"" 4-- i "-'--

:!;d:-to-i^, lic;ht«e:roy--yollov/ to ycjllc;7-ora

very fiTis- to xir,:j-r;rai^o !i, v^ry cr.lcr.rc
slitV'Tly Ci-.rfco-.:-.co:.-i.'o c;: bade!;.-;; p! :- >:, ^3,
v,\ith *.'O-:'d d^-br.Is r;\d c.: rb ^ir'.c-iT-os trr.sh

b-^rrj.-^j j*.r^:J.r: -:;!'.? ;: ^ n " tV-?^:k3* "ri-d trills ,

RipplG.-'r.!**:;'.^ o"'i Ir.vfcJ 'G-? ^o:/3 b;.'"i>, trans-
poi't d.iroctio'.i B 75 S, thi;ib^dded^ bloody
cc2itJ.;:viOU3 bo:!s y crc-oS-lnr.iiiintc-d, dip
S 7b K ?.t 7 to aoc»n-c 20 depress -.»«» m -«^«

Sandstone and siltstonG, ii-torb-jdded: sandston

I.i3ht«grey to y si lev;, very f in<B«srr..lned, mod-
erp.tely veil sorted, thinbcdded, slightly
s.llty, intensively burrov/etl; p)}ji^c:iprpJ}?-: ,
T e 1 c h I c h iin s^ , C yjl i. * t c- : : i c n i\ us , Aif e : i c o 1 i t e s

pii;^ 10 dsgrec-s S 65 E. SiJ.tstcria,

groy to darLi-grey, s?.T»dy, very carbo^.acc-ous ,
calcareous and Mottled «-.«».-.. ,., «« .,«««,««»..«««.«- 53

Kenilv:orth Member

Kenilv;orth Shale

Covered interv:.! -digs at odd intervals revenl

da-'I;«-p;rey cp.rboraceous jnudstons ^7ith brown
cnrtomccous cl^iystcr-e stringers, Muds tons
is structureless and slightly sandy, Cf-.lcp.rs--
ous e At 24 ft above b-asa is a 2 ft s?ndstons
Isdge containing Onhiprioro!].?. , Rock Canyon
coal measured at 3 C 5 ft in drar;-~ ~ «-«»«««««--. 129

Kenilv/orth Sandstone C^^S^^r

Sandstone, light-grey to yellow, very fine~ to

fins-grn .ined, very calcareous, well sorted,
very thicl-ibeddad rtnd Massive, makes hich,
abrupt cliif. Intensively burrowed lower;
upper 24 ft imburrowed. Woody debris on
bedding planes; lov/er 8 ft has scattered
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c »~ -.-.,? r. -;- ,*- . "j 4 /-/> ' ) "- _-,.-.--,-> t''" ' "i"*1 * f >" 1 r-*' r vo>*'/' "? i ../ir.-.
l-,,'i.» 5 v 1. '-v.-j A j_ J_, ; I V j_', t C- _« L >-' J" i. -^.o.O" J V l^ i. ^/ X ,*. i . -..

L'i«,J. i>. . c. t. ^., ;.:;...'...'j. L r ..i..v_. J. v.-'-. > o J. j--~ j .t.' i/I ."'.*"! -J.^".'.i,-lJl.1.*"-5
Teic!\j.clriiv.-o , Cyl.i--.ch-j ch.Ti..-;, Gyj-ochortOj
Ruh ?: :;\Te.: J Irr-.c":?; i'.nc' t^^ils 3 Sc^o beds
'/^'- "-. -, -, "; "V " T," ,., ^ J--t. T _ .'. x,,, -, ..-.-.--, .. . '.r^. v, »,
C'^v '.p -*_ t,'.:.'./ !'i<^« L. f. J. r;U. Uy I c^-U-I i*.J-i.^, « V v^ I ^ tiij il~"
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well c;ortc.,' ^C:I^IT.J.I\ ? c?.rboiU' ^cous 4 Ripplo
c>'OKS-3.?_':sj.jia"c j.oii clc.'.'iiviP/^.v., so:i3 siisc^cstio'-i ol
n e £ a r i p> p 1 o o « Very I r r cj 5; ii I ~ r n p pet- s n r f a c e ?
bD.sc covered - - -....---«.-. --^ « 52

Total Bcctio;- - 733

 ifiUNi'.'i- sec, 8, T. 15 S . R 14 E

Monday Tfash Section

Castlegate Fornation
Sandstone, light-g-rey, fine- to
chaoti c bedding ~--.--.--.«... .-,

Blackhav/k Fori .ntion

Sunnysicto h^nber
S u" i y o J. d o ? h r. 1 o c
Coverecl-'-'Castlegate Formation float- « - «- «-». 34
Sandstone, light-ysllov.'-oranse, very fine- to
fine-grained, very calcareous, not carbona-
ceous, may ba due vvc.a thor j n^. Thickbedded,
rounded blocky levies. Crossbedding dips
10-15 degrees ES £-" « -- ««..-.«.,,.«.«!«._I,«.«,«-.«.«^^..^ 14
Covered dark-grey shale bloon ~- --~«.-.« .-.., _,. 19
Sandstone, light~yellov,-~grey, very fine- to
fine-grained, weathers yellov/-orange, very
calcareous, bedding carbonaceous, no observed
fossils, crossbsdding- dips 20-25 degrees
S 65 E. Thickbedded, clay galls. Thinbedded
and less resistant above 3< ft, raakes
receding ledge" » ~« ..~-««-«««-«». M «,«.^M 30

Shale, dark-grey to black, coaly throughout «~-. 34

Sandstone, yellov/--orange, very fine grained
well sorted, thin- to thickbodded,°blocky \
tiakes shsor cliff. Sone contorted laminae,
166
 duo pe;:oco::t=: .yr>ra.'»<:C' ^ do format ic.i, Clay
gall^, so::3 shrlc- ch.if-?j sri'.ll, thin, poorly

pl?.!.Ci carl- jvacc ^-us , so ie thin. IF .\iiiatod

uiiito aro crrtoitncocnrj throu-'liou!>- '----- --

Shalo, blciclc, Cc-.?'L-onacecuo, coaly -.- ...

SaiiC'Ston-3, li^ht- ^i*ey"y(?llov/, very fine- to

f ine-^ra ii7C-d, "^'ei-ithGV^ yellov- oi'a^^e, \vell
sorted, cr.lc?-, rt.:.-.;.-; c"--:-.c'at, buryov/c-d . No
coi.^plcti jor^^AS, bF-.:l?y \/:-.-.:itl:or£:cI. Cross-
b2c1 ": ,c i\; -,;-.^5;c -:;rrvv:u* b," 1 :; 0-3 ft thjnl;.

ct»r.:-.oi: fl Th.i elcbi-c'dscl rnd blcc!:y , ri:r.IvC3 sheer

clifi, erorlii? and is covered in v/a^hcs. Clif:C
ri^.kor unit i? 33 ft thicit; above tho unit is
as describe.-:7 , except very thinboddcd to
laminated for 13 ft, thon a thickbedded ledcco
caps the uiiit- «« «- «« ->,- -. ...-...^^-^.^r^^..... ».-, 51

Covered (by burn) Sunnyside co?.l near base. At

42 ft is a l"-ft lod^e of burned, calcareous,
srindy silts toiie; ?.t 50 ft is a 5~ft sands tons,
light«yellov; to yello^-brov/n, very fine"
grained, calcareous cement, v/ell sorted, v/ith
coal fragnents (very fine), thinbedded, crosr.«
Ip.riiinatcd ncstly northv/est, fev/ southeast.
No observe-:' foSoils, E0.cc:- is and resistant
units above the 50 ft sandstone indicate a
thin s f-.nds t on e-- car bonac cons shale-s i Its tone-
coal-sands to :ie sequence""'- " «-- -«««"»«».. .,.<-

Sunnyside Sandstone tf^r^^^fern?

Sandstone, light-ysllov/'-orange, very fins- to
fine-grained, burned pink to re'J-orp.ri^e, very
calcareous cenent, few (rev/orlced?) fossils,
generally thickbedded and ru-.ssive, \/ith carbon
on bedding planes where organisms disrupted it*
Cross-laiFiinrited in sets from 0 tp IS in. thick,
dipping 7-12 degrees S 70 E. Makes bold, 'nigh,
sharp cliff, Y«"hitecap zones at intervals ;
but hard to trace laterall «-«.. -. «--,«. -*«..»

Sandstone, recl-orar.se to 1 ipht-y el lov/--orange,

very fine- to silt-size grains, very
 c: .1. Y-ell
Dooply \. 3r/chevoo s p,l t^i,;-.tii:^ icc os
Yfith thin bi;d" o:" r.ove c:irt;j.ic.CGCiV-:; , friable
s: i: Jc. lo\i', r-s ?.bj". -j. For v>- rc-v-ri.'j -: ;\ lc;'^0;S
fr-d Gvo-L'lir:i^3 T.?-::-:.v-.ixir.l cro:-:c;- s orr.tj.fic"1."
tic.-i Ol.ri ri-E, ?.ll. 3csc^ th'.u 10 c!e-:;i*8cs.
Upr; :.-: 20 it i-.:j-;o clilclcbodoc-d and rcsis tav/c ,
i.o frjnblc be,';:. Plco.cr.ed iiOxios r-.re di c;-
co'Jtirjito'jD bi'l scr.tlerod throi-^bout vertic?.!

Sho.le
Covered to.se is a fev: inches of clay ovGrlr-i
by 15 In. Rock CTi^yo.i cor.l. Fov; lenticulr.r
beds of sr.ndstoua, vary f iito-s-rain-jd, ^roy-
brov/nj silty, sl.j.^htly cp.lcs-rcoiis t carbona-
ceous, iron ce:nont «, I?:qoc3sd lov/er 20 ft.
Rest covApletely covered. Includes the
inter b.?c-d-'jd ppiidsto'ae- rind siltsto:;*::- of the
lover Suiiuy^.i.C'O r.r,d the brse of ths thii\-
bood^d unit o" thi» Su'iu^ida Sr.r.0^1.ono

Ke?iil\vorth Sandotons 'es53txs3k&^

Sandstone, very* l.ic^i ^*"t< I'^y» very fine- to line-
grained, (v.'hi tocap) , very calcareous cc-tiiont.
Pitted upper surr^ccd" --due weathering-'Out of
carbonaceous ri?,terir..l , Thinbsdded and cross-
bsdded, dipping ?.t steep aii^les northv/ost,
lov; p.iigls to flat southcr.Ptv/artl. Softer,
nore friable than unit belov, foriis receding
ledge. Thin and slabby to thick and blocliy 22

Sandstone, light-grey-'y^llo--,*, very fine- to

fine-grained, sone scattered very fine bits
of coaly Material, Very calcareous cen cnt.
Friable, accurral?.tio;is of carbonaceou de-
bris at scattered intervals, discontinu o'as ;
T/here present, C>^li^drichrii.i3_, labyrinth
castings, other crg-?.ni3i-is have rev/orked
Els e v; here 0;o h i c ; ;O r -o }\ a is a b and a n t , A ijp n i o
lites iincl Cylintfrich-ms es-.capa burrov;s
 b^ddod but dc.;----.il.s ob^ci»rr^d by v/c^.thsring - 34
Cc-vvr;:d ir.te.vv?.l"'--oo: '-o to br: ycllov.-brc'.;n,

i\d:;to;iOj 11 ^;it'-'yil3.c.>--:rc7, very xino--* to fi

grnined. thin- to thlc;:b3dd'd 5 riakes rovnded
blir'f. very calcnrccas , very slightly cs,rbonc
ctovis- - :.O3 cly ou b^ddi. ;; pl^n^^j. v/ell ^ortod 0
Fc-; o.l? ; ? very rt-x?.-_a , very irrc;;iil?r base 9 sh-r.i-
aud evi-.:i t^;* Eo.yf «-c ^-. Sc/.io C';V._.lc. ior:;hr. ;
plural c-'Yv'.Y- trdvr i:-: v-;;^oi*, Voi .s" i-oi:";dcd
bluii ci: fc.ceo, ovorV-: ::3;s in ci/'iv./^'-"- --=- ' ----"

ndotc^e, lic;ht- yellov/ to light-yello'-.'-orange,

very line- to f iue--t*?rrJ.:>Gcl, \vell sorted,
slightly carbornccors y so- is fvirdola b -j-cl :>-«
tiiiiibaddcd crossbiddcd i^irly high ar.^le
(5 to 10 dscjreos) POI. tp-ar.st r.nd northT/est
So'.ie crossbBddiris Icol's lilce trujicatsd
no^ripples but not cnor.gh section to tell.
Op'.iio '. jrpliO., AronxccO ite3 , CyJ.iTulricnnu_s ,
plv«r?.l cui-vliis ti'l: ::->- .-,, -~~~:, ««.«,«-_«^«« -c . 3^

Interbadd^d saiidstcn^ r.r.d siltstone: sandstono,

liCht-'Cirsy-yello',.', very fine-grained, silty,
and poorly sorted, very fossilif ercus,
Cylijxdr j.chnn"; , Ov'hir .".orr/n'\, T eichichn^s e
pellets , ThnlassiiiOicirr% co".v;-io:'u Carbonaceous ,
very calcareous , cro?s-lr;ninr.tcd at lev;
angle, thinbeddsd. Siltstone, very finely
sandy, calcareous, carbonaceous, raottled - .. 9
Covered"-"COlluviio and boulders. Top is
Lied iu'T-yollov.'-bro'.Tii , carbonaceous s i 1 ty
claystone-"" *» "" "*" ««« -"*-"««« " .. ««.,.o««,«« 28

Sands tons, light~yellov;~orange "to light-grey-

yollov:, very fine- to f ina-graitted, Very
calcarcous, v/oll sorted, sorie carbonaceous
raaterial, crossb^dded at generally lov/
angle r.orthv/est and southeast. Swall
troughs as dsscribc-d above, Friable, thicl;-
bodd&d, caps niddle Xenilv/orth cliff* Few
jlp-\or.vijip: only « ..»«-«,««^.,^««^««.r,..« 20
Sat.dstor-e, li n'U-yellov;-ort;i^e, very fine-
gro.\no:*, veil sorted, carbonaceous v/ith coaly
bits, thinbadd^d in alternr.tiiio layor? of
resistaiit sni-.d=iton.5, r.i above, and very fine-
gra.lnco, vary c^i'bDnacrOv.s, silty, friable
Covi'ci.r.^ic.';.'.o ccooj i,jij-i\.-- ~j JLr.ij-tC', cco.

to""biccky." Eottcr:¥"6T~bTid3~h^v3 fecal pellotn, .

trades, r.i.d trails, Int^rbs'J^j h?LV3 £yll_£iO_vic*i" j
r'. « >. I.rr-'.j.iiC'o of nocrotioa ouly, no stsc-'p *
"i>.-;".iiiiU,j in lo-."3v. Above j 8 ft there is lov>- -
an^lo brddi":: (lore than 10 ce^j-OoiO cixpp'.i-j
nortlv./o3i: p.r^d S'.outh ?:'.nt ir- s.u\ll S':t?, tc.\3 !-
very tnall cut-i'-ncV-fill st-ru^turas on tops J
of bed?., chanrxols G-3 ft long, about I ft j
deap. More friable upv/£irc\-- « -""-" "*'--» -- 19 j
f
Interbsc'ded sandstone c?.-:id siltstons: sp.ndstone |
very fine-grained, silty, carbonaceous bits, i
very calcareous, very thin to thinbsdded,
evenly continuous beds, very snail-scale
ball-r.nd--'pillo'.v structures on bases Very ,
f osGilif erous , £v_yniir3^ch!rq5, v/ith helicoid \
f uuuels , pphJ.p:::rjr^^:8"^l:eicMch;ius , ^-\'f ^--'P 0)-^!^ !
itt undj.sturbed bids* Silts tone, d^.rk-3:rey, \
v/eathors tan, knobby, mottled, calcareous, |
sandy, bods iron 1 in. to 6 ft thick, very j
carbonaceous, siltstone beds thin upward, |
sandstone beds increase in number, but keep \
same thickness o E?.se covered«-- «"« »"«-*"-"'-«--«' 42 j
\
Total section- -«-»««.««. 850
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T-1190 i72

Feet

crossbedding prominent, penecontemporaneously

deformed. Unit discontinuous- - 36

Silts tone, black, very carbonaceous, laminated,

contorted, transport direction S 80 E, 18 in.
coal at 6 in. from base - - - 6

Sandstone, light-grey-yellov; to yellow-grey,

very fine-grained, silty, with shale laminae
throughout, hard, resistant, overlies coal.
Calcareous, carbonaceous, thinly crossbedded,
transport to ' east-southeast. Some mottling,
burrows, poorly preserved - - - 5

Mixed interval carbonaceous shale, siltstone,

both dark-grey to black, coaly, siltstone
sandy. Coal on the top 1.5 ft ~- 22

Sandstone, very fine- to fine-grained, some

medium. Eipplernarks show transport direction
c
k/> «7R
i *j T?
j^j . .-...- «.«,_._,....
' ,...».......»..«.._.._«..... *».«..«-....<.«... «_.~<~.«- A
**

Siltstone, light-grey, with roots present in

upper 6 in., carbonaceous, slightly sandy,
noncalcareous . Top 3 in. is very coaly shale - 2
Sandstone, light-yellow-orange, very fine- to
fine-grained, well sorted, well rounded,
unconformably overlie? shaly coal. Arennico-
iit?5.» Cy 1 i n d r i c h nu s escape burrows. Tracks
and trails on bedding planes. Carbonaceous
debris on bedding planes. Pipplemarks
laminated. Top 3 ft is whitecap. Upper
surface has root impressions 11

Muds tone, dark-brov/n-grey, silty, carbonaceous

Sandstone, d.ark-brov/n, very fine-grained, very

carbonaceous, slightly calcareous,
nonfossilif erous - 16

Mudstone, dark-grey, massive, silty,

structureless - 11

Sandstone, light-yellow-brown, very fine- to

f ine-grainod, silty, clayey, nonfossilif erous 4
V. 1

Murlstone, T-ith sandrtonc:, siltstone, and

carbonac£ jus shale stringers-----" ---
Covered inte^vol- cclluv.' mi -- - .-..--. -....«.... " s

Suirnys.i da coal ; vy.p-sr se?.v:!c Eoue split 1 ft

thick at 17 iru above base - " ----' -'--* -. -^ 7

Interval o.r cartonnceo'js shale, siltstone.

Er-? 1- r.nd-pillov; structures in 2 ft sj.ltstons
led[;t> - -.-- '.- ........-.--.- = .^ -- -. «->.»... ... r ^^.-»^-., 10

Silts-.to-ic, dprk-^voy, fo-'.^ bi£v kvob^ on fresh

suriTaCK, t-s.:Cr;srot ^.-c?,t"f -orin^ , vc-i'v
calc?.re-ous-- -- -- .....-, ..-,.-.- ,......--.,.«.,. . .. ....- .-,«-.,.-, 7

Carbonaceous? shale, dark-grey to black, grading1

up-./y.rd to si Its tone, dark*-grey 9 shaly, "very
c?_3 iboii?iceous«-~""---"-'--«'*""---""-- - - -- ------ --.««,- 7

Simhyside coal, lo'.ver serur,* Taped, 15 ft inby

north ortal""-~----'^--------""--«"*""--"""*-«'-'"--'- T----''< "-- :-'' 1

Interval of carbonaceous shale, dark-grey to

black, sandy, and siltstone, dark-grey to
grey"brov;n, very sandy, wavy laminated-'-"- --- 4

Coal, sandy, overlies 1 ft dark«grey siltstone-- 2

Sunny side Sandstone
Sandstone, r.iediur.i-grey--bro-,7n, very fine- to fine
grained, siliceous cement. pj>hior::p_rp>ha, root
zones vrith fossilized roots, rootlets and root
hairs. Thinly and evenly bedded, v/ell sorted,
Upper surface very irregular, v/eathered,
Vertical ledge--*- ««.,«-.«. ~....««...-«..«»..^^...«- u .^«««

Sandstone, light-grey to very-light-^rey, fine-

to liiediitiR-grained, weathered sane to light-
y el Io",;~ orange . Calcareous, grains v/ell
ro-o.nded, nost frosted. Feldspars are angular
and sharp. Steep angle crcss-lamir.ated sets
10. in. to 2 ft thick, tabular, noncarfcona-
ceous, nonfossiliferous, Sugary texture 0
Cliff mDker, rounded «-.«..«.« -. .,« .. »....«^^ t

Sandstone, light-grey-yellovf to light-yellov/'-

orange, very fine- to fine-grained, very
T-1190 174

Feet
calcareous, forms rounded ledge. Few fossils,
Ophioino^phs. only within beds, Gyi^ochorte and
tops of Ophionorpha burrows and v/oody debris
common on^beduing plaues. Cross-lamina ted and
thin to thick bipolar crossbedding that dips
5-10 degrees. Well-sorted, transport direction
S 70 E to N 85 E. Ironstone concretions numer-
ous, honeycomb weathering - « ,«. -~ 35

Sandstone, yellov/^orange, very fine-grained,

poor to moderate sorting, tbinbedded, evenly
cross-laminated, all low angle (less than 5
degress) in southeast and nortlnvest direc-
tions«. Very lo\v carbonaceous caterial in
these beds, Ophioinorpha rind Ar enicolites
common. Fev/ Cyl ind ri chnus escape burrov/s .
Very calcareous. Interbeclded r/ith sandstone
as above, and Cy_lindrichn us trails,
thoroughly re;vorked"by organises e Forms
ledges in unit. Uppsr 4 ft has alternating
sandstone (10 in») and dark-grey carbona-
ceous mottled siltstone (4 in.) - 46

Sandstone and siltstone, interbedded: sandstone $

light-yellow-grey, very fine-grained, fair
sorting. Well sorted with larainae of dark-
grey carbonaceous siltstone at intervals.
Thinbedded and blocky; low angle cross-laminae
louver part, majority southeast. Upper part
cross-laminated with seine trough-set cross-
bedding that dips 10 degrees to ESE.
taorpha» Cylindrichnus escape burrows,
Ar en icol i t ess in upper. Carbonaceous debris
on bedding planes. Siltstone, dark-bro-.vn-
grey, v/eathered purple-grey, slightly cal-
careous, very carbonaceous, with sandstone
laminae in the beds. Cylindrichnus, other
organisms, mottled. Sandstone laminae
disturbed. Ripplemarks on base of sandstone
units, long axis N 12 E, asymmetrical to
southeast - - - 40

Konilivorth Member

Kenilworth Shale 4PfiGBSe0tte»

Exposure in creek bottom along road: 35 ft
covered (from top of Kenilv/orth sandstone)
43 ft siltstone, grey-green, clayey, slightly
 .y Es.vly, si *..? tly C'J-.lec.reov,?., car-
v y tluiu-vV-.; J. sli-htly sV-aly
Coi.eretloi'^rv b:\vids 01 iro:--

Kenilv/orth Sriidsto
Sandstone , li-ht o vovy llf;b v«-c;rcy, fine-

only

ro^sb:'do ;il tn v ovv hi;-i-.t * Pitted cu

40

.nu5l.vr-. f r.:3C'.iv'.\'-yC'llo:^--urr.iLoe, very fine- to

f inj-^ro j r:"-:l , vi.-ry cr-lco.rc.ovis, carbonaceous
in discioz.'tinv.ci-s bodies v.'itliin bed?, \^oody
debris on b-^ddin^ pianos 9 p.oderr-.tely veil
sorted at base. v/hitecap in various places,
but hard to trace laterally due \veathering,
Thiiib^ddcd and blocky, burrov/ecl intensively,
eyes s - la-:i i nation dips 10 do^reoS S 90 E;
becomes thicuboddod av-d nassive xipper 15 ft,
Pitted sxirfaces conr.on on na\iy b^ds 0 Kakos
round sd clif'I, massive ^- «-... - .~-_>~.,

Siltstons, dark-grey to bls.ck, very fine-

grained, srindy, very calcareous, nottlcd,
carbonaceous -' -.-,». . ., «».. .

Sands ton?, as above, except very low carbon,

mostly Ophiqriorplia (very numerous), thin-
bo ddi-d, cro"-s-'iar.iinr.tcd, Moderately veil
preserved , Klabby Ict^e - - - ~- -- 8
Sandstono, lif<ht-g:ib ey-yellov/j very fine-grained,
very calcareor.3, very carbonaceous, vith shale
1 an in a-3 at all orientations throughout and
separating sandstone beds. Very thin laninao
in very thin beds, intensively burrowed,
mottled. Weathered to rubbly ledges.
.
nySj nv.ioi'ous burr ov;s - - -" .17J~ «.^ .. ^«^

Sandstone, light-^rey^yellov/, very fine- to fine

grained, very calcareous, more carbonaceous.
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O I; -5 H. 0; ,; r:*> '""J CJ r^« ! C J T-1 JL.P ; .i-; «~j >-» «H c/J r^ ','* r.". -;-> 5 o rH O C0 ^' JM r-1 (j
CH 1.1 * ) -i- j c i) J-« rH P,J > i';Jj ci-l > 'H <;', ^ Js ^1, k1^ c4 "J C"4 Csi O 0) ? ? H Jf { Cvi G) rH j
r~, 'J ;'i-', ; ', v'-^ ^0 f i » < : {'"i ? i P- ft ' /-^ O T-l VH lH J>-' :-* ; /.. » , -H ,,
f '
> H
;'-! r'i -| ! i -i Oi t CJ r-.-.- .',' O .'-\ C- O * fi> cO O to rj Q «< Tj f-L-i ^ ^3 0) (/; J
H -M j : /::; r '-* C1 r i /-i cj r-; L>: c.'/'U ~i r-l J (/) bO 'A' Hi CJ c;'"Y Ojc^« ) f2 M> i>
c" r.. ! a ! r ID r: v*** o i p r^ o i-f /"i O .O CD S O * (X) 5 3 0 r>-» <_,
o .'-> o:.-) 1 5 [ "! J.( .,-; '<-> r; ,''i (0 »« P,ir>.r-i i3 CJ -H -P C' "O ^H ;J C) 0 CD
v7 r' O i t- : ! i "\ *;-> 0 / ;! ^ -;j » ". CO r- !v;i Tj *^i « { C r/; J"-I J 0) u) -f^ t>» '"0 5s rc ^.*
I"''
i i O ," ' ' > P-' I'O ----I j ;j o ; 6 ra i4 CH JD 'H \; rx * S J. ,Q .1-4 tj \"> ta ''CJ
o 0
0 u !/.;<; : "i O O;- -.- >-> O :" i O M ca ci cj ::,; :- n! j fc/j * » ,^ f j /:; « *o
f-< .. ' i J '.' j «J. j "> '-~l CO K^ '.'.' ( 'J O',!-^ cJ t>>*r-i < * c, O H (J C.i >.
c; «. ,- ;'( - " Ti O <^ ' > .(-; ^i JH >-:(' T3 1-( JH ^ W r' fr! E ^'^ C * I5 Oj b D a
,:* v- ,- :. <; ;'.- ; M
I> r-; > i ;'__> b.O cj .'-'-1 ! CD (i> O <H O G ^CI J { TM P CO rH ^
r-s < ' ) k ) ' -' -* ' O »! r~i P .v< «* CJ P,i Jifl X'i J> CJ rc' «H CJj S cj P » "Ci r j C a.
T' 'H ."- '. °* ^:"i CO c< CJ i'O -'-» s r-i Q i f; '-< "v? » C) ^ Hj * 13 *. 6 4-> K>: O H
O '/j i-i | C' ' ""O O T-i ''", ».', 'O ~i C G; 1--U'- f '^ *i-i G) O T"! f>! f-1 1 t J 0) CU fr TJ »^ ^c;
r-i <:) v v,; ; :.; ri CH x'., (/j r-( v .'. ,...; o <- ,".:' "". -''-" o r-i .,-j ".j o 'd 1! 2 j ^J !H *" £ V-*
/^ ,o i",, i o i -r- ; L' d ' '- i"lv> ''^ O (.0 /-^ ^ -H w r/) S i ifj T3 O Cl T3 ,D ,{,j o
i.~v '-'J '. ' O '".j -j r^ J~i .: -i p-'? ;-i ,*>, in O j,C CJ W 00 *H .jD ^ -Hip CU H-- O f5 o »C J>» ^
" w 'D O P O V-! rO '-, X5 »-; -.-JJ »H 'cl CO tl ^-i -5-* rH{O ?H CO rH ;j TM to Q
G .c ^v r--. ' ' ;:; «-( r-; o r^ * ' M> P i-J ""» .C« W »<^ fx> C<* """( >vjcy cj J CJ a)
J.'A «H 0 1O»'*-1 ,"-': r> C\i v^ & ^ fvi >-' r* v^1 li J i* C** «^ 'H rS % J i* O{O > P! CJ CU -^ rH > ti
Cj C'.j ,Zi O ci -<
CO W HS CJ w i-»
 Measured section^ 1-57

'-i^^-^'< ?-- c-.- .->

I) £ " * .L ^ w? O v^ »
Q
O y
T
1 0
1 R S
J- «J ° O ,
D
i * 3
1'
J- -
F
*-

Fan C ?. 11 y o 'a S c c 'c J o :~i

Cas 1 1 ea'a t Q Fo ;';: ?. t ion

.iv'.stor-s, Ii5ht-grey-*yellov/, fine- to Di^di
g r a j. 1 1 1 : d , ti r-. s s i v e 3 c ? 1 c o. r o o u s ? c r«. r b o n a c «= o u
thickly and chaotically bedded-" - - -
ackha'wk Fornation
Sunnyside ksr.iber
Sunnysida Shale lE^iKC:^ :^
Sp.p.dstcne, very-light~grey to very-light
yellov/. Very i ine-gr?.ineci, crosobsddod in
thin, tangential trough sets. Cr.rbonr.ceous
splits throughout, are coaly with Ittbyrinth
castings very cor:cion~«-"~~" P ...,..--..«...«-.«.....-.r,-,-..,^« 10

Covered interval thres najor resistant units at

7, 19 and 23 ft, all less thcin 3 ft thick,
all overlie thin coals. Digs betveou units
sliov; darli-^rey carbonaceous rauclstoiio-"- --.«" -«=-. 35

Sandstone, riediirr.-grey-yellov?, fine- to niediuii-

grair.sd, chaotic bodding, lenticular units.
Plant debris co-nr:on, labyrinth castings v/ith
larger pieces =»-< .-» .» - .*-. .« ^.««««««.,»~,....^«^,,... 25

tonej dark-grey-silty, sandy, structureless;,

Fe",7 thin d iscontiraious sandstone beds. "No
observed f osoils---*--- ««- -.-«~,«.- ~<.«.«. ... «,,. 22

Sandstone, r.cdiu;;i--red'-brov;n, f ine--graiiied ,

t hi ckb added and blocky, wed^r-ohapDd sets to

177
 Feot
1^5 ft thi.clc, thin to-.o.rd IS 12. Unit lenticu-
lar, pinch--: 3 ov.t e'-ist'rnu west* Carbo^acoo'o:?
debris thi o'j^hoii t '-- -- -* «"- -"------- -*- ---" «« "- ' " "« 50

Covsrc:*" colTu-.iir.i slci~s, with fo,: thin,

d.U^co-.: ;jir-.uo-j3 siltston-3 bods* Di:<s ?t odd
intervals sho,/ dark-grey Mudsto^e- " =-""- *~*-^-- S-l

Coal section j buri-ed and cliiikerecJ. . Mine

section is, top to b:vctc ;:i: conl, 2 ft;
Piltsto.;-:: ? ft" 10 in,; cor».l 7 ft 10 in,;
'^ ft- -- - - ,..c.... ..-,..,,...,. «^^.-.c,..«.. ,-»,..,.. -, 16

Sttsitlstcn-s, llj;ht'-yollo:/-£rGy 9 firio- to r

grains^- c^lc^roo^s r c^rbpn^ceous fin^s a
Thlc!rb30:!ei, vith int^rb^d? of darli-groy,
ca^bor :iCcr.ao siltsto^o centnir- In^ Cylii;clvich^
Kiis repti3is_ find Ip.rgo hori^.onLr:! tun-ov/s ,
Top beds of sandstone contain abimd?,nt root-
marks, are poorly sorted and carbonaceous,
Middle 20 ft of unit is v/ell sorted, very
calcareous, vith scattered, micor.u-ion 0£>hio«
luc^ph-ac I.-o-.:er 30 ft is zone of intense
v/catnering at Outcrop due poor sorting (?).
Ophi ojr.o r pji?. , G y rp chcr t e , Cj^lind i* ic linus ,
c h o v r o ;i t r a i 1 s , Ar en i cjo 1JL t c 3 , _Aul ^chnite s^
COI."a:lOJi ill lO*;:/Or~~"--""'-'--1'-"»-' '""*=»'=' "'- -"»-" ^*-=t-«-»«-^----*=*" GO

Sandstone, Iight«y3llov/"grey to yello*.7~orange,

very fine- to fine-grained, tioderately v/ell
sorted, thinbeclded. Prominent lov/- angle
crossbsddinji, transport direction S 85 E,
(10 neasurerients). Slightly silty, very
carbonaceous and calcareous, OphJcr.orplia
( sj i.! all), C x\in d^chjuu? v/ i t h f u n n e i's 'o u ^
depor- i t ional s'iiVf ac-33 9 Yhalj?:ss_i.ivo_idss ,
plural curving tubas, RuSes pur en « --" ««-. ««« 50

IntorbcrUlcd sandstone and siltstone: sandstone

light-grey to brov/n, very fine, silty, clayey,
very thinbedded, £vJLriiidri_chnus , X.eichichnus,
small pgMoj^qrjyha, Th_ala_ss ij.'ipJLd^ ."" *S iltstone,
dark-^'rcy,*" saiidy, tiottied a'nd" reworked, v con-
torted. Much apparent orgaiiisn activity, none
identif iable--- -~ >«--*« - «~ . «- -^ ..«« 55
Koriilvorth aisi/b-sr
i~ r. 7-, s 1 ------ r 111 S ^ '"> 1 -^ CIS5

Covorccl'-"CollViViun slopo, l^jcls to.i.-», dark-

silty, sr.ndy, very carbonaceous, shov/s in
0 i s 3 t h r o i- c,' h o v. t i n t e r v a 1» 2 ft c o r. 1 c! r: g o u t
at bass of Tj^it««~~'-~--~~~~^~-~"~~~~---~--»~"*~~<~~*'"''" S-2

Kenilvorth Sandstone ^fe-jaE^ss*?

Sandstone?, Ii.£ht*-grey, yollo:/, f ino- to r.sd i ..: .:
grcJn^de Top 10 ft is v/hitecnpo 7hicki:£-ddc-..ii,
cross u 2 Jd j } ;. j, dips 10-17 dcjroc.^ , i'lcljicd
tov;ard o?./Jt. Few flute c<.sts o»i b:.so o.r bods
indicate transport diroction S 75 E. PSJ.CV/
Y/hitscap u'i.it is finc-grr.i?ied, nodcrrately
Troll sorted, slightly carbo:r;ic^oi:s 7 cr.lcsre-
cus, f ossilif erous , thin- to th i ckc^c'u i;d ?
thoroughly burrov;ed and mottled in lo'.vor 40
ft» Sorie siltstone interbs-ds in the lov;cr
part -~ «««.-«.««-«« «.-«««« . « ...«...-. 71

Interbedded sandstone and siltstone: sandstone

thin, very calcareous, fine-grained, thin and
evenly cross-leminated, fossiliferous.
Siltstone dark-grey, sandy, shaly, carbona-
ceous, coaly-- ~« ---' « ,.-« ~«««.«««» 25

Sandstone, light-yellovr-grey, fine- to very fine-

grained, v/ell sorted, calcareous conient, non-
carbonaceous. Upper surface intensively
burrowed, crossbedding in long v/eclges, cross-
laminated within \vedges, ^?!J-9::"-9jri^}^i
Cylindrichnus_, Ar eji i c oJJJ: 93". Top 1»5 ft is
n o 111 e d , bit r r o. ,* e c!, intricate 1 o v;- ?.n g 1 e
cross-laninated, with sone trov.ghs - -- 8
Interbed-ded sandstone and daf'k-grey, carbona-
ceous, shaly siltstone. Sandstone part of
covered interval elsewhere. Burrov/s abundant,
cross-laminated and crossbedded in wedges,
thin sets, lo*.v angle- ~- - -» *~ « 13

Sandstone, light«yellov;-orange, very fine-- to

firie-grained, calcareous, carbonaceous, thin-
bedded, honeycomb v/eathering, alternating
blocky and thinly laminated"- - r..--......^..^ 21
 Feet
;".y.c!r!;c:io, l.tfcht-yGHo v- -r;r^y . very f ine-gra.iuod,
ca? j"-D"it.c-?c-u.s , vr.lth Or-''I'.cjior-p: ?>., Teichicbuys ,
_ . . 39

vercu- c!:irk-^rey to blrc'c, carbonaceous,

silts f-,c;-:s, shrly, co".ly r.t top and bottoii 24

zic'stono, lig!rt"yollov/-^rey, very fino-^ralne

thin teds s blocky and lr;r-ij;iaiec!, crcsG-larr.in
S^-li 0 -::'^"^ 1;:? 2.'?A.c.i!.^9.' l vPA> 5Xnr I lll 1J-. c.L1 Ii M?.»
Aivojiico 1 ^;!;^ ir\ v-i.-p-jr, Gyivc'r.ra'to on plsn^s,
nod era 'ce ho-iiyco.-b ^ D:. Lffoi'i:-;; upper- -.«. -- . 30
' '
?9 C '.r-:'.'^ ^0.5 e.\jJO:-C::Ci IC'pil' Cy
sb.^od^d, cro.-3--?.?.H.iiiai:ed in
beds: silvslor.^, r.iottlod,
covered--- "- ..-... ..-......--.--.

Total poctioii---" "- "-"* 711

E XP L A N ATION
mudstone
 Plate 1

GEOLOGY OF
THE
BLACKHAWK
FORMAT ON
AT
SUNNYS DE.UTAH
by
JOHN 0. MABERRY
1968

- //O
T14 S

E/plandt ion
°//
HOLOCENE
al uvium, coll uvium,grc>

/ K-T

C ret aceous and Tertiar;

Kc

Castle gat e F ormatio

D

3
Kbsu
:
0
L
1a
c 5 S u nry side Shale
o »
o -o
<y *J
o Sunn^s
=> Kbss
E
O i_
I Su nny s i de ScrTdst one
Lu ' 0
<U
LL OE 29BMMCI a*
(J T3
f_
< L
Kb k u
0)
J?
1 > * S
D u K e n i i ^/ort'T Shale
i/l $
LU D £ «IJHTtJUUfWttQ
0)
i: -C
or Z k
j^ c Kbks
O u 3 T15S
D

5 £
01
Keni'vvort h Sandstc
^tf^sassjflwwtw
-*"

Km

Mancos Shale

Faults
daihod whtre app «-o«ima.t«ly
Ioc».^e4

Coal Mine Portal

Stri ke and dip

of beds
V70
Strike and dip
of joints

ConWf

-A pprox Mean Declination

1 968

Scale 1:12000

E
0 .b

Contour In terval 100 Feet

C-atum is Mean Sea Level
Topography Norihof No. 2 Cbnyon
adapted from Olterwa Id (1962),
remander odOfted tram
US. Ceo logical Survey Sunnylldl _ Geology North pfNaZ C«pyor
Quadrangle (IBI8) adopt*d from OK»rvald(l96Z)
remainder by Mat>e rry (1967)
 Castiegate Fm

>Sunnyside Sondstone

Kemlworth Snale

^enHworth Sandstone

Sands tone

Sandstone and
siltstone
Mu d stone

Covered

Sha le or claystone

Pi ate 2. Correlationofmeasured strati graphic sect ions

of tne BlacKhawK Formaijon at S UN nys i d e ? U t a h,
iHustrating facies relationships-