First Report On The Cenozoic Between Cape Town and Elands Bay

VERSLAG
REPORT
FIRST REPORT ON THE CENOZOIG'

BETWEEN CAPE TOWN AND ELANS BAY.
/;
BY J ROGERS
VERSlAGNo.
REPORT No. 136
ISBN : 0 7970 0931 0
GEOLOGIESE OPNAME
Privaatsak X 112 Pretoria 0001 KOPIEREG
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY·
Pr ivate Bag X112 Pretoria 0001 OPYRIGHT
a:, O•partem•nl van Mlneraal·- en ~nergl•••k•

~ - REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA
~ D•P•rlm•nt of IU.n•r•I and Energy Aftalr1
~ REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA.
ABSTRACT
This investigation attempts a lithostratigrephic subdivision of

Cenozoic sediments south of the □ lifants River. This entails the
discussion of 25 □ boreholes drilled between the Cape Fleta and
Elands Bay. A fossiliferous deposit, rich in Pliocene sharks'
teeth, which was discovered during excavation for the nuclear
power station near Melkbosstrand is als~ described.
North end south of the Berg River bedrock depressions to 20 m

below sea level contain up to 50 m of angular, coarse quartz
sand with interbedded clay and peat. Pollen indicate a tropfcal-
subtropical Miocene climate. The sequence, which has been inter~
preted es fluviatile, is named the Elandsfontyn Formation.
The Pliocene intertidal Varswater formation extends southwards

from Lengebaanweg to Elandsfontyn and towards Vzerfontein via an
elongate bedrock depression. ·A new subsurface Duyn~fontyn Member
identified between Melkbosstrand end Vzerfontein, is correlated
with a new subsurface Sookram Member beside St Helena Bay.
The Bredasd □ rp Formation has been subdivided into five units.

The oldest sediments are decslcified aeolian sands at Mamre
(Springfontyn and Mamre Members) and on the Cape Flats (Philippi
and Epping Members). Sequences of overlapping calcareous dune
plumes are nam~d the Wolfgat Member (C~pe Flats), the Witzand
Member (Mamre), and the Langebaan Limestone Member (Saldanha).
Coastal barrier complexes ere divided tnto the Late Pleistocene
Milnerton and Velddrif Members and the Holocene Vzerfontein
Member.
A Rietvlel Formation ta accommodate sediments filling valleys ex=

cavated during Pleistocene regressions is _proposed. Potentially
economic deposits of silica sand have been identified near Mamre
-and a more detailed distribution of limestone and phosphate de=
posits in the Saldanha area has been determined.
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION . ..... •. . •.. . ......... •·• - •. . . ... ..... . ... •• 1

2. THE CONTINENTAL TERRACE OF THE S.W. . .............. . 2
3. THE COASTAL PLAIN OF THE S.W. CAPE -·;- .... ---.... ...... . - 2
3.1 INTRDDUCT IDI\J. . .. . .

. .... .... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . -. . . . . . . 2
3.2 NOORDHOEK .......... ............. •·• - - ..... -..... -... .. . 3
3 . 3 CAPE FLATS 6
3.4 RIETVLEI • j • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • - - • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10
3.4.1 In tr □ d u c t'i on ........................................ 10
3 . 4., Previous investigations . . . . . . .. .. .. - .. . .... . . .. .. . . . 10
3.4.3 Present inivesti9 1ati □ n .. . ~ ....•..•...............•.•. 11
3.4.4 Age and palaeoenvironmental interpretation .•• • • •.• • . 13
3.4. 5 Li thostratigraphy • ...• •• •• • . • •..•..•••..••. • .••..••. 15
3.5 DUVNEFDNTYN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.5.1 Lithostratigraphy 16
3.5.1 . 1 Introduction • • •••.• •. • . • • . • •••.•••••.••• 16
3.5.1 . :? Varswater Formation (Duynefontyn Member) •• •• • • •••• 16
3.5.1.3 Bredasdorp Formation (Springfontyn Member) ••••.•• • 18
3.5.1.4 Bredasdorp Formation (Witzand Member) ••••••••••••• 18
3.5.1.5 Bredasdorp Formetion (Milnerton M~mber) . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.5.2 Dating and correlation • • • a • ■ e • & e • • • a e • e & • • ■ e • • • • • e • • 19
3.5.3 Palee □ environmental . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .
interpretation 20
3.6 MAMRE . . . -. -- . . . - . . - . . . . -- . . . -. . . . . - . . --- . . - . . . . . . . . - . . 22

3.6 . 1 Introduction ·••·•••••••···•··· · ···· · ·····•··· 1 ·····• 22
3. 6 . 2 Sediment distribution and bedrock geology • .. • •••• • •• :?2
3.6.3 Sedirnentology .. . .. . ..... .. ...... . ·• 23
3.7 SALDANHA .. ......... ............ 26

3.7.1 Introduction 26
3.7.?. Previous investigations ···· · ·····• • ····· ·· •· · ······· 26'
3.7.3 Lith □ stratigraphy •••• •••••••••.•.•• ; •••• •• ••••••••• • 26
3.7.3 . 1 Bredasdorp Formation ............................. ·• 28
3.7.3.2 Varswater and S~ldanha Formations ................. 29
3.7.3.3 Elandsfontyn Formation . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.7.4 Present investigation •·····••······••••••••••····•·· 36

3.7.4.1 Introduction • ••• • • ·• · •·· •••· · · ····· • ········ · ····· 36
3 •7 • 4 • 2 8 e d r □ ck :g ea 1 o g y • . • • . • • . • • • .. ~ • • • • • • • • • .• • . • • • • • • • • • • 36
3.7.4.3 Bedrock topography ··• • • ·• ••• •·· • •·· • ··•·······•··· 38
3.?.4.4 Elandsfontyn Formation ·· • · ·· ··• ••• • • ·· •• ••••·•••• • 38
Page
3.7.4.5 Varaweter Formation ............................ 38

3.7.4.6 Bredeedorp Formation
··························· 42
3.8 BERG RIVER TD ELANDS BAY .. . . . . . . . . ... . .... .. . . . .. . . 43
3.8.1 Introduction ..•.•• . . ..........•..•...•........... 43
3.8.2 B!!drcck geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.8.3 Bedrock topography 44
3.B.4 Sediment thickness
·······························
••••••••••••·••••••••••·••••••• 44
3.8.5 Sedlmentalogy end lithostratigrephy ••••••••·••••• 44
3.9 CONCLUSIONS ........................................
4. REFERENCES i
·········································· 52
APPENDICES ..•...................•...........•........ A1
A.1 PROCEDURAL FLOW-DIAGRAM -. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1
A.2 SAMPLING METHODOLOGY .......... -.................... . A1
A.3 PART~CLE SIZE ANALYSIS
A.3.1 Rationale
···········i·•··········· ..... . A1
A1
·········································
A.3.2 Laboratory methodology .••..•.•••.••••........•.... A3
A.3.3 Data processing .... .. .•........ •••..........•••••• , A3
A.4 SEDIMENT COMPOSITION .... ........ •· .................. . A6
A.4.1 Field methodology ............. •· .................. . A6
A.4.2 Laboratory methodology .........••....•........... A6
A.5 METHODOLOGICAL RESERVATIONS CONCERNING EXISTING DATA

FR □ M CAPE FLATS BOREHOLES •••••••••••••••••••••••••• A9
A.6 ANALYTICAL STATUS OF WEST COAST PROJECT BOREHOLES
BETWEEN CAPE FLATS AND ELANDS BAY, END-APRIL, _1980 • • A11'
A.7 BOREHOLE POSITION DATA ............................. A21
A.B BOREHOLE DRILLING DATA ••••••••• •=• •••••••••••••••••• A29
...\
'.> l~.i.-~ j
TABLES
Peg~
Table 1.1 Borehole distribution by area and sempling

method •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2
;-1J-,d4 Table 3.1 : Legend for borehole diagrams •••·•••••••••••• 4
Table 3.2 . Lithostratigraphy of Cape Fleta e~diments •••• 9
Table 3.3 Ll~hostratigr~phy at Duyenfantyn 34 ••••••••• 16
Table 3.4 .. Lithastratigrephy of Mamre end Cape Flats
compared •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 24
.. Publications concerning Cenozoic sediments
in the Saldanhe region • • •.• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 27 ·
Table 3.6 . Lithostratigraphy of the Bredesdorp Formation
from Noordhaek ta Saldenhe •••••••••••••••••· 30
Table 3.7 Stratotype boreholes far the Elandsfontyn
Formatian ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 35
--' Table 3.8 Comparative lithostratigraphy of Cenozoic
sediments on Langeberg 188 •••••••••••••••••• 37
. Table 3.9 Proposed lithostratigrephy for West Coast
Cenozoic sediments •••••••••••••·•••••••• •• •• 49
Table A.1 . Analytical status of boreholes in the different
areas, end-April, 1980 •••• ~••••••••••••••••••• A2
Table A.2. Sampling interval in the different areas ·••••• A8
FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Coastal and offshore geolo~y between Bot River

end Lambert's Bay •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2. 1
figure 3.1 Exposed pre-Mesozoic geology end thickness of
Cenozoic sediment between Cape Point and
Rietvlei • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3.1
Figur!!! 3.2 : Topography of pre-Mesozoic b!!!drock between Cape
Point end Rietvlei •·•••••••••••••••·••••••••• 3.2
Figure 3.3 . Sedimentolagy of borehole 520, De Goede Hoop •• 3.3
Figure 3.4 Sedimentology of borehole flats C, Hontagu's
Gift ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •• · a·. 1
Figure 3.5 S!!!dimentalogy of borehole flats G, Montagu's
Gift ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 8.2
Figure 3.6 Sedimentology of bor!!!hDl!!! Flats L, Strandfon=
tein •••••....•••••••••.......•••..•...•...•.. B.3
Figure 3.7 Section from S!!!al Island tm Tygerberg •••••••• 9.1
figure 3.8 .. Sedimentalagy of borehole RV2, M1lnerton ••••• 12. 1
Figure 3.9 : Exposed pre-Mesozoic geolo~y end thickness of
c~nozoic sediment between Blaub!!!rgstrend and
Vzerfont!!!in Point ••••••·•••••••••••••••••••·· 16.1
Figure 3.10 Topography of pre-Mesozoic bedrock b!!!tween
Bloubergstrand and Vzerfantein Point •••••·••• 16.2
Figure 3.11 : Sedimentology of Line 2(N) Main Excavation,
Duynefontyn 34 .••....... .............•......•
16.3
Figure 3.12 : Sedimentology of borehole 630905, Kleine
Springfontyn 33 ·•••••••••••••••••••••••·••••• 23.1
Figure 3.13 Sedimentology of borehole G3 □ 943, Witzend 2 ••• 24.1
Figur!!! 3.14 Sedimentology of borehole G30944, Witzand 2 24.2
Figure 3.15 Sedim!!!ntology of borehole G30941, Hartebeest
' 24.3
Kraal 5
·········--·················-·········
Sedimentolagy of borehole fi30915, Hartebeest
Figure 3.16 :
Kraal 5 •••••••••••··•·•••••••··•••••••••••••• 25. 1
Figure 3.17 Sedimentology of borehole G30936, Buffele Rivier
980 .
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • •••••• 25.2
figure 3.18 .. Textural cheracterieatian cf sedimentary
unite in borehol!!! 630936, Buffels Riv1er 980,
S18, St Helenefontein A29 end 51, Langeberg 188 25.3
Figure 3.19 S!!!ction from Robbesteen to Kenonkap . . . . . 25.4 .....
Page
figure 3.2 □ Exposed pre~Heeozoic geology and thickness of

Cenozoic sediment between Lengebean Lagoon and
Leeiplek .•....•.•....... •...•...•........•.
•·· 26. 1
Figurl!! 3.21 Topography of pre-Mesozoic bedrock between
Langeb~an Lagoon end Leeiplek ••••••·••·•••••• 26.2
Figure 3.22 : Vertical distribution of phosphate (Pz 05)
on, Leng eberg 188, ef ter Tankard ( 1974a) ....... 29.1
Figure 3.23 Idealized cross-section through the Cenozoic
sequence on Lengeberg 188, reinterpreted after
Tankard ( 19 7 5 b) • • • • • • • • • •. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~ 3~ 1
Figure 3.24 .. Sedimentology of borehole G3 □ 87B, Elandsfontyn
349 ••••••••••••••••••••••·••••••••••••••••••• 33. 2

Figure 3.25 .. Sedimentology of borehole 522, Elandsfontyn
349 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 33.3

Figure 3.26 Sedfmentology of borehole S1, Langeberg 188 •• 33.4
Figure 3.27 Section from Abrahams Kraal 449 to Groen
·Heuvel 302 ··•••••·••••••·•·•••••••••••••·••••· 34.1
Figure 3.28 Section from Massenberg to Swartberg . . . . . . . . 36.1 .
Figure 3.29 Section from Anyskop to Elendefantyn 349 •••••• 38.1
Figure 3.30 Relationship between mean size and carbonete-
apatite·content with depth on Elandsfontyn 349
end Lang,eberg 188 ••·•••••'••••·•••••·••••••••• 41.1
Figure 3.31 Section along the Lengebaen Peninsula from
Salamander Bay to Abrahams Kraal 449 ••••••••• 42. 1
Figure 3.32 .. Exposed pre-Mesozoic geology and thickness of
Cenozoic sediment betwe~n Laaiplek and Cape
De:seeda .•••.......•.•... .............••....
•·• 43.1
Figure 3.33 ·Topography of pre-Mesozoic bedrock between
44.1
Figure 3.34 ..
Laaiplek end Cape Deseada
~-··················
Sedimentology of borehole 511, Wegloperheuvel
11i6 •••.•••••••••••••••••••,•••••••• •. •. • • • • • • • • 44.2
Figure 3.35 Sedimentology of borehole S18, St Helenafon=
tein A 29 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 44.3
Figure 3.36 Sedimentology of b □ rl!!hole 513, Bcttel Fontein
11 .....••.......•....... ....•..•....•...•..•
•· 44.4
Figure 3.37 .. S~dimentalogy of borehole 515, Bottel Fontein
11 ••••••••••••••••••••••• • •••••••••••• • ••••••• 4~.5
Peg~
Figure 3.38 Section from Bockrem 30 to Houtrykop along

the Papkuils River ··•·••••••••••••••••••• 44.6
Figure A1 Flaw diagram of procedur~s used i n atudying

West Coeet Project boreholes . . . . . . .. . . . .
. A1 . 1
Figure A2 : Schematic layout cf the eettling-tube end
computer hardware ..................... -...
A3.1
1.
1. JNTRODUCTIO~J
The Geological Surveyrs multidisciplinary West Coast Project

was initiated im 1975. to study Cenozoic sediment~ on the coastal
plain between Cape Town and the Olifents River. Gravity end
seismic lines were run in the Mamre end Saldanha areas. Holes
were drilled at key positions, chiefly to aid geophysical inter=
pretati □ n. In the Mamre area a total of 132 boreholes were
drilled, and some were shallow observation boreholes close to
production boreholes drilled for groundwater by the Department .
of Water Affairs, Forestry and Environmental Conservation . In
the Seldanha area 52 boreholes were drilled, chiefly east of
Langebaa~weg in an area .of artesian water.
These 184 boreholes are supplemented by 64 boreholes drilled for

economic and stratigraphic purposes by the Geological Survey .
At Noordhoek on the Cape Peninsula 5 boreholes were drilled in
a search for glass sand, but proved more valuable stratigrephi=
cally when an excellent sequence of NeQgene p~sts was _enc □ un=
tered. The investigation of high-quality glass sands on the

south-western Cape Flats entailed drilling of 30 boreholes.
(Subsequently· the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research's
National Institute of Water Research have drilled some 300 ,
boreholes, mainly near their pilot water-reclamation plant at
Strandfontein). The Wat~r Research Commission have also drilled
65 additional boreholes on the s~uth-eastern Cape Flats beside
the Kuils and Eerste Rivers to investigate the feasibility of
a similar water-reclamation scheme. Data from the latter two
suites of boreholes are not yet dealt wlth in this interim
report . At Rietvlel, near Milnerton, 5 boreholes were aslo
drilled. In a search for phosphatic sediments between Yzerf □ n=
tein and Elands Bay, 24 further boreholes were drilled in areas

pinpoint~d by earlier drilling by_ ~ining companies. The number
or boreholes considered in this report thus totals 248 (Table 1 . 1)
2.
TABLE 1 . 1 . BOREHOLE DISTRIBUTION BY AREA AND SAMPLING METHOD
SAMPLING METHOD NDORD= FLATS RIET= MAMRE SALDANHA N. BERG TOTAL

HOEK VLEI
No sampling 33 16 49
Long-channel 4 27 33 20 84
Short-channel 1 3 5 66 25 15 115
TOTAL 5 30 5 132 61 15 248 .•
2. THE CONTINENTAL TERRACE OF THE S.W. CAPE
Lewis ( 1974) has defined the continental terrace as both the sub=
merged continental shelf and the exposed coastal plain. The concept
is useful because the coastline in the past retreated over the shelf
during regressions and advanced onto the coastal plain during trans=
gressions. The southwestern Cape is no exception .
The area covered by the West Coast Project lies west of Longitude
19° East end south of the Oiifants River (31! 0 40' S). The surface
geology of the continental terrace is illustrated in Figure 2.1.
There is a strong contrast between the continental shelf and the

coastal plain. Pre-Mesozoic rocks underlie all Cenozoic sediments
onshore. Offshore, pre-Mesozoic rocks crop: out along the narrow
(5-20 km wide) inner shelf, but are covered by up to 5000 m of
both Cenozoic and Mesozoic sediments unde~ the outer shelf. This ve=
riation is due to the feet that the coastal plain lies on the flanks
of a buoyant positive area of the crust stretching from Saldanha~
ta the tip of the Agulhas Bank (Dingle and Siesser, 1975).
3. THE COASTAL PLAIN OF THE S.W. CAPE

3.1 INTRODUCTION
In-depth information on the coastal plain is localized in seven areas

which, moving northwards, are:
(a) Noordhoek
(b) Cape Flats
·( c) Rietvlei
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LEGEND
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,"l;!'ii'\'1·f1'1i•1\ Elnnd'• Bay',' ~ () -',:."•:;, .. ~ :
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tl~,:,;::~..;:~- -~~~~-·'{ifl~·~l«1
'=~~~~::::: c:.::i=:f::i=~~i::~:~·}):':/.'.+-i{ -j"'
\~([;,~:~:: >; .(~~;~!; ~Lbiffi!'.!'~""
+ + 'ryJ_\. FIG 2.1 COASTAL ANO , OFFSHORE GEOLOGY BETWEEN
~
gr~.~~:;·••r·sBAY.:
~
0
km J' .'{I ~-c.;;a.t)cisfJ,~•c·t •, •, •, •Y(,_s,-;,,,,,,_,x.-.; ·; . ,.,;,...., ·

::~:::~VER
· ·. e'.,\ "•'~"" ,.,•., •' "·"""· ••••• ••• ""'"-'""' "
....
11.1..~.,,l(.,_"'r---'3:>' '-'':,,
-.- ····- ,:1

1 -
t,
~I
Cl
.. ~
Robb- L
ilnerton
Ysterplaat
·.
-
Mitchell's
Plain
Wotfgat
cliffs·
FALSE BAY
LEGEND
D ~ e i c iot-matiofts
•• Flats L
~ TaWe Mountain Group

•2 Flats G
·~
Flats C
.J
F~b D
□ Cape Granite Sune
•1 Fla.ts J
• km
5 E@!] Malmesbury Greup Borehole
line
-to~ Cenozoic aedimen1 \ Sect~
thic:knH5 hn)
AFDELIMG /0IVISQj
OEPARTEMENT VAN MYNWESE GEOLOGIESE OPNAME "EGIONAl GEOlDGY
DEPARTMENT OF MINES GEOLOGiCAL SURVEY
EXPOSED PRE-MESOZOIC GEOLOGY AND THICKNESS OF CENOZOIC

C>
FIG 3.1 ...
::i::
~ SEDIMENT BETWEEN CAPE POINT ANO RIETVLEI • C>
w cc
~t-------...------------=,r----------------------.;...----------1 >-
0
X
SAAMGESTEL DElffl
COMPILED 9T
J. ROGERS !l"EGNIESE ICOfCTRQ..£
TE01HICAL CONTROL
ICLAS51fIIC.ASIEJ't:USSI FICAT(lN Q.
0
u
KEN [ l ( ~ E ll
.,~=i11w=N...;"::..:Y_ _ _ _ _ _._._H_A_v
_ _ _ _ ___.,:.;.A:.:.n;:a,__ _MA
__v_;._._1n_o______-1 N R.
3.
erees (Figure 2.1) which, moving northwards, ere :
(e) Noordhoek
(b) Cape Fleta
(c) Rietvlei
rI (d) Duynefontyn (Kaeberg Nuclear Power Station)
(e) Hamre (between Mamre and Melkboeetrend)
(f) Seldenha (between Yzerfontein end Lengebeenweg)
(g) Berg River to Elands Bay
The Kuils River ares in the eastern Cape Flats has been studied by
G.J. Greeff end W.P.J. Wessels on behalf of the Water Research Com~
mission. (Greeff, 1977; 1978; 1980). Samples from this area will only
be studied during a later phase of the project.
A prime aim of the West Coast Project is to establish the lithostrati:

grephy of Cenozoic sediments on the coastal plain. The method adaptec
is to use detailed sedimentalogy of complete sequences of undisturbed ,
unconsolidated borehole material, presented in a standardized format
to facilitate correlation. Bedrock geology and topography and where
possible, geological history of each area eFe out]ined below.
3.2 NDORDH □ EK
Tertiary and Quaternary peat horizons have been identified in a volum e

trically insignificant packet of sediments between Noordhoek and Kemm e
tji~ on the Atlantic shore line of the Cape Peninsula (Figures 3.1 emd
3.2). The sediments lie chiefly below sea level at the western end
of a narrow (2-5 km wide), probably fault-controlled, valley and .l □ cel
ly reach thicknesses of up ta 95 m. The valley is floored by deeply
weathered kaolinised Cape Granite, which is"commercielly exploited
on the flanks of the valley (Treasure, 1977). The Cenpzoic sediments
extend onto the inner continental shelf to form the only significant
deposit off the Cape Peninsula. Seismic profiles rtffshore have been
interpreted to show e sediment thickness of up to .20 m overlying a
layer of deeply weathered granite (kaolin) (Birch, in press, e).
A twofold division is suggested by the sedimentolcgical profile of

borehole 520 (Table 3.1; Figure 3.3). Mainly well-sorted to moderate =
ly well-sorted, subraunded, medium, occasionally coarse, quartzose
sand with relatively low mud and gravel contents characterizes the
upper 24 m (2 ta - 22m), whereas the lower section is characterized
~
Robben I.
Swartklip
Stranpfontein
Hoek
\ False Bay
Town
LEGEND_
WJji >zoom
2D-200m
~-
[!J ll -20m
~
-20-0m
0 ~
km
~ <: -20m
~ Sect ion line
. AFDELING/OIVISl()llj
OEPARTEMENT VAN MYN~SE GEO LOGI ESE OPNAME
REGIONAL CEOLOCY
DEPARTMENT OF MINE.S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
0 F.IG l. 2 TOPOGRAPHY OF PRE- MESOZOIC BEDROCK BETWEEN

~ CAPE l'"OINT AND RIEtVLEI
~
Q_
0 SAAMGESTI:L DEi.if! TEGNIESE !CONTROL£ IJQ..ASSIFa<A.SIE,/b.ASSIFICATlCIN
COMPILED 8Y
J.ftOGERS TEQ\Nlc:AL CONTRO..
'!IC
KEN DE~ E.R.HAY JANUARY, 111D
-~----,--,---~
WN 9Y
... . - - - ...
. ... , .
E~~==------:-:-:---,------:--:--C=-=-----__::...-----INR.
~
' Drill,ng Sand Co.a, ...
Mrthod Mun Si1• Mud Sorting fraction
( o/o) (phi) Component a Roundn,
0 0 100 0 ().35 05 0,71 0 Org HM
2 D
I
Se.a
Level
0
5
I F Id
"'ll
10
15
B (N)
E
-:ZO
20
I .
----,--- - - - ---- 1
25
..
-30
30
1
I
35
.• •
• Silcrete
I I
'
,s
so
ss 0
too
Gra,..l
I
I
-55
<'.",>
56,5 53
B, Bredasdorp Formation
( N), Noordhoek Member
Bedn,ck: Not reached
E, - Elandsfontyn Formation
for SegerJd see Table 11
~obben l.
<J , --... -- _.,,. .
_ Road
...
Cape flats
•
szo
1 _. ,0 Km
I f
Km
AF0£LIIIIG/OIVISION
DEPARTEMENT VAN MYNWESE G EOLOGIESE OPNAME
DEPARTMENT OF MINES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY REGIONAL GEOLOGY
C,
FIG3.3 SEDIMENTOLOGY Of BOREHOlE S 20, DE GOEDE HOOP
~
w
- ~a.11-----------------....-----~----~------------.-----------
~~~.~n;rr~ D£OR J. ROGERS n~;;.~L~f~ «LASSIF llSif ,'11ASS!F1CAT 11< 0,
T[l(fN Dfl.JR S . VAN' ECK OATEIW- JANUARY 1110

~rR=Aw~N--=-=-e~T=--- - - -- - -- ----"=-.::..------ - -- ------(NR
TMLE 3.1. LEGEND F" □ R BOREHOLE DIAGR_AMS
D:-lllinn Methnd S!'nd Mean Size·

[:} Sonpling tube m CoersP. to very coarse send
~ 81 t and bailer E) Med 1 um sand
~ Comr,rr.n!lP.rl •1!:l.r
CJ Finr. (IE!nd
[J Verv fine send
Slzlnn Method Sr!dlmEnt Texture

No prell~inery wet-sieving end pipetting of fine, w1 Mud (silt plus clcy)
EB fraction,
Dry-~ievlng at D,5 phi intervals, [.] Sand
f;:3 Gri,vel
Mud r.ontent determined by wet-sieving and pipetting.
Q) Sand end gravel sized by dry-sieving ot 1,0 phi Send Sortin,!],
in+.ervals,
0 Mar:lerntely to poorly e□ rted.
rlud content determined by wet-oieving and pipetting. EJ Moderately well "Sorted.
e, S~nd-cnd arnvel-cnntP.nt determined by dry-e!evlng.
Jnnd 6l:ed hy settling tube. Grer,ha read nenually f:iJ WP.ll-!!ortP.d.
ond data proceeeed by comnuter,
ffi1 VP.ry 1,icll-eorted.
C o nree-frecti □ n Componentg
C : c11lr:rete
Feld '.: feldspt!r
Mud, sand end grovel determ\nP.d ea Forom : fornmin1fern
G : gastrorad casts
a above. Sand sized by settling tube on-
lin~ to ~r.nk-top colculntor for lmmedlete
HM : heavy ~lnerele
Marc : mercasite
dote-pror.eseing, ,Mice : b1ot1te or eericite
□ rQ : organic: matter
Ph(P) : phosphatized pellets
Ph(Sh) : p,anphatized shell fragments
Ch!!riir.1'11 Anel11:;.:_r, ;:,-:~::1:1d Q.: g1artz
RF mck fre,gments
D t.leight loss after acid treatment Sh
Sp
shell fregm~nte
spongr. epiculee
B Kerbonet bo~be
VQ vein quartz
□ X-roy rluore~cr.nr.e
i:-
5.
by angular, feldspar-rich quartz sand. Peat dominated the sequenc E

between -17 m and -30 m with a fine to medium sand fraction. The
underlying sequence between -3 □ m and -50 m, is chiefly poorly
sorted medium ta c □ eree send. Silcrete was encountered below
-50 m until drilling was terminated at -56,5 m. Silcrete was
also found in ·other boreholes in the area. If this silcrete
extends onto the inner ihelf it is likely to act as e reflector
in eny seismic profile .
The nearby borehole, Noar~hoek □, revealed a broad subdivision··

between upper layers bearing Quaternary macchia pollen end lower
layers bearing Neogene (Late Tertiary) pelynomorphs . Neogene
palm spores indicate a subtropical-tropical climate . In stark
contrast e Mediterranean climate with cool wet winters and dry,
windy summers is indicated by the macchia spores (C □ etzee, 1978 a ,
b). The Neogene sequence in Noordhaek O can be subdivided into
seven zones, but only at Noordhoek have all the zones been pre=
served.
Despite the fact that mast □f the sequence lies below sea level
within 2 km of the modern coastline the anly marine components in
the coarse fraction are ra~e sponge spicules at -10 m. (Figure
3.3). The greater degree af rounding of the upper layers may
indicate marine and aeolian reworking. The absence of shell
fragments may be explained by dissolution in acidic grbundwater,
originating in stagnant vleis in interdune hollows .
The extreme angularity of the lower horizons of the sequence

argues that the sediments ere fairly close to their source, namely,
deeply weathered granite. Rare tourmaline crystals up to 10 mm
~
in length bolster this supposition as they are a feature of the

local granite (Brink, 1978) . Such first-cycle sediments are
termed ngrusn (Blatt, 1967) . The depth and intensity of the
weathering of the underlying granite (Glass, ·1977) is explicable
in view of the subt~pical-tropical climate indicated by the
presence of palm spares (Coetzee, 1978 a, b).
Shell fragments ere found in the nearby Recent beach and dune
sends . These are provisionally named the Cape Coast Member of the
Bredasdorp Formation. They overlie the sequence penetrated in 52 □ •
which itself is subdiuided into the Noordhoek Member of the Bredasd

Formation overlying the Elendsfontyn Formation (defined in 3.7.4.6 )
3. Yzerfontein Member ) Bredasdorp Formation
2. Noordhoek Member )
1. Elendsfontyn Formation
A broad pattern of basal, fluvietile eands J claye and peats contain

angular, first-cycle quartz grains, overlain by intertidal, often
phoephatic sediments containing rounded, polycyclic quartz grains,
in turn overlain by calcareous beach end dune sends is repeated,
often incompletely, in the other areas to be described. Each area
has good examples of one or more of the recognised subdivisions.
These will be described end discussed systematically in the foll □ wi ~
sections end a comparative lithostretigrephic table will be pre=

sented in the concluding section.
3.3 CAPE FLATS
The sediments of the Cape Flats, particularly between Cape Town end
Strendfontein on the False Bey coast, hev~ been studied far various
purposes during the last decade. Henzen (1973) published a 3-volum~
geahydrclogical dissertation on the western Cape Flats and Greeff
(1977, 1978) extended the study to the eastern Cape Flats between
Bellville end Swertklip (Figure 3.1). The economic potential of
limestones in the Mitchell's Plain area, between· Strandfontein and
Swertklip, has been discussed by various authors since 1940 (review :
by Hill, 1978). beteiled textural end geochemical date on the glas!
sand deposit north of Strandfontein obtained by various authors
since 1950 have recently been compiled by Hill and Theron (198 □).
Salmon (1977a, 1979a, 1979b) r~parted that significant numbers of
identifiable benthic foraminifera are found in a distinctive muddy)
ehelly, quartzose sandy gravel at the bes~ of the sequence within
about 5 km af the False- Bay coastline. T~ date the foreminifera
have not supplied an age for the basal gravel, all farms ranging
from Miocene to Recent (Selmon, 1977a). Only on the Cape Flats end
at Rietvlei (Section 3.4) er~ benthic for ■minif~ra pres~nt in signi =
ficent numbers (Salman, 1978, 1~79a, 1979b) .
?.
The Cenozoic eedlmente ere concentrated along the False Bay caaet=
line end extend northwards along two depressions eroded into deeply
weathered Melmes~ury bedrock (Figures 3.1 end 3.2). From Strand=
font ein a below sea-level depression, 2 to· 10 km wide, meanders
northwards towards Cape Town. It wee probably eroded by a south=
ward -flowing prmto-Diep River during the: Tertiary. North of
Swartklip a similar paleeochennel was cut by a proto-Kuils River
before the piling up of coastal dunes disrupted its drainage
near the present coastline (Greeff, 1977). Both pelaeochannels hev :
been incised parallel to the granite-Melmesbury contact in the·
Malmesbury rocks, less resistant than the contact hornfels. The
sediment thickness end bedrock topographic date tn Figures 3.1 and
3.2 have largely been compiled from data accumulated during the
lsst decade by the National Institute of Water Research and the
Weter Research Commission while they sought suitable sediments far
storing recycled water. The thickness of the sediments increases
towards the central part of the False Bay coastline both because
bedrock is below see level there and because, during the Quater=
nary, powerful summer winds piled up parabolic coastal dunes up
to 82 m high.
These dunes were probably formed during the WQrm Upper Pleniglacial
regression 17 000 years B.P., when the coastline retreated to the
mouth of False Bay, 100 m below present sea level (Shackleton and
Opdyke, 1973i Horowitz, 1975; Rogers, 1977) . The subsequent Flan=
drian transgression during the lest 1? 000 years has brought the
coastline to its present position. Resistant calcrete horizons,
formed as soil horizons within undulating dune topography, cap the
Wolfget cliffs w~st of Swartklip and retard the coastline's retremt
to an equilibrium position. Klein (1975) hes interpreted the en=
vironmentel implications of an assemblage of bcrnes, found in what i
presumed to be a hyaena lair in a solution hollow in celcrete ceppi
the cliffs at Wal fgat (Singer and Fuller, 1962) (Hendey and Hend e
1968). The assemblage contains remains of the extinct Late Pleisto
cene giant Cape horse Eouus capensis, which, like other animals
represented in the assemblage, is a grazer. Under the present cli=
mate the macchia vegetation can only support small browsers like
grysbok and the implication is that e wetter climate supporting
grassland prevailed. The absence of marine remains indicates that
the coastline was farther south during the Late Pleistocene and th e
a.
absence of remains of cliff dwelling animals such as dessie

(Pr □ cavia cepensis) points to Recent cliff formation , by an ad=
vancing surf zone.
Thre e boreholes (Flats C, G and L) have been selected to illustrate

some of the sedimentological characteristics of Cape Flats sedi=
ments. Flats C (Figure 3.~ ) is situated in the deepest part of
the glass sand deposit 5 km north of Stra·ndfont·e in. Between + 26
and+ 5 m moderately well sorted, quartzose medium sand with low
mud content comprises the typical glass sand of the area. Below·
-5 m sorting deteriorates , mud and gravel contents increase sub=
stantially and the sediments coarsen to medium and coarse quart=
zose sand. Flats G, 2,2 km from the Strandfontein coastline,
(Figure 3.5), is the most instructive borehole because it can be
subdivided into three units. Between+ 21,8 and+ 15,6 m poorly
sorted quartzose medium sand contains up to 26% shell fragments ,
representing slayer of calcareous sand blown onshore from the
False Bay beache5 by southeasterly summer gales. Poorly sorted
quartzose medium sand between+ 15 , 6 and -4,4 mis a covered
southeasterly extension of the glass send deposit. Between -4,4
and -23,4 mis a basal layer of poorly srnrted, gravelly, muddy
coarse to medium quartzose sand containing up to 82% shell frag=
men ts and benthic foramini fers (Salmon ( 1977), ( 1979s ) , ( 1979b) .
Flats L (Figure 3.6), on the coast just east of Strandfontein, has

a similar sequence but the upper units ar'e much thinner(+ 4,4 to
+ 3,4 and+ 3,4 to -1m) . The basal shelly gravel is dominant
(- 1 to -19,7 m) .
On the Cape Flats the shelly basal unit is important near the coast
., •
Farther inland it gives way to the coarse, poorly sorted but non-
calcareous sediment encountered at the base of Flats C.
The glass sands, under the calcareous dunes travelling northwards

from the coastline, merge inlsnd into peaty sands □ flower grade.
A provisional lithostrstigraphic subdivision of the Cape Flats
sediments is presented in Table 3.2.
(, ~· '') l L J
Drilling Sand ~ CouN'-

' ,
Metre, Method 'Mean Size Mud Sorting .fraction
· (phi) ( o/o) ( phi J <:omponenh
0 3 ·4 D 100 0 0.35 0,5 i1;71 1 Q
25,1 D
20 5
10
10 15
20 Marc
I
Sea 25
Level
..
30
B (P)
-------
E
35
40
-20 45
8:
(P):
E:
• .,., 25,0 - ~ - - - -
Bredasdorp Formation
Philippi Member
Elandsfontyn Formation
- Gravel
(%)
Bedrock~ Malmesbury
111
E
Mine
3/'ot
For legend see Table 3.1 s
18 301
:E
0
I 1Jl
Km
St ra ndfootei n
AFOEl.tNG /OIVIS ION
DEPARTEMENT VAN MYNWESE GEOLOGIESE OPNAME
DEPARTMENT OF MINES GEOLOG1CAL SURVEY REGIONAL GEOLOGY
C) FIG 3.4 SEDIMENTOLOGY OF BOREHOLE FLATS C, 'MONTAGU'S t-
~ GIFT ~
~ ~
n.1:=-----,-----------.------------------,----.. . .
o
:)<'.
SAAMGESTt:I. OEUfl J
COt.!PILEO BY •
ROGERS TEGN•ESE KONTROLE
TECHNICAi. CONTROL
--------11>-
Ki.ASSIFIKAStE~FICATION Cl.
0
~~~~E;YOEUR S. VAN ECt< oAT~M JANUARY l!J80 u
~V~E~RW'-'-'-Y~Sl~NG-S------------=--'-------------NR
RfFfRfNC:ES NO
Ordl,ng Sano:! S.i.nd Co..rs.e-
Metre, Method Mean· Sire Mud · Sorting f ra~t Ion
(phiJ ( o/o) { ~t, i) Components:
21,1 0
0 2 3
• . 0 100 0 OJ!> as 0.11
20
~~CQJ --
.,.
5
Sea 0
Level
_!I _!PJ ___ 25
V (St)
JD
-10
V (St)
35
-- ---15,2
·□
100
Gravel Bedroc.k: Malmesbury
. (%)
B: Bredasdorp Formation
(~:Wolfgat Member
( P): Philippi Member
V: Varswater Formation
(St), Strandfontein Member
For legend see Table 3.1
11 331 E
•
Fh1ts G
Jc°oi.
s
Cape
Flats
Fla.ts G
0 10
~
Km
Strandfootein
AFDELING / 011115 ION

OEPARTEMENT VAN MYNWESE GEOLOGIESE OPNAME
FIG 3.5 SEDIMENlOLOGY OF BOREHOLE

l!) FLATS G, MONTAGU'S ...
~
~
GIFT ~
~
Q.~-----------------,.--.,...----------------,.----"""""~,c-------=j
0 St.A,..GESTEL DflJI? J ROG"'RS TEGN•ESf KOl'iTROLE KLASSIFll<A fl'CUISSIF1CAT~ Q. ►
~ COMP1:_[ D BY • L TECHNICAL COfllTRO.. 0
G TEKfN 0£\JR S VAN ECK OATUfM JANUARY 1980 U
R
DRAWN BY
VERWYSl!iGS ----------------'----------------l
'
N
REFERENCE NO
• Drilling Sand Sand Coarse
t? 3
Mel hod Mean Siz• Mud Sorting 1 Ca co3 Fraction
( o/o) (phi j (%) Components
t 0 0 100 0 0.35 0.S 0,71 1 50 7S Q
Sh
- . - For- -
V (St)
- - - -19,65 - - - -
100
Gravel
(~)
Be<frock: Malmesbury D
B, Bredasclorp Formation
(VI/), Wolfgat Member
{P) Philippi Member
(St) Strandfontein · Member
CAPE FLATS
Flats l
Strandfontein
AFOEUNG /01111S ION

FIG 3.6 SEDIMENTOLOGY OF BOREHOLE FLATS L,

STRANDFONTEIN
TABLE 3.2. LITHDSTRATIGRAPH~ OF CAPE FLATS SED IMENTS
. ;_
Fcirrnation Member Characteristics
Wolfgat Calcareous sands end cal=

cretes ·
3. Bredasdorp Philippi High-grade rounded quartz

sands.
Epping Inland facies of Philip p i
Member characterised by in;•
termittent peaty layers.
2. Varswater Strandfontein Shelly, muddy, pebbly gravel

containing significant num=
bers of benthic foraminifera
1. Elandsfontyn Coarse, angular, poorly s □ r=

ted, quartzose sands.
The interrelationships between the units are illustrated in a

geological profile from Seal Island to Strandfontein and across
the Cape Flats to the Tygerberg Hills (Figure 3.7). The vertical
exaggeration (x 125) is high but emphasises topographical variations
that _in reality are very subtle, although sedimen t □ l □ gically they
are significant. For example, comparison of the seven profiles
presented will demonstrate the importance of bedrmck topography.
In addition, the distance between borehol-es is frequently more than
one kilometre and profiles were condensed to make them ~s compact
as possible.
.,
Beneath the Cape Flats a terrace 24 m below sea level and up to
10 km wide has been cut into deeply weathered Malmesbury metasedi =
ments (Figure 3.7). The sediments along this profile have been
studied less intensively than others in, for example, the Mamre
area. No bo r ehole material wes available for the sediments beneath
the flat+ 30 m terrace in the Nyenga - Epping area. The unique
feature of this ·profile is this 6-10 km wide sediment-covered
terrace. Its inner boundary coincides with resistant hornfels
G.r ..1·
Tygubtrg
l40 ,! m I-no
210
200
1/· 190
LEGEND
E
CaCO;r
;i{iii no
·170
j
;;;
...,.,,,,1,·i,i:/··
,.., .. ' ,..
..
>
r~-"
.!
1
'(( ;t! ti '
Ila
lragmtnh In 11ncon1oildated sands

1,i:,.: ::::, .: 'i
1I ' ' 1,, •
. .,-~>
1 uo
'.:~~i: ::!::j:::·::;;i: 11
:ij11,.,1_t111:1, '., ,· J-uo
@ ~ ::r:::::::::::}:r ~llD
83
§I
Phi llppl
Epping M•mber
Mombo, B•odudo,p formation !••.:.. :1:' 120
':::::::i(:::i:\ 100
•i~i~!i;~·· •••42.JLSQ
::::::::.:::: :: · .7 ~
f;'.'1'.· =. '.··:,··:,i:1 : ❖:•:•:•. =t
,o I.;::::::::::
• • . • .
1·
~-,-
ill Slrondtonloln Membtr -C::::,Var•w•t•r Formation I • !• I, I,
,1.. ' :' •::_.- ·. 1 :1 '

,' 1:
t•:•:•:•:•:•~-~~~-::r:_::r:1=,::;:
~~:..~
..........._,_-4
' : 1,'•! :'I ~-.·.·.•, ...•,•· ,-'-,.-"-~1.....,,-.l. -~ ~ -
□ .i: ,,' :'.•

Elandslonlyn Formlllon 1 - ...............·.,.,_,.....1...~L..,,....J._ · · ·- ..
1,•,•············~. ~. . . .-
i.•,•·········•·! ·...... .. _.J
I '· t--10
,::1: ,I 1:' L_....... .
• • •• • • • • • • • • • • • rl-'--,-'-r..!-,--L.._I 3 { ~, ~-:f
Cl Capo Granll• Suitt 1' , .,
I;•:~/::
10 Pt-.lli r,:,I
:•••••••
:•:•:•:•:•:•·-•~;
-~ t ..
••• -; ~ ~
.
lli;~~-~~t.............
t~~~~j :;:;:;:;:j :
~ Malmubu,y Croup Tti. Cape f lats
~ '·( ~ 10
..·~,._.
1,1:i. I
' '
,-..
':' ' I :
1,,·'·: ,:,, 50 .,., '
'··.'. !' ~~
,' ·=
I, , ,if •a -W~I!~•~
Nyanga Epping 1L , ;,
- -' ....... _ .....+. . :-t~ ..1-..C:.:

·••.•·· ····· ·· ·· ···· ::: ,!::i::::::;:;•!:;;!~:::::•:!i:::.:.·
~ 11 .~1·11. "'11•;' ,1i . ~20
~ JD
:;_1~;/:1;:: :~1'.:::; ' . ...?'.k

1
Sull.
·:
1, 11li,.,, .,,.,, ,I. ,IJ... , 1•: f:
,.1i•
i
l-
ta ·,
1
'
rm
---~
,gor•Uon I IU
1J•
,:,. ,: ~ O
Shoal
lfl'h'j"'r::"r:•1•1111,1' 1'11' "/~'

1
S•1
, :••-'·' ·: 1.'. : -..: •• ... ,. ,r,. 1 lr¥tl
1.,orL.•MG /Ctv,s._,,..
GEO LOG IESE -OP NAME
+~ 0EPARTMENT0F MINES I GEOLOG ICAL SURVEY RtGIONAL GtOlOCY
-+'~,::::r:=:-=-
,.' ·/+ + + + +'"'-:-..,Tri-:::
- + + 11;,,:L'
' ;, + + + + + r":,1-:I-I,,
', \ + + + + .f ]';'
:' •,:•,1+ + + + + +,fi:.;: FIG 3. 7 SECTION FROM, SEAL ISLAND TO TYGER BERG I ~i
···,"',+++++ '2 I
:.•.-1 + + + + + + ;1
I ~;
•·j ..!I, + + + + + + J . ROGUfS T[ G,r,rf. SC llO,tf"()..[
fC t M'WCI.\. tl')fll T.1:4,. 11.t..&SS"ICAS,U~,.;,..•..,. ~
'·i'"'J + + + + . + + + E. R.HAY :iULY, 1'90 - c·
,+ + + + + + + + 0,U t
NR. ! --
~ J. .. ... ... • ..... •
Theron !1980 I NO.
10.
within the Malmeshury Group. Little significance can be attached
to the height of Lhe terrace (a) because it does not even persist
es far as Mamre end (b) because reliable dating af the sediments
is lacking. For the same reason the significance of the submarine
terrace et -24 m can also not be assessed thoroughly. The Strand=
fontein Member may have a Pliocene age only if it 1s chronologically
equivalent to its lithol:ogical equivalent the Silwerstro □ m Member
neer Mamre. A Pliocene £ge has been tentatively assigned to the
Duynefontyn Member overlyin □ the Silwerstroom Member of the Vars=
water Formation (Tankard, 1974a) .
The lensoid nature of th€ sediment body is clear from Figure 3.7 . -
At Wolfgat, 10 km east of the profile, cliffs up to 46 m high ,
illustrate the erosional nature of the coastline as it retreats
northwards int □ the Cenozoic sediments . In time the sediment
body will be even more af a veneer than at present. At its thick=
est (50 m) the sediment body is only 1% as thick as some of the
sedimentary basins on the continental shelf (Emery et al., 1975) .
3.4 RIETVLEI
3.4 . 1 Introduction
Along the shor_es of Table Bay_, between Cape Town and Bloubergstrand,
Cenozoic sedii~nts are relatively thin (less than 30 m). However
the palaeontological material found at Vsterplaat, Milnerton-
Blouberg beach and at Rietvlei, makes the area of great interest
biostratigraphically.
3.4.2 Previous investigation s
Haughton (1933, p . Sn) reported black phosphatised whale bones,

sharks' teeth and fragDcnts of shelly limes,tone in a quarry at
Ysterplaat due east of Milnerton. Simpson (1973) examined penguin
bones from e 75 cm thick basal bed of phosphatic sandstone discovered
on Malmesbury bedrock 8,6 m above sea level in a foundation excava=
tion for a block of flats on the northern edge □ f the quarry. A
Miocene sge was suggested because the bones of the primitive pen=
guin Palaeospheniscus huxleyorum had affinities with the Palaeosphen=
iscus bones found in the Early Miocene Patagonia Formation in Argen=
\
tina. Tankard (1975 a , p. 260) described the sandstone's lithology

end listed en endemic mollusc fauna which included Glycimeris
borg~si of Miocene-Pliocene age. He also recorded that en unworn
tooth of the giant Miocene-Pliocene shark Megeselechus rnegalodon
had been handed toi the South African Museum from the quarry. Teeth
from another Miocene-Pliocene shark, Dxyrhyne hestelis, were
found in the phosphatic sandstone. During winter storms rolled
specimens of both these Tertiary sharks' teeth are washed up on
the Milnerton-Blouberg beach along with bones of e primitive late
Tertiary elephant (Gomphotherium) (Q.B . Hendey in Tankard 1975 a) .
Detailed palynological work has been done by Schalke (1973) on

single cores from Cape Hangklip and the Cape Flats end on a series
of five cores- from Rietvlei, between Milnerton and Bloubergstrand
(Figures 3.1 and 3.2). Sedimentological work was only done on one
core (Rietvlei 5) bu~ as only size statistics were listed it is
difficult to compare his data with those of the present study.
;~ a detailed geophysical survey of Rietvlei by the Geological

Surv£y into the possibility of establishing a harbour q~alitative
J i
logs of 15 boreholes were presented,. but no sedimentolog~cal work
;
was performed on them (Pike and Saayman, 1966) .
The marine phytoplankton found in Schalke's (1973, Plate 5, Figures

1,3 and 4) nRietvlEi 2n included the dinocysts Spiniferites ramosus
ramosus and Operculodinium centrocarpum. S. ramosus r a mosus was
found to be characteristic of Recent marine sediments underly i ng
cells of cool upwelled water beside the coast near Cape Hangklip
(Davey, 1971) and off Luderitz (Davey and Rogers, 1975) . □• centro=
carpum characterized Recent sediments underlying warmer water farthe r
offshore.
3. 4.3 Present investigation
three additional boreholes (RV-1 , RV-2 , RV-3) were drilled by the

Geological Survey in 1977 and a further two (RV-4 and RV-5) in
1978. RV-1 and RV-3 were drilled near the Otto Du Plessis bridge
close to Schelke's "Rietvlei 2" borehole from which he reported
lerge numbers of marine phytoplankton (Schalke, 1973, p. 30).
Only Recent fluviatile sediments were found in RV~3 but in RV-1

Recent fluviatile sediments overlay Late Pleistocene shelly send
~ontBining an extinct slipper limpet, Crepidule capensis praeruguloss
essocieted with the Velddrif Heraber of the Bredesdorp Formation
(Terkerd, 1976 e; Kilburn and Tankard, 1975). This fossil dominates
the molluscan assemblage in "The Milnerton Limestone" (Kensley,
1975) e Late Pleistocene (Eernian) beach deposit period~~ally exposed
by winter storms on the shores of Table Bay. Exposures are pre=
sent south of the mouth of the Diep River along the beach to an area
a few hundred metres north of Milnerton Lighthouse (Salmon 19?8).
A trial auger hole south of the lighthouse penetrated only Eemian
shelly sand on bedrock. RV-~ and RV-5 were drilled one spit of
..
lend in the centre of Rietvlei in an attempt to drill close to one
of the NW-SE-striking bedrock depressions revealed by the earlier
geophysical study (Pike and Saayman, 1966). A twofold subdivision
into shell-bearing sends overlying poorly sorted non-shelly sands
was found, particularly in RV-5 .
The most informative borehole was RV-2, drilled beside a coastal

dune, midway between Milnerton Lighthouse and Bloubergstrand (Figure
3.B). The borehole was located over a bedrock chennel revealed
by the geophysical survey (Pike and Saayman, 1966) and demonstrates
the value of such preliminary work. In RV-2 upper shell-bearing
layers can be subdivided into a shell-rich gravelly sand overl~ing
a shell-bearing clay. "The Milnerton Limestonen is exposed on the
beach near RV-2 and often has a calcretized upper surface (Salmon,
1977a). This "Limestoneff was intersected after rirst penetrating
0,9 m of slightly giavelly, poorly sorted shell-free quartzose
medium sand. This repre~ents a Late'Pleistocene to Recent soil,
equivalent in age to the calcretized upper surface of the "Limestone"
and developed during the Warm Upper Pleinglacial regression. Imme=
diately seaward of RV-2 the sequence is replaced by a beech-dune com=
plex deposited since the end of the Flandrian transgression.
The shell-rich gravelly sand includes a calcrete horizon at+ 4,1 m

and extends from+ 5,0 m to -8,75 m. Benthic foraminifera are im~
portent constituents of the sands and have been studied by Salmon
(1978). Unfortunately an age-range of Miocene to Recent applies
to species such as Ammonia beccarii which dominate the assemblage.
Between -B,75 m and -13,8 mis e distinctive olive gray (5V 4/1)
sandy mud . Shells of Turritella capensis are typical of this unit~
/
Drilling Sand ~ Co.arae
.
Mrlrea Mrlhod Mun Sin Mud S11rt ing Fraction CaC03
(phiJ ( o/o) (phi) Components (%)
1,1 D
0 Z ·3
• 0 10D 0 CJS 0.S 0.71 Q Sh
C
D 50 r.
--- - - - ---- ---- --- - ----

r.-~:=-
-2 25 VQ
___-Z1,9
100 0
- - - - •- - - - - -
~ Gravel
(%)
·Bedrock: Malmesbury
S, Bredasdorp Formatiori
( M) Milnerton Member
Rietvlel Formation ·
Killarney ' Clay Member
Oie-p River Member
For legend see Table l.1
·Diep River
Robben I.
'3
I
I
I
I
•I
____
10 s /
I ✓
km
/ / 0 ,... _,,1
\ . km
AF0£Ltt.lG /DIVIS ION
DEPART[MENT VAN MYNWESE GE0L0GIESE 0PNAME
OEPARTMENT OF .MINES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY REGIONAL · GEOLOGY
C> FIG 3.1 SEDIMENTOLOGY OF BOREHOLE ~V2,

~
w MILNERTON
o..,-.---~--~---------""Y:'.=~=-=--==~~---------,----.....
0
r
SAAMGESTEL 0£01l
COMPILED BY
J --OGERS
•"
TE61•UESE ltOfiTl'tOLE
TECHl'IICAL CONT~
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KLASSIFIICASIE.o..ASSIFICATION
~F~_.~v~s~,NG'==s_ _ S.
OR~~E=YDE:~
~v _YAN
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_ _ _ _ _...-;:=.:;._--------
NO
13.
but are usually a minor component supported by the matrix. During

excevetione far the new road bridge connecting Killerney ~1th Blau ~
bergetrand, et the upper end of Rietvlei, the same Turrltella-rich
mud wee reached near bedrock.
Between -13 1 8 m and bedrock et -21,1 m no shell material le present

in poorly sorted, gravelly, medium to coarse quartzose sands.
3.4.4 Age and palaeo-environmental interpretation

Schalke (1973) obtained several radiocarbon dates from his core
materiel. Un~ortunetely he did not specify whether the material
was organic matter or shell. This is critical in the case cf
shell dates as Feported by fairbridge (1971) and summarized in
Tankard (1976b, p. 9). "••• all dates older than 20 ka are sub=
ject to mlniecule contamination which gives meaningless 'dates'
and which should be reported as 'greater then' ft• The Rietvlei
dates range from 32 770 to 47 960 years Before Present (8.P.) ea
that if they were derived from calcareaue material they merely
represent minimum ages. However this et least means that the
materiel is older than Recent. The shelly sends in RV-1 between
+2,4 and -? 1 6 m contained Crepidula capensie praerugulosa and
are correlated with an Eemian sea level 6 m above that of the
present (Tankard, 19?6b). An age'of 120 000 years B.P. is assigne d
to this sea level by Scheckleton and Opdyke (1973). Schelke
(1973) divided the sediments into seven zones, from 5 at the base
to Z at the top. Podocarpus (the conifer typical of the humid
evergreen forests of Knysna) is absent in the uppermost zone Z,
but ie present throughout the lower zones. This general trend
from more humid lower levels ta drier upper levels appears to be
mirrored by Coetzee 1 s (1978a, 1978b) eight pollen zones from
Nocrdhcek. Macchia ~pores indicative of the modern Mediterranean
climate occur in the uppermost zone H, whereas lower levels, from
L VII down to LI, are characterized either by palm or by PodocarpuE
spores. Vegetation thus varied from subtropical-tropical to cool,
wet, forest in the deeper levels. A tentative age range of Oligo-
cene up to Pliocene hes been given for the L zones, whereas zone H
hes been assigned to the Quaternary.
CoetzeE? (1979, personal connnunication) sttudied pollen from the
clay in RV-2 end concluded that i t was Quaternary in age. The
relatively high and consistent percentag es of Ericaceae in the
cores studied by Schalke (1973) support this conclusion, because
Coetzee (1978a, 1978b) found tha t EricBceae were relatively
scarce in her L-z □ nes, where extinct spares were often daninant .
Schalke thus seems rather to have detected aridification of the
climate from a humid h~poth~rmal to the more arid hyperthermal
climate of today .
It appears likel~ that the Rietvlei area, situated in the path of

the Diep River with its extensive catchment, has been subject to
extensive erosion, particularly during low sea levels . Pike and
Saayrnan (1966) have demonstrated both a complex bedrock topography
and the existence of two gullies cut during regressions. Older
Tertiary sediments may therefore still be present in isolated
pockets in bedrock depressions, but the main sequence seems to be
Quaternary.
A possible interpretation of the sequence in RV-2 is that fluviatile

sediment was brought down by the Diep River and deposited on a
floodplein extending below present sea level and beyond the present
coast onto the inner continental sh.elf . This could have occurred
during the Pleistocene Riss regression . lhe succeeding Eemian
transgression then advanced and reached an elevation of 6 m above
present sea level. The Rietvlei area would then have been a small
bay into which the Diep River would have discharged. Assuming the
+ 6 m sea level the Turritella - mud was deposited in water depths
as shallow as 15 m. This depth is considerably shallower than the
-l.iO m boundary between delta-front sand and prodelta mud on the
Orange River delta (Rogers, 1977) . However the higher sea level
would have been associated w_ith a poleward shift of climatic belts
and a weakening of wind regimes . The westerlies, in particular,
would have been shifted south leading ta a quieter wave regime in
ttRietvlei Bay". The Eemian transgression was then followed by the
Wurm I regression so that the delta front and then the littoral
z □ ne would have edv~nced seawards. The resultant upward-c □ ersenin~
sequence is therefore probably pErtly deltaic, later accelerated and
accentuated by the regrEssion. The uppermost littoral sediments
15.
then became pert of the coeetel plain, but may have been toe caaree
to give riee to the coastal dunes typical elsewhere along this
coast. While the coastline was et e distance the littoral sends
were calcretized by pedogenic processes. The topmast metre of
soil capping the sequence et RV-2 end well-exposed on the coast
north end south of Hilnerton Lighthouse mey have been deposited
by the Diep River during flood. During the Holocene the Flendriern
transgression hes brought the surfzone beck to Rietvlei. The top=,
mast layers of "The Milnertan Limestone 8 end its capping of soil
ere eroded in winter by the surf end in summer ere covered by b.e.ach
sand end a narrow strip of sparsely vegetated coastal dunes
(Yzerfantein Member).
3.4.5. Lithostretigrephy
A tentative lithostratigraphic sequence is presnted:

4. Yzerfontein Member
Bredasdorp Formation
3. Milnerton Member
2. Killerney Clay Member

1. Diep River Memebr Rietvlei Formation
The Bredasdorp Formation's Yzerfontein and Milnertan Members are

littoral and aeolian sands associated with repeated transgressions
and regressions. The members were thus deposited in broad swathes
parallel to the coastline. In contrast, the proposed Rietvlei
Formation was deposi te:d in e floodplain end estuary, here of the
Diep River, essentially perpendicular to the coastline.
The underlying coarse gravelly qusrtzose sends are named the Diep
River Member and the Turritella - clays, the Killerney Clay Member
of a Rietvlei Formation. The ehelly gravelly sands are named the
Hilnertan Member, whereas the Recent beach end dune sands ere named
the Yzerfontein Member, both of the Bredasdorp Formation.
Thus the Rietvlel area, by being scoured of older sediments, mey

present e relatively uncomplicated sequence of Quaternary sedimente
The history af the Diep River over the past 20 □ years has been dis =
cueeed by Beaumont and Heydenrych (1980).
16.
3.5 DUYNEFONTYN
3.5.1 Lithaetretigrephy
3.5.1.1 Introduction
The sedimentary succeseian exposed in three excavations for the

Koeberg Nuclear Power Station et Duynefontyn 34 near Melkbasstrend,
an the coast 30 km north of Cape Town (Figures 3.9 and 3.10) has
been subdivided es follows (Table 3.3):
TABLE 3.3. LITHOSTRATIGRAPHV AT DUVNEF □ NTVN 34
Formation Member
Bredasi;:larp Witzand/Hilnerton
Springfontyn
Varewater Duynefontyn
3.5.1.2 Varewater Formation (Duynefontyn Member)
The Duynefontyn Member of the Varswater Formation is recognisable

in boreholes by its mean size (fine sand), its goad sorting and
its composition (polished quartz end minor amounts of black,
phosphatised shell fragments). Its holostratotype (Figure 3.11)
was briefly exposed in two excavations to Malmeebury bedrock ( 10
to 12 m below sea level) at Duynefontyn 34.
The formation has e basal gravel bed overlying phaled-bored, gullied

bedrock of Malmesbury metasediments. Well-rounded ta angular pebble!
end cobbles of Melmesbury metasediments and vein quartz, eet in a
, .. .. .. .. ..-. ... ... ...• ....
......... ... .. .
"
. . . . . .. . . . . . .
/ "
• .. •••• Ir .. - ..... .
. . . . - ........ .
. .. . . . . . ... ..
• • • • • • • • • • ■ •
:10 • • • 'II • • • •• • • • ••
.
@
.. ..~-
.. . . . . . . . ·..
.
• • ■ • • • • • • •
Vierfontein '
...... .
■ •••• ■ ■ .....
Point
.. .......
. . ....... . .. .. . . .• ..
• " ••• ■ •• - ••
II • ':. • ■ ■ Ill ■ ■ ■ ■
··:,
■ ·:: ■ • ,, • • • • • •
. ,.
■ •••••••• .l • • • • • • •
• • • ■ • • ~. • . • . • • • . ~ qarfing · ___. ~ • • • • • •.
• • •. • • • • •. • • • ■ - ·• • •
.
• • - •• •••••••••
. ........................................
·•·· ............. .
■
. . . . . . . ... . .... .
■ • • - • • • • • - • • • • • •
■ ••• - ............. .
. . . ....................
•. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
···············--···
~
Ill ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ N ■ ■ ■ 'II II • M
.. • • • • • ., .• !' •.• ■
••••••••• ••••
......
■
• • • • " ••• 1111 •• ■ •

Dassen I. · · · · - · .. . ......... Ir:
LEGEND
□
Cenozoic formations
Cape Granite Suite
Malmesbury Group
"'10-' Cenozoic sediment thickness (m) / Ou

•1 G 30905
•.z G 309'3
Gnu
...•s
•3
., G 30941
G 30915
G 309:Ji
Borehole
'Blouberg
• • Sect ion Ii ne
I
km
5
Robben l
0
AF0£LING /DIV1$JON
DEPARTEMENT VAN MYNWESE GEO LOGJ ESE OPNAME
REGtONAL GEOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MINES G EOLOGJCAL SURVEY
C) FIG 3.9 EXPOSED PRE- MESOZOIC GEOLOGY AND THICKNESS OF CENOZOIC

~ SEDIMENT BETWEEN BLOUBERGSTRAND AND YZER FONfflN POINT
l&.I
Cl.
0 SAAMGESTf:L DEUfl · TcGNIESE IICONTROLE ta..ASSIFICASIE/CUISSFlCATIOlt
l( COMP1l£0 8V
J.ROGERS. TEotNICAL CONTROL
KEN DE~ DATUM
DRAWN l!Y E.R.HAY DA'Tl: MAY,1ND
••--•••n-•·•--
Yzerfontein
Point
Dassen l
Modder
Bokpunt
LEGEND
Springfontyn· cliffs
~ >200m
Robbesteen
fzl 20-200m .. /
.,
Ouynefontyn
IZJ 11-20m
§ -20-1111
.. Melkbosstrand
§J <-Hm
• • Section -tine
•
Blouberg~
strand
e 5
km
AFOELING/DIVISION
DEPARTEMENT VAN MYNWESE GEOLOGIESE OPNAME REGIONAL GEOIDGY
DEPARTMENT OF MINES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
FIG a.11> TOPOGRAPHY Of PRE- MESOZOIC 8EOR<>a( BElWEEN

C
I! BLOUBERGSTRANO AND YZERFOHTEtN POIHT
l&I .;,• . ·, : ·· ..
a..
.o SAAMGE611::L DEUR .I. ltOGERS T£GNIESE tCOHTR<LE
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tcLAS"SIFll<ASIUtl.ASSIFICATllON
~ COMPll.£081'
KEN CE~ MAY,1no
I R:.HAY
DRAWN IIY
---
---· -·· ___,. NR.
(., t-- \ tl t r-------------------------------------------..'....!.'_;__ 1
Dri II ing . Sand Sand Coarse , ,

Metres Method Mean SiH Mud Sorting fraction·
1· . . . D.
<ph j) _ o/o} ( phi J . Comi>oi:ienb
10,5
- 3 4
~-
·..·:.·.·::
O
(
100 0 DJS O.S0,71· 1
-~"'--
•~1 I.
0 S
•
· TBn
C ! .
c::,I
_l!LYl1 __ -_____ -:--·--. . ·:·~------= .··. -~~--.J.·---·:...L~:.:..-:~-- - --:-
_e J~_ - . . .. . ..
- - -.....""'
-
- - • - - - - - -. . • -.:.:... __ ..;; __ ._ - VQ ST Ph.
Sea· . · . MBn ! G ' . (Sil)
Level .. . !. i '
.,..I ·•.
• I
V(D} 15
.' I
____ _II.A-----
100 ---------·
I
- .
Gravel Bedrock: Malmesbury graywacke
(%)
..
B: Bredasdorp Formation
( W}: Wihand Member
( S }= Springfontyn Member
V, Varswater Formation
{ 0): Duynefo!1tyn Member
West
Coast
Mamre Ouynefontyn Road
exQva.tion
Ex:avation
Power·
Station
0 1
0 10
Km
Km
1 I
,
0
00 s 11°27 E
DEPARTEMENT VAN MYNWE~E -.--GEOLOGIESE OPNAME AF0ELING/0IVISION
DEPARTMENT Of MINES
·.- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY REGIONAL GEOLOGY
C) FIG:3.11 SEOIM:NlOLOGY OF ..LINE 2 (N) MAIN EXCAVATION, ,__

~
~ . . .___. .;. . . ,________ DUYNEFONTYN 34
~..-------~~--------=..~-..;..,~...;..----~ ►
... i
0 SAAMGESTEL DEU J. ROGE:_RS TEGN1ESE KONTROI..E tcLASSIFIICASIE:ltl.ASSIFlCATlON o.
~ COt,IPILE0 BY TE01NICAL ~ONTROL 0
ORAW~E:YDELJf S. VAN ECK TE JANUARY 1t1D u
~v~E~Rw=.:=...Ys~,~NG=s------------=:=.------------~NR
DC""~c-M.,..t~ ••n
17 .
matrix of dark gray quartzose sand rich in phosphatised shell

fragments, occur ln patches up to □ ,4 m thick .
The most widespread and persistent basal horizon is a phosphatic

sand bed . which is a light grey·(N7), very well-sorted, quart=
zose fine sand containing minor amounts □ f phosphatised shell
fragments. Primary structures are restricted to subhorizantal
bedding planes. Bioturbation, in the farm of branching, mud-lined
burrows is weakly developed and raises the mud content to approxi=
..
mately 2%.
An undulating boundary separates the 1 , 5 to 1,8 m thick phosphatic

sand bed from a muddy sand bed, which is 9,5 m thick and is charac=
teristically completely bi □ turbated. Mud-lined branching burrows,
15-25 mm in diameter, obliterate all primary structures. Between
-8,5 and -7,25 m on Line 2 in the main excav~tion, the colour of
the sediment is light olive-gray (SY 6/2), but the upper section
(+ 1,0 to -7,25 m) changes hue to pale yellowish brown (10VR 6/2).
The average mud content is 6%, treble that of the phasphatic sand
bed, but the range is from 4 to 11%. Texturally, the muddy sand
bed is a ·slightly muddy, slightly gravelly~ well-sorted fine sand.
Near its base, between -B,1 and -8,2 man Line 2, is a persistent
thin horizon of yellowish gray (SY 7/2), moderately sorted, quart=
zose •slightly gra!Velly, coarse sand. Decomposed, rounded pebbles
of Malmesbury metasediment are associated with sharks' teeth, fish
debris (vertebrae, teeth, scales and spines) and whale debris
(vertebrae, earbon~s and ribs) in the gravel fraction. This horizon
proved to be particularly rich in sharks' teeth and is therefore
named the shark tooth horizon. Similar remains are found through=
out the Duynefontyn Member, but in lower concentrations .
Between -1,5 and -2,26 m on Line 2 ere two lenses of clean, laminate
weakly bioturbated, grayish orange, well sorted, slightly gravelly,
quartzose fine sand. Mud content drops to 2%, but includes mud
from soft pellets along laQinae, convex-up mud-drapes in weakly
developed flaser bedding, as well es linings of ~ccasional branchin~
burrows. Similar lenses are four:id at diffe,rent elevations between
Lines 2 and 4 in the purnphouse exc~vation (Figure 3.11). They ere
50-60 cm thick and up to 7 m wide . No channel-leg deposits were
observed in their basal portions.
18.
Overlying the muddy sand bed is a peaty sand bed,· which varies in
thickness from 10 to 15 cm. Although it contains a distinctive
component of the basal Springfontyn Member of the Bredasdorp For=
mation, namely gastropod caste, it is grouped with the Duynefon=
tyn Member far reasons of interpretation. Texturally, the peaty
sand bed is e moderately sorted, gravelly muddy fine sand, the
fines being characteristically rich in organic matter.
3.5. 1 .3 Bredasdarp Formation (Springfontyn Member)
The Springfontyn Member of the Bredasdorp Formation has a basal

gastropod bed (Figure 3.11). The gastropod bed is named after
distinctive internal casts of gastropods, which are distributed
along subhoriz □ ntal laminae in laminated, well-sorted, often gravell
frequently bimodal, fine and coarse sand. Above an abrupt contact
with the peaty sand bed there is no bioturbation. Mottled colouring
independent of primsry structures, is B distinctive feature and is
probably associated with post-depositional movement of vadose water.
Towards the top of the gastropod bed, phosphatised shell fragments
and gastropod cas.ts disappear. Vein-quartz granules are important
throughout the bed and sharks' teeth are found sporadically at
various levels. The contact between the basal gastropod bed and
the rest of the Springfontyn Member is unfortunately obscured on
Line 2, by an access platform.
The rest of the Springfontyn Member is chiefly a well-sorted, quartz

sand ranging in mean size from fine to coarse sand. Its colour
lightens steadily upwards from pale yellowish-brown (10 YR 6/2)
to very pale-oran9e (10 YR 8/2). An iron-stained, grayish-orange
(1DVR 7/6), well sorted, quartzose coarse sand between +7,93 m
and +7,20 m exhibits steeply dipping cross-beds, but the rest of
the member is homogeneous in structure ta the naked eye.
3.5. 1 .4 Bredasdorp Formation (Witzand Member)
A calcrete palae□ sol lies between +8,64 and +6,25 m on Line 2 and
is usually found near the surface according to Dames and Moore (157E
It caps the ~ther~ise unconsolidated succession at the Springfontyn
cliffs and forms part of the calcareous Witzand Member of the Bre=
dasdorp Formation, discussed further in Section 3.6.
19 .
3.5 . 1 .5 Bredssdorp Formation (Milnertan Member)
In the north-eastern cmrner of the pumphouse excavation , the

Milnerton Member of tile Dredasdorp Formation was briefly exposed.
It truncates the Springfontyn Member, overlying a mere 60 cm of
mottled coarse quartz setidof the gastropod bed, which in turn over=
lies the peaty sand end muddy send beds of the Duynefontyn Member .
The Milnerton Member wes first described by Kensley (1975) from
coastal outcrops exposed intermittently during winter storms, at
high tide level, near the lighthouse at Milnerton (Figure 3.g):
At Duynefontyn the Member has an erosional base at an elevation
of +D,1 □ m. A 40 cm thick basal bed is composed of shelly quart=
~ose sand, gravel-size unbroken bivalves and gastropods as well
as cobbles of calcrete (dominant) ahd Malmesbury metasediment. An
overlying cross-bedded layer of shelly sand, 70 cm thick, is cha=
racterised by single bivalve shells, convex up an the fareset
laminae. The next layer, 60 cm thick, is a horizontally laminated
bed of fragmented shell, in turn overlain by at least 1 ,7 m of
finer, apparently homogeneous shelly sand.
3.5.2 Dating and correlation
The Ouynef □ ntyn Memb~r contains a rich variety of fossil material

from selachiid fish (sharks' teeth and ray plates), teleost fish
(vertebrae, scales, spines end teeth), marine ·mammals (whale
earbones, vertebrae and ribs; dolphin teeth; see:l teeth), marine
birds (penguin flipper and heel bones), terrestrial mammals
(b □ vid and hare) and reptiles (snake and turtle/tortoise) (Hendey,
1979, personal communication). The peaty sand b,e d also contains
terrestrial pollen, which are unfortunately to □ sparse to provide
a date (Coetzee, 1978, personal communication). Penguin bones
have been identified by Simpson (1979a) as from a new genus and
species, Nucleornis insolatis, which is regrettably uncorrelatable
with other dated formations. Fortunately a single tooth of the
giant, extinct Miocene-Pliocene shark Megeselachus megalodon was
discovered in 1979 at Duynefontyn and donated to the South African
Museum, where it was identified by Dr. Q.B. Hendey (1979, personal
communication ) . Dr. H. Capetta (personal communication, 1979)
states that a Plincene age is probable by combining the Pliocene-
20.
Recent Carcharodon carcheries with the Miocene-Pliocene M. megelodon.

The member le tentatively correlated with Tenkerdte (1974a) Vara=
w8ter Formation, which hes also been dated as Pliocene using e rich
assemblage of vertebrate bones (Hendey, 1974a; 1976).
The internal caste of gaetro·pods from the Sp,ringfontyn Member have

been studied by Mr. R.N. Kilburn of the Natal Museum, Pietermaritz=
burg but proved unidentifiable. Terrestrial vertebrate remains from
the Springfontyn Member have been provisionally dated as Late Middle
Pleistocene by Hendey (1968; 1976a ) .
The Milnerton Member has been dated as Late Pleistocene (Eemian) by

Kensley (1978, personal communication). The extinct mollusc
Crepidula capensis praerugulosa, (Kilburn and Tankard, 1975) a rare
component et Duynefontyn, comprises 25% of the shells in the strata=
type near Milnerton. The member is correlated with the Velddrif
Member (Tankard, 197~e) of the same formation.
3.5.3 Palaeoenvironmental interpretation
The sedimentary succession is provisionally interpreted in terms

of a series of four transgressions end three intervening regressions.
The Duynefontyn Member is interpreted as e prograding sequence ini=

tieted by en Early Pliocene transgression acFoss Ma:lmesbury bedrock.
No transgressive co,mplex was preserved. During the succeeding
regression a barrier spit developed parallel to the coast, absor=
bing most of the energy of the powerful waves characteristic cf
the open-ocean west coast of southern Africa. The basal gravel
bed probabiy formed en the horns of beach cusps similar to those
forming on the beach near Milnerton today. On the relatively
sheltered side cf the barrier was a lagocnal beach, (phosphatic
sand bed), which supported a small population of the burrowing
snimals dominating the adjacent intertidal mixed flats (muddy send
bed). The high degree of biaturbation and the consequent destruc=
tion of primary sedimentary structures bye rich burrowing infauna
implies extremely slow rates of sedimentation. Both the phosphetic
send bed end the muddy send bed are end-members of Schnfer ' s
(1963) vitel-pentostrat biofacies, which is characterised
l1y henthoni c hiocoenosi s
(infauna) and taphocoenosis of nektonic
(e.g . sharks) and planktonic oroanisms .
Th~ shark tooth horizon was probably concentrate d into a placer de=
posit after catastrophic overtopping of the barrier spit during st □ r
and spring tide conditions. The retreating waters then scoured the
intertidal flats and left th~ placer deposit in its wake .
The lenses df cleEn sand within the muddy sand bed are interpreted
as subtidel channels, dxa~ning intertidal mixed flats. Mud drape~
settling during slack water on ripples are particularly diagnostic.
The absence of channel lag deposits may not be a problem if the
channels were cut in sediment lacking a gravel fraction to be con=
centratecl .
The peaty sand bed is interpreted as the final phase of the pr □ =

gradation, the marsh. Sparse palyn □ logical data indicate terres;
trial spores from a freshwater rather than a salt marsh. The
absence of intertidal mud flats bet~een the marsh and the inter=
tidal mixed flats may be explained by a dearth of large local
rivers. The modern Langebaan Lagoon may be a modern enalogue
concerning lack of drainage (Flemming, 1977a).
The chenge in hue f ram olive in the lower parts of the mLa..ld y s~nd
bed to brown in the upper parts is interpreted as a change from t he
lower areas of the intertidal flat that are more frequently sub=
merged by sea watEr than the higher areas, which are subaerially
exposed for longer periods of time . In addition, marine fossils
are dominant in the l □ uer portions, but become mixed with terres;
trial fossils higher in the sequence.
The gas tropod bed of the Springfontyn Member is interpreted as

a regressive, exposed-beach horizon. The casts resemble Bullie
(Kensley,1978, personal CQmmunication), some species of which are
adapted to survive the harsh conditions on high-E:n e rgy beaches.
The presence of both phosphatised shell fragments and of scattered
sharks' teeth probably indicates reworking of the invaded inter=
tidal flats. The Late Pliocene regression was apparently t o o rapid
to allo1t1 B harrier-lagoon complex to develop and regressional dunes
tt1ere soon deposited over the beach horizon. As the coa~tline re=
treated the dunes were vegetated and supported a bovid ·fauns (Hendey,
1968). Seasonal oscillation of the water table caused dissolution
and then reprecipitation of calcium carbonate to form a calcrete
soil horizon near the surface in the Witzand Member. Middle Stone
Age artefacts have been found within the celcrete (Hendey, 1976a).
The Late Pleistocene Eemian rise in sea level to +6m (Tankard, 1976 b
eroded the Springfontyn Member to a point little more than a hunclred
metres inland of the present shoreline and the Milnerton Member was
deposited .
3.6 MAMRE
Of the seven areas under discussion, the Mamre area is the best-
known due to a coordinated investigation of the Cenozoic sediments
by geophysical, sediment □ logic2l, palaeontol □ gical, geochemical
and geohydr □ logical techniques. The area was first mapped by
Haughton (1933), who reviewed early work on scattered deposits of
phoscrete. The area has subsequently been remapped under H.N.
Visser and J.N. Theron and the revised map. at a scale of 1:250 DOD ,
is nearing completion. The interpretation of geophysical data con=
cerning Cenozoic sediment thickness (Figure 3.9) and pre-Mesozoic
bedrock topography (Figure 3.10) was initially undertaken by
N. D . Noble and wes completed by A.J. Van der Merwe (1980).
3.6 . 2 Sediment distribution and bedrock geology
The distribution of Cenozoic sediment is irregular (Figure 3.9)

and is concentrated int □ three main areas containing sediment over
50 m thick, one on the coastal plain and two at higher elevations
towards Mamre. All the sediments are underlain by weathered metase=
diments of the Malmesbury Group (Figure 3.9). The hills surrounding t
Mamre area are composed cf various granites within the Darling
Pluton (Visser and Schoch, 1973) and hornfelses of the Malmesbury
Group near the intrusive contact. which are more resistant to
weathering and erosion (Figure 3.9). In contrast with the Cape
Flats area, in only restricted patches within 2 to 3 km of the coast
is bedrock below sea level (Figure 3. 10). Even then, not only does
23 .
bedrock periodically rise above see level along the coast, but the
presence of rocky shoals such as Robbesteen emphasizes how close
bedrock is to see level along this shoreline (Figures 3.9 end
3.19). Inland, b~drock rises relatively steeply, if somewhat
irregularly (Figures 3.10 and 3.19). In the three other compare=
ble sections (Figures 3.7, 3.27, and 3.38), across the Cape Flats,
south of Lengebaan Lagoon end along the Papkuils River, respective=
ly, bedrock remains below sea level for greeter distances inland .
3.6.3 Sedimentology and lithostratigtaphy
Six boreholes have been selected to demonstrate sedimentological

trends (Figures 3.12 to 3.17). Borehole G30905 (Figure 3.12) was
drilled near the Springfontyn cliffs end reaches bedrock et -8,75 m.
The calcrete and limestone in the lower pert of the upper calcareous
section are found capping the cliffs. They may represent the com=
pletely vegetated calcareous dunes, which ere overlain by slightly
vegetated dunes of a younger phase (Figure 3.19) (Visser, 1970).
The sequence closely resembles that af Flats-G (Figure 3.5) in that
a shell-free central section is both overlain and underlain by
calcareous units. However, the non-shelly section 1s subdivided,
both texturally and mineralogicelly, into an upper, quartzose,
clean, white, fine to medium sand.and a lower, slightly muddy,
fine ta very fine, gray sand containing quartz and minor amounts
of distinctive black, phosphatized shell fragments. These are the
characteristics of the Springfontyn·Member of the Bredasdarp For=
mati □ n and the underlying muddy sand bed a,f the Duynefantyn Mem=
ber of the Varswater Formation described in .Section 3.5. The
basal calcareous bed differs from the upper calcareous sediments
in containing mud and gravel. The gravel consists both of shell
and of rounded pebbles of Malmesbury metasediments, which are often
deeply weathered. The sand fraction contains quartz end shell
fragments, but, significantly, also includes phosphatized shell
fragments. The bed thus underlies the Duynefontyn Member and in=
eludes its most distinctive component, phosphatized shell frag=
ments. It is named the Silwerstroom Member after Silwerstroomstrand
~n the farm Buffels River 980 (Figure 3.10). The Silwerstroom
Member may be correlated with the Strandfantein Member on the Cape
Flats, which has a similar lithology end stratigraphic position
(cf. Figures 3.7 and 3. 19) .
c.. p ) , •• r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - " L : : : . . . . . : " " : . . . :·:....:'_
Drilling Sand Sand ....... Coara ■
Metres Method Mean Size Mud Sorting Ca CC>a Frac\lon •
. (phiJ ( o/o) { phi J ( o/o~ Compun■nta •
0 3 4 0 100 0 0.15 O.S 0,71 1
" ·___io O Sh R~
s(wl
·--- -
B (S)
- - . --. - - -
35
10
40
Ph
--,,-- :i~-~F
B(S) •
~
- Sea- -0
Level
_Vj~ - - -
V {S)
- - - --8,7
8: Bredasdorp formation Bedrock: ~lmesbu;; · ~

(WJ Witzand Member
(Sf: Silwerstroom Member
V: Varswater formation
(D): Duynefontyn Member
(S): Springfontyn Member
1 Km
1
34°t>o S
AF0ELl"4G /OIVISIOl'4
DEPARTEMENT VAN_MYNYfESE GEOLOGIESE OPNAME
DEPARTMEN,: OF MINES
GEOLOGICAL .SURVEY REGIONAL GEOLOGY
FIC 3.12 SEDIME.NTOLOGY OF BOREHOLE G 30905,

KLEINE SPRINGFONTYN 33
0..
e
-------=-~---------.
~~~l~rr~
\Fa·
J. ROGERS
. . . ---=--==~~--------...,..----~~~==:-""4
DEU ~~:liLK~~ KLASSIFlt<ASIEIUASSIFICATION
TEKEN 11::UR
~AWN eY
S •
VAN ECK OAT£UM J "• NUARY 1910
24.
The upper calcareous sands ere named the Witzand Member af the
Bredeedorp formation after the ~erm Wltzand 2, which covers the
central pert of the calcareous dunes (see further discussion below )
The Witzend Member is correlated with the Wolfgat He~ber an the
Cl!lpe Fleta.
The sequences compared ere eet out in Table J.4.
Table 3.4. LITHOSTRATilGRAPHY OF HAMRE AN!D CAPE FLATS COMPARED

..
Formation i
! Hamre Cape Flats
Bredasdorp Witzand Member Wolfgat Member

Mllnerton Member
Springfontyn Member/ ~hillppi H ■ mber/
Hamre Member Epping Member
Vare&Jeter Ouynefontyn Member

Silwerstroom Member Strandfontein Member
Borehole 63 □ ,43 (Figure 3.13) reaches bedrock et +s,,m where the

Sil~erstroom Member has elr~edy plnche~ out. Excellent water yields
""ere obtained in .the co ereer layers of the 5pr1ngfontyn Hember, at:
1
elevations between +23 end +30 m.
The chief charect·erieti,c e of borehole G30!44 (figure :3.14) ere the

rounded pebbles of unweethered Halmesbury rocks in a basal gravel a~
an elevation af +37,2m end phoephatized shell fragments or the Duyn ~
fontyn Member at +42m. This evidence of a Duynefontyn tranegreseior:
to a minimum elevation of +42m complements the detailed description
of the member at the Duynefontyn excavation, where the sediments
mostly lie below see level.
Borehole 630941 (Figure 3.15) reached bedrock et an elevation of
+121 ,4m, on the western edge of a sediment-covered +1?5m plateau,
145m above 1te +30 M counterpart on the Cape flats. Only the Wit=
zend Member hes persisted to this height, illustrating e characte=
rletic of the Bredasdarp Formation in its type erea, whereby regres=
sional dunes frequently advance landwards beyond the inlend limit
or the transgression {Spies et el, 1,63, p. 15). The aedim~nte are
.s . I L> L !,I I
r-----------,--------------------~-----------=--=--~
Gp
......
D rillin g Sand Sand Coars4
Metres Method Mean Sin Mod Sorting Ca co3 . Fraction · ◄
lphi> ( o/o) ( phi j ( %) . · Components
53,9 0
0 3 .. 0 100 0 035 O.S 0,71 0 50 75 Q Sh
'--t-'--4
50
5 . '·
C .
..... .
B (w) 1.!! __ J-IM
-B(S} - - ----r-
Q'
"40
15
20
30
. .
V (0) 10
- - - -8,9 .CS -
0
B : Bredasdorp Formation
{WJ: Witzand Member
(5 ): Springfontyn Member
(D}. Duynefontyn Member .j
~
' ..
M.amre
km
0 10
I I
km
AF OE UNG /DIVISION.
DEPARTMENT OF MINES
GEOLOG1CAL SURVEY REGIONAL GEOLOGY
FIC 3.13
Dr ii.ling Sand Sand . <;ojµ'se
co3
____
MelrH Method Mud Sorting Ca Fraction
(o/o) mphi) ' (o/0 ) • Components
,_
~ "'~·:.~ -~•_oJ"-: ------
0 0 100 0
10
B(s) SO
....
15
. ' Ph
V(q "°
37,2 2J.. __
---,-------
(Sh)
RF
(Pebbles)
_ ___ L _ _ _ -_
BedrDck, Malmesbury
. .
8: .Bredasdorp Formation
(W) Witzand Member
( S} Springfontyn Member .
( D) Duynefontyn Member
For legend ae Table 3J
Mamre
•
e 10
_.. I
km
DEPARTEMENT VAN MYN~ESE GEOLOGIESE OPNAME AfOELING /DIVISION
DEPARTMENT OF MINES
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY REGIONAL GEOLOGY!
C) FIC 3.14 SEDIMENTOLOGY OF BOREHOLE C 30944, 1t--

~ ~
l&J WITZAND 2 1t:
0.
0
J-----------------------------~---,,......-"'------------4
SAAMGEST"EL DEUR J ROGERS TEGNIESE KONTROLE KLASSIFll(ASIEJQASSIACATION
>-
C..
X COMPIL[O BT • TECHNICAL C()f,ITR().. CO
CR~~~E;/)E~ S. VAN ECK DA~ JANUARY 1180 o
~V:;;E""RW~YS:c:-IP«i:-:=5-------------=-='--------------t NR.
~F"F'f~f111r.r,; 1>Jn
Dnl1ing S.1nd ~and
Mrtre, Mrthod Mean Sin Mud Sorting !fraction CaC03
(phi) ( o/o) < phi 1 Components lo/o)
0 2 3 4 0 100 0 o.JS G,5 0.71 1 Q Sh ,. _!f_j5
_BJ~•}_1~ _
162,1 D
I .
-- - - - - -. •-. - --
BIM] 5
10 l:'IM
150 Org
16
20
'
140
2S
30
130
35
100 0
Gr.ave! Bedrock, M.almesbury
¾
{W}; Witzand Member
( M ); Mamre Member
For legend see T.able 3.1
0
G 30941
0 10
t km t

DEPARTMENT OF MINES
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY REGIONAL GEOLOGY
Cl FIC 3.15 SEDIMENTOLOGV OF BOREHOLE C 30941, 1-

~ J::
C)
w HARTEBEEST KRAAL 5
~f----------------~--------------------------~ ► °"
e l5
~~.~rnT~~ DEUR J. ROGER 5 n~~;;,gil l(LA$SIFIKASIE/Q.ASSIF,CATICN ~ I(~:~
~:~~f;/lEUR S. YAN ECK DA~ JANUARY 1910 U
V[~WVSINGS NR
or oc~orNr~ <; NO
25.
of feirJy uniform character. Verying amounts of organic fines

characterise the sands, which are named the Mamre Member of the
Bredasdorp Formation, the lateral, inland equivalent of the Spring =
fontyn Member. The remarkable uniformit_y of the Mamre .MEmber
5 s further demonstrated in borehole G3O915 (Figure 3.16), which
is situated in the fast-growing new town of Atlantis .
The correlation of the Philippi, Epping, Springfontyn and Mamre

Members with the Bredasdorp Formation remains to be explained. In
borehole G30936 (Figure 3.17) the only difference between the · •
Witzand and Springfontyn Members is the presence of shell fragments
in the Witzand. In contrast, there is both a sharp textural and
compositional change from the moderately well sorted, quertzose
fine to medium sands of the Springfontyn Member to the very well
sorted, quertzose, slightly phosphatic finesands of- the Duynefontyn
Member. Again, the Silwerstroom Member, here in its type area be=
side Silwerstroomstrand, bears all its characteristics of a poorly
sorted, quartz □ se, shelly, phosphatic, muddy, gravelly medium sand.
The Varswater Formation st ~arare is characterized by a key component,

namely ph □ sphatized shell fragments , whereas the Bredasdorp Formation
is characterized by similar granulometry. Families of cumulative
curves for the Silwerstroom, Duynefontyn,and Springfontyn Members
illustrate this (Figure 3.18). The similarity between the families
of the Witzand and Springfontyn Members is striking. The conclusion
is drawn that the Springfontyn Member along 'With its inland equiva=
lent, the Mamre Member, has the same origin as the Witzand Member,
which occurs only in an area of dune topography (Figure 3.19).
In places towards the coast, weakly cemented calcareous sandstones
exhibiting steep, north~dipping, aeolian cross-bedding have been
mapped within the Witzand Member by Visser (197 □). An aeolian
origin is thus ass.igned to both the Springfontyn and the Mamre
Members. The peaty nature of the Mamre Member is ascribed to the
development of interdunal vleis trapping water draining the surroun=
ding hills. Development of humic acid in the vleis wouldlead to
acidic ground water, which would be able to leach shell fragments
from the dunes. Such a shell-free sand would not be cemented as
readily -as sand of the Witzand Member. This may explain the lack
'LI
.:: . /
Orilli~g Sand CoarH
Metre~ Mud Sortino Fraction 1
Mrlhod Mean Siz•
Components
(phiJ ( o/o) l phi J
8~ -168.6 o--- 0 :i 3
-------
4 . D 100 0
c;IS ''"~ ., - - - - Q- - r•· HM - -
160
10
15
►
"·
.
•. I
150
20
I
'
►
25
140
30
35
40
45
►
50
55
100 0
110 Gravel
60 (%)
65
_B.M_ _ !._01,2
B, Bredasoo°rp
li7,4 _ _
Formation
----------------------------- Bedrock: Malmesbury.
--- ----
{M't Mamre Member
18 Et)
Mamre
•a
G309f5
I 10
L..-___J
km
AFDELtNG / 0IVI S ION

DEPARTEMENT VAN MYNWESE GE0LOGIESE 0PNAME
FIG. 3.16 SEDIMENTOLOGY OF BOREHOLE G 30915,

~
~
f-lARTEB£EST t<RAAL 5
~
~
~
~~-~--~----------.----=-~~~--------=-,~~~~~-=-~~"!"c'--'l
O SIUIMGESTEL DEi.iii J ROGERS Tl:GNIESE fCONTROLE IQ.ASSIFIKASIEIQ..ASS,FICATION ►
Cl.
~ COMPILED BY • TECHNICAL CONTROL 0
~l~~E:Y~UR s. VAN ECK ~ JANUARY ,no u
~v°=E'='Rw.:.:Y::,.,s""•NG~S-----------...&=:;:c:..:.:._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-1 NR.
·• --~ - - - - - - · · - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - ~ - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · - - - - - - - - - - -- -- ·-7
"l ';,- i..
Dr1111ng S.and • Sand Coarn
I
M .. thod Me;1n Siu Mud Sort i:ng Fradion
{ phi) ( o/o ) ( phi ) Components
?
0 • 3 4
-----
O 100 0 0.35 o.5 D.71 Q Sh Org
..
.... .... lI .
27,2
·•
·.·.·.·.·•
.' .... ..... --
..... ----- -- - -
....
5 ..,
...... ...
20
...............
10
......
.. . .
,.
...............
-
........
•·
,
15
10
20
Ph _ _ _ _
25 - -
Sea 0
• Level
30
V (D}
- - - ~,o
V_
_ {S)_ _13,2
35
40
-- -1·--
1--=-----.;;;;;;i - - - -
Rf - -
J __ _
Gravel
<%> Bedrock: Malmesbury ~
8, Bredasdorp Formation
(W): Witzand Member
( 5): Springfontyn Member
(DJ: Duynefontyn Member
r5), Silwerstroom Member
for legend see Table 3.1
Mamre
•
Robben 1:
o·
0 10
I I
km

DEPARTMENT OF Ml~E S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY REGIONAL GEOLOGY
FIG 3.17 SEDIMENTOLOGY OF BOREHOLE G 30936 1

BUFFELS RIVIER 980
t"
CJ
G 30936 S1
♦71,S ID 25,0 rn ..u,1 Lo O,Sm
10
xE
J
.. i
10
.,, •
C
E
SI H.l•na &ly ;_ ~
G30936 •o .., ;.
e
C
1
➔-20 1 to 20,im : ..
C S1
20
~ 20 ,.U,D~ to .cs.,m
f:LP~ Gwc;:cmf.-fM
0
vc C rn I vi
0
VC C rn
~
~
""
':1 G vc
~
C m vf M
S18
,.n,o to 3,2 m ~17.1 le ~.Im
,oo
•s1
10 10
.,,t
.. ~
• ' :la
61! zE
..
'";l C :I:
~
4j) t 40
>. + 20 8 to 2ll,5m
·:ii 0
go
~ ~
.!/
:i
.:c
~ :1
..
1 C.
JO 2C
'I .,,
"- l.
-
:,
t :1 . .A
G vc
~;.
C m f vf M
0
VC C m f vf vc C m I vf
·>2,7 lo t,lm +~.1 lo -8,4 +Z!,7 lo 25,3m

100 10
.., .,,..
_:.g
01--...J '° ,o ID
.
lvn
.,
~
i
.,,i
ID
~
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Br1dasdorp
Formation
10• ➔ § Mam,t M1mb1r Q Urw•gthled buch&noid dwn•t

+
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t
J
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---·...,.._,___
.....
. -_-)-I,''
+ +
+ + ++
1::11- + + + +
DEPIIRTEMENT VAN MYNWESE
DEPARTMENT OF MINES
I GEOLOGIESE OPNAME
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY I
U:>£Lt11rtO:/ o~v• s ,o,
..•.
REGIONAL GEOLOGY
I
l
-10
·~----
·-- --· ··---··· ...
-~ + +
+ + +
+ + FIG 3.19 SECTION FROM ROBBESTEEN TO KANONKOP
-20· 1-==..-.::::.: +++" -
+ + I!! • §
+ + ~ ~
,__ - -- -_ -- 3-"':
-30
+
+ + ++ + ~
""'",-,=,,....=,,....-----------,,,,...=~==,----------,.-=,,.-=-=-===-!
~~~~.~~~,~~ J. 0[tJFt 1n~=;:.l~~"i~:5i.[
ROGERS t ~ •LM.S1,111CA:i•t~$,.t;At.:.,.
+ ++ + ~<N '"'"'
·::~•~~ t-fr!cs . E. R. HAY 1f·'~'"' MARCH I mo "'
....,,, ...,., , , ' ' '°Cl~ V1u•r (1970)
0
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~0.
.[
26 ..
of dunal topography in a unit of aeolian origin , mapped merely as

"Older Sands" by Haughton (1933) and as Qt by Visser (197 □) .
By analogy, the same reasoning appli~s to the origin of the Philippi

and Epping Members on the Cape Flats, but , at present, less sedi=
mentological data are available to test the approach .
The points made in the above discussion are brought together in

the section drawn from the rocky shoal, Robbesteen, at the foot of
the Springfontyn cliffs~ across the dune-covered coastal plain,
up the slope to the +175 m terrace and on to the granite hill of
Kanonkop (Figure 3.19) .
3. 7 SALDANHA
The region around Saldanha Bay from Yzerfontein to the Berg River
(Figures 3.20 and 3.21) is geologically the most interesting of
the areas under discussion . Economically, the area contains rich
deposits of both carbonate and aluminium phosphate. Palaeontologi=
cally, the Pliocene fossil assemblage at Langebaanweg is the most
extensive in Africa. Igneous petrologists have studied the various
phases of the Cape Granite Suite. Sedimentologists have studied
the lithostratigraphy of a complex suite of Cenozoic sediments.
3. 7 .2 Previous investigations
The Saldanha area has given rise to an abundance of p~blished work

on the Cenozoic sediments~ Much of it was produced either at the
turn of the century by the pioneers of South African geology or withir
the past decade (Table 3. 5) .
3.7.3 Lithostratigraphy
To show where the West Coast Project's co n tribution fits in , it is

necessary to discuss the existing lithostratigraphy as published in
the literature. (See Tables 3.5 and 3.8) .
r St Helena Bay
,I
\
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r I. I I
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□ Cenozoic forma~ions -.... •,...._ ' , _ I
'- .._ ____ ✓ I
f: •J Cape Granite
u~:~fi Malmesbury
Suite
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I
' ...........
--- /
I
·-
"630870
'- -10 - - Cenozoic sediment tnickness (m)
Borehole
Section lines
.. .. . ..
AFDELING /DIVIS ION
·DEPARTEMENT VAN MYNWESE GEOLOGIESE OPNAME REGIONAL GEOLOGY
DEPARTMENT Of; MINES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
I· FIG 3.20 EXPOSED. PRE-MESOZOIC GEOLOGY AND THICKNESS OF CENOZOIC

SEOlMENT BETWEEN LAAIPLEK AND LANGEBAAN LAGOON. ~
~ C>
&..I a:
i ~
., t=------..---------------.-----------------..--------------<l
SAAMGESTEL OEU
_ COMPll.£0 SY J. ROGERS
lltl.ASSIFll<ASIE/tUI.SS!FlCA~ >-
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~ 20-200m
Ed ~-mm
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~ <-28m ·. .
- ··- ·
OEPARTEMEWT VAN MYNWESE GEOLOGIESE OPNAME
l>EPARTMENT OF MINES
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Regional Geology PhD!l.,E.het_e_ Vertebreteo Caest~l Qu~ternery
Corotorphine (169S) Du Tait (1917) Singer end Hooijer (1958) Wybergh (1919)
Rogers (1905) Heughton (1932) Singer end Bon~ (196□) 51e!lser (1971a)
RcgerN et ~l (19□ 6) Truter ( 1941e) Singer (1'361) Siesser (1971h)
V1saer ~nd Schoch (1973) Truter (1941b) Bane end Slnoer (1965) Sie!lser C1972a)
Truter (191'2e) Hrmdey ( 1969) S1eeser (1972b)
C_l'l_nttnel'l_tnl Mernin Truter (194?b) Hendey (1970s) Sieuer (1973)
Frankel (1%::l) Hendey (1970b) Viseer end Schoch (1973)
Du Pl~SAlB et cl. (1972)
Smith ( 1971) Maglio and H~nde~ (1970) Tankard ( 1975b)
DlnolP. (1973) l
Visser end Schoch (1973) Sirnpsori (197i) Tankard (1975c)
Dtnale end Scruttan (1974)
Tankard (1974e) Hendriy (1n2e) Birch (1975)
fm~ry ut ~l. (1975)
Tenkard (1974b) H!!ri··ey ( 197?.b) Tenkard ( 1976a)
l:llrr.h (11J7~) Tenkerd (1976b)
Tankard (1974c) Hendey end Repenning (1972)
f.Hrch et Al. (1976)
TDnkerd (1975a) Hoo1jP-r (1972) Birch (197E)
Blrr:h (1977b) KMx (1977)
Tankard (197Sb) Kr.Mley (1972)
Rlrch (197ll) Flemming ( 197711)
51111th (1975) HP.ndey (1973)
Sil?BSIH' (1"178e)
Birch (1975) Wolff et al. (1973). F"lem111ing (1977h)
!l1.P.a11P.r (137Ab) Fler,iming C1977c)
HC?ndey (197F.ia) Geritry (1974)
St1HHrnr (1979)
Oirch (1977a) H1:rndey ( 1974e) Willie et el. (1977)
01 rch ( 1~'19o) Ou Pleesis end De la Cruz (1977)
. Tankard end Rogers (1978) H2nd!!y (1974b)
Dingle, Lord end Hendey (1979) Hendey ( 1976h) De le Cruz (197B)
□ lrch (ln press, b) Hendey (1976c) Tankard and Rogers (1978)
Simpson (1976) F"lem.,,ing ( 1980)
Harrie (1976)
Hendey end Deocan (1977)
Henc!ey (1978)
Simpson (197"b)
TABLE 3.5 PUBLICATIO~S CONCERNING CENOZOIC SEDIMENTS OF' THE SALDANHA REGION
l\l
-.J
•
26.
3.7 . 3.1 Bredasdorp FormBlion
There is least con~usion in the younger sediments . Wybergh (1919)

coined the term "Coastal limestones" for the mantle or· calcareous
sands, sandstones, calcretes end limestones. in the area. Du Tait
(1917) end others referred to the "Dorcasia Limestorie" after ·the
ubiquitous shells of th~ dune snail Trigonephrus globulus which
was incorrettly termed Dorcasia (Visser and Schoch, 1973, p. 49) .
Du Tait (1926 p. 353) later correlated the "Dorcasia Limestone" with
.
the Bredasdorp formation. Siesser (1971 b), preferred Wybergh's
(1919) original term "Coastal limestones" and recognised their
drowned equivalents on the inner continental shelf. He demonstrated
that the coastal limestones differ petr□ graphically from more
seaward fecies an the middle and outer shelves .
Vis~er and Schoch (1~73 1 p. 49) proposed the term "Langebean Lime~
stone" , which "can be tentatively correlated with the Bredasdorp
Formation on its lithological similarity, its mode of occurrence
in the coastal plains, its continuation below sea level to unknown
depths, and the fact that Krige's (1927) Major Emergence has been
cut into both. Fossil evidence has been inconclusive so farn .
Tan kard (1976a p . 114) fo;rmally proposed a Langebaan Limestone Member

of the Bredasdorp Formation with a type-section on H□ edjiespunt,
behind the Sea Harvest fishing factory at Saldanha Bay. He al s o
proposed a -Velddrif Member of the Bredasdorp Formation with a type-
.section near the right bank of the Berg River, an the northwestern
edge of VelddTif (Figure 3.~□) .
The Velddrif Member is associated with the Lest Interglacial

( Eemian) 120 ODO years BeforePrese~t (B.P.) in the Upper Pleist□ =
cene when sea level rose 6-7 m above its present level (Tankard,
'1976b, p~ 110) .
Most of the langebaan Lime s tone Member "probably accumulated du r i n g

the lest glacial lowering of sea level when vast tracts of unvege=
' '
tated send lay exposed on the emerging sea floor" (Tankard, 1976a,
p. 113). In discussing the Middle to Upper Pleistocene vertebrate
sssernblage □n ElBndsfontyn 3~9 (Singer and Wymer, 1968) concurred
with Mahbutt (1956) in assigning a Middle to Upper Plcistoc~ne
age to the calcareous dunes'of the Langebaan Limestone Member .
A summary of the lithostratigraphy of the Bredesdorp Formation is

set out in Table 3.6:
3.7.3.2 Varswater and Saldanha Formations
The phosphate deposits were first named the Varswater Formation

(after the VarswatEr Quarry at Langebaanweg) by Hendey (1970a) ·•
who divided the formation into a basal Bed 1 ridh in rolled,
marine and terrestrial fossils . Bed 2 was characterized by large
vertebrate fossils in c0ntraEt to Bed 3, which was rich in pelletal
phosphorite but which had relatively few fossils .
Bed 1 was subsequently named the Beach Gravel Member (Tankard,

197t.a) but the name wes soon simplified to, the Gravel Member
(Tankard, 1975 b; Hendey, 1976b, 1978). Dingle, Lord and Hendey
(1979) have termed it Leyer F of a Lower V~rswater Formation .
Bed 2 was named the Fluvial Sand Member by Tankard (1974e), but
this was changed to the Quartzose Sand Member (Tankard, 1975 b;
Hendey,1976~). Dingle, Lrird end Hendey (1979) merely refer to
Layer E, but specify E1,(quartzose sands), E2 (pe·a ts and clays),
E:, (intertidal clays) and E (inferred earliest positio.n of river
4
channel). For clarity it is proposed that. the name Quartzose
Sand Member be retained and that the rapid facies changes observed
within this Member be called the Peat Bed, Intertidal Clay Bed,
and Fluvial Channel Bed.
.,
Bed .3 was named the Pelletal Phosphorite M~mber after its most
characteristic component (Tankard, 1974a; Hendey, 1976b) (Figure
3.22). This was modified by Hendey (1978) to Pelletal Phosphorite
Member with an older Bed 3a Sand a younger Bed 3a N, having found
more evolved fossils in Bed 3a N. Dingle, Lord and Hendey (1979)
have renamed the Me□ b~r ns the Upper Varswater Formation and have
recognised Layers D up to Layer A. Their subdivision is strongly
influenced by the presence along the north face mf the New Varswater
2
1
I
[fa}) 10 - 20 % P205 -{:::~ 2 -10 % ·P2o5 □ 1-2-% P2 05 Borehole 51

V(pl • V(p) B(LU
8: Bredasdorp Fonnation
(LU: Langebaan Limestone Member
V, Varswater · Formation
(P) phosphorite member
L.angeberg
Seet9J ,
nt' w Iv u rr ~
·-
D
_,_
lo IP ~ ..a Lt
~
• ...>"
V
11
\.
-, ...
. )<,
'
If; ~
~
1. V /
I/ ---
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,,
, :1,1 ~
i.n
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:...-
. /
~
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~ /
~ /
K
11 ./ -. .
\ 1{11'1:
• -1
.
10
kn1 km
AFOELJNG /DIVISION
~GK>NAL GEOLOGY
DEPARTMENT Of MINES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
C, FIG 3.22 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PHOSPHATE (Pz0.5)

~ ON LANGEBERG 111, AFTER TANKARD (1t7C.a) ....-
• ILi
g, t-SA-AM_G_E_SIT_L_O_E_uf<~-.,-.-R-OG--E-RS----=~=~~=~----------.-tU.-ASSI--FIC_ASIE_;__...,,'Q__A;_s:,_FIC.t:
__ JION_
:it: COMPlu:Ot!Y
ORAw'!.E:YOE.~ E. R. HAY APRIL. 19IO
NR.
., •.
Noordhciel< Cape Flats Rietvlei Mamre Saldanha

--·-· ... ---·· -··· -
Vzerfontein Wal1'gst Vzerfantein Witzend Vz!!rfantein and

Member Ml!mber Member Member Lang ■ blen
Limestone Member
..
Milnerton Milnerton Velddrif
Member Member Member
Noordhoek Philippi and Epping Springfontyn end

Member Members Mamre Members
TABLE 3.6. LITHOSTRATIGRAPHV OF THE BREDASDORP FORMATION FROM NODRDH □ EK TO

SALDANHA
vi
0
•
31.
Qus~ry of horizons of phoscrete. Borehole S1, drilled on the

southern edge of the quarry did not intersect these horizons.
Therefore the term "phosphorite member" is preferred ta "Upper
Varswater Formation" end any local facies ere described as "beds "
rathere then es "Layers" in accordance with stratigraphic proce=
dure (Hedberg, 1976) (S.A.c.s., 1977).
The Saldanhs Formation was first proposed by Tankard (1975a).

The Bomgat exposure on the southern side of the Hoedjiespunt penin=
sule in Saldanha Bay was selected as the stratotype although Tan~
kard (1975a, p. 157) considered that the "phosphBtic sandstone ex=
posed on the floor of the New Varswater Quarry at Langebaanweg ••••
would perhaps have been preferable, but being a mine it is unlike=
ly to remain exposed indefinitely. However, it will be used as a
reference stratotype so as to describe the formation mare complete=
ly" .
Dingle, Lard and Hendey ( 1979 , p. 89 ) take issue with Tankard on his
choice of the Hoedjiespunt exposure as the formation's stratotype.
"In t~e first place, i t is not possible to correlate the stratatype
of the Saldanha Formation with any horizon in the sequence in the
New Varsweter Quarry, and a Miocene age for the phosphatic rocks in
.the Hoedjiespunt and 'Sea Harvest' factory exposures has not been
demonstrated ••• Secondly ••• the Ssldanha Formation has been erected
as e convenience ta accommodate all phosphate rock-bearing horizons
in the western Cape (far instance, all the ~ffsh □ re racks are placed
in the Saldanha Formation because they are phasphatic rocks ••• "
The writer agrees with Birch's (1977) and Dingle et al's ( 1979 )
criticism of the H □ ejiespunt exposure as a stratotype. The basal
phosphorite layer is a carbonate-apatite containing negligible
~mounts ~f quartz. Tankard (1974c) postulates that " ••• the phos=
phorite has resulted from collophene replacement of a micrite
containing shell debris and foraminiferal tests" (Tankard, 1974c,
p. 239). A gradational contact between the phosph □ rite and over=
lying unph □ sphati2ed raicrocoquina was observed at the Bomgat.
A guano-related origin is favoured. Phosphatic solutions
from carmoran~ guano an nearby granite bciulders probably
32.
accumulated end flowed through the ehell bed. Such eolutione would
naturally concentrate in the basal layere which would be more effecc
tively phosphetized then the upper layers. Both Tankard (1,?4 c)
and Birch (197?) have etreeeed the enomaloue nature of the Hoedjles=
punt phosphorite ea ah onlend phosphorite. Interpreted ae ere=
placed limestone it is grouped ~1th phoephorites on t~e continenc
tel shelf end distinguished from the quartzcse phospho~ltes found
both at Lengebaanweg end on the inner shelf. Petrogrephicslly,
therefore, the Hoedjieepunt mlcrosphorite ie unsuitable ee e
etratotype for the Saldsnh~ formation.
Dingle et al ( 197, p. 91) ere unjustified however in claiming that

Tankard (1974 c) grouped •ell phosphate rock-bearing horizons in
the western Cape• in the Seldenha Formation and in implying that
Tankard (1974 c) ignored the presence of phosphate rock in the
Varswster Formation. In fact Tankard c1,1s a, p. 262) only included
Miocene phoephoritee in hie Saldanhe Formation end reported thet
Rlenees end concretions cf phosphatic sandstone (are) common
throughout (the Varswater Formation) demonstrating poet-depositional
phosphate mineralization• (Tankard, 1974a p. 268).
The reference stretotype on the floor of the New Vere~ater Querry

did ncit remain indefinitely exposed. The exposure ~es flooded
by the time fieldwork ~as carried out by Dingle et al ~1,79,
Figure 2). Thia is unfortunate as the evidence for the angular
unconformity between the Saldanha Formation end the Varewater
Formation (Tankard, 1974 e, p. 267; 1975 b, Figure 5.5) ia now
obscured .
Tankard c 1,14 a, p. 274} attributes the gravel member to •re~orking

of the phosphetic sandstone (the Saldanha Formation)•. Hendey
(1,7Gb, p. 243) wee more specific: •The Gravel Member is composed
largely ~fen abraded and fragmented phosphatic rock which is
known to contain bone fragments end which is undoubtedly ~re-
Pliccene in eg~•. Hendey (1,7Gb, p. 240) also reports: •••• en
incomplete equ!d tooth, which, together with t~o teeth from the
same horizon in 'C' Querr¼ is tentatively identified ~ith the
Miocene species, Hipparion primigenium•.
33.
The evidence , though tenuous palaeontologicelly, points to the
existence of e Miocene quertzoee phosphorlte, not only to supply
the reworked pebbles of the gravel member but elea the phoephorlte
member higher in the sequence. Tenkerd (1,74c p. 247) concluded:
"Erosion of the basal bed (Seldenhe Formation) liberated the
matrix materiel, which then became associated ~1th the detritel
component of the Verewater Formation ea pellets] phaspharite•.
After a rigorous minerelogicel end geochemical study of the various

forms af phosphate at Lengebeanweg, Tankard (1,14 b, p. 1a,) steterl:
"The pelletal phosphorite is identical ta the Basal Bed (Saldenhe
Formation) phaspharite chemically end structurally". Dingle et
al c1,1,, p. a,) ere thus misled in maintaining that •It ie obvious .
that the only proven ellochthonous phosphate sediment in this ee=
quence 1s the Gravel Member. We see no evidence ta support the
claim that the pelletal phosphate is ellachthonous ••• n It is
aleonot justified to do~ngrede the Saldanha Formation to a Layer F
of "phosphate rock, locally brecciated and re~orked• (Dingle et el,
1~79, Figure 5, p. 8B). The phosphate rock was eroded by.a trene=
gressive, high-energy surf-zone after earlier lithificetion.
Hendey (1,76b, p. 222) described the results cf the separate event
of the transgression: ~The fauna of the Gravel Member is compri~ed
over~helmlngly of merinE species both inverte~ratee and vertebrates,
and the fossils of this member ~ere undoubtedly accumulated along
~ marine shoreline•.
Tankard also presents a figure ta demonstrate the angular unconfor=

mity between the Saldanhe Formation end the overlying Varswater
Formation (Tankard (1,75b)) (Figur~ 3.23). In this way the actual
destruction, locally, of the Saldenha Formation is proven. In
the boreholes of this study, including S1 et the New Varswater
Querr~ itself, _no evidence of the Saldanha Formation was encountered
(Figures 3.24 to 3.26). Ho~ever phoephorite send~ presumably
derived from destruction of the formation, wee encountered over
a wide area.
It is proposed that Tankard's (19?5e) haloatratotype for the Sal=

danha Formation be replaced by the Vers~ater Quarry basal phoepha~
rite ae a neostretotype •to replace an older (stretotype) which
hes been destroyed or nullified• (Hedberg,1976, p. 26). In other
words, Tankard's c1,1sa) parastratotype should become a neostretotype
3.1 I
NE
LEGEND
Br';('asdorp Form.ation Langeberg

(langeba.an Limestone Member)
V.arswater FormatiOf'I
Qi
• Section
(pm, phosphodte member
qsm, quarhose sand member
fc:b, fluvial channel bed
cb: clay bed
.,ti: peat bed
11m, Gravel member)
Saldanha Form,ation
...... • 10
......
.. ..
......
tl.m
.. ... Elandsfontyn Formation
Af"DEUNG /DIVIS ION

OEPARTDIENT VAN MYNWESE GEOLOGIESE OPNAME
REGIONAL GEOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ~INES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
FIG 3.23 IDEALISED CROSS-SECTION THROUGH THE CENOZOIC
SEQUENCE ON LANGEBERG 1U, RE-INTERPRETED
..
:i
t
AFTER TANKARD - (1975 b) ii
)
APRIL.1110
__
,,_ _____
.._ _____
_;_ ....,
C
(
,.;
\..I',
0,1111"0 Sand Sand C1C03 Pz O, r.n u5 a 110( ;-,I I

F,acllon
Molrn Mel hod M1an Sill
(phi)
Mud
(o/o)
(phi)
1,75F-=
0
S••• ,no
, - <%> 100 O Co/al Comp-onenla
100 Q
Roundf'lltH
lanc,t'~aanwea
!I
.
O 1 2 I I
•• u•s~'
10 ~ ~ C ~
ni:-•' 1··. "' "'~"' ' -- -~- -- '~ Sh

I
I ••
Ph
••
,J . •·,
(Shi 0
_B.!_L!:_? __
V (p)
10•-•: - - - - - -
iC_;_;_;_: ;
- ---- _L .._ (P) _ _
----- ---••• G30171
~
15
g C,
••
0
(:,, .,
C, .____.ID
0
km
:•• 0 ....... I, D
0•
•lO •• ,,. t • [
••
l/~.,,
35 •"
11
•• - I
•••
40
Ph I
(RF)
•
1-?'L- -
H
l
--.- Org _ _:_ _ _ 0
•
- - -I>
...,
33°og's~
!
&
I>
[llnd1fDr,ttift
Pl D'-~t
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UJI HM
!S I
j Muc, ""'
.i.
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·10
JI
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./I
·" r! t!~
; \ "
.i.
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! ;~1.,,dtfanloiA
!';oa
Love,
0~
~ 75
l
t,
.. j
__' ,....
Pl
""
""
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"
\,,,
·N
I
6
[, I> ', HANDSFONTYN 34'
I>
,.
I> ',~
.i. '~
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't
I I> i~
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====m~ RF VQ .i.
'~ I
,IO
Il
I>
I>
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I>
I>
.i.
', I
-:::,:,:::•
...... .i. ',\
·::::: "&
100
102
.......
·, · 6
\
100-~ 6 km
~
Gt&YII Bodrock, Nol roached
~
<%> OEPARTEMENT VAN MYNWESE GEO L0GlESE 0PNAME I.F'C![\.l"tG/i;>l'IIS•)'ril
REGIONAL GEOlOCY
DEPARTMENT OF MINES gQLQ_G_ICAL_SUBYE't'_
8, Brodudarp Form ■ llan
(LL), l1nvob1an Limulono Momber
VI v..,....1., Form1llon
...
Ip), pho1phori11 mon1bor C> FIG 3.24 SEDIMENTOLOGY OF BOREHOLE G 30878 :c
::ul
E, Eland1lonl~ formatltn ~
w EL~DSFONTYN 349 ::: I,
ii: \..}
For looon4 - T~blo J.1 0 5t.f.lUG(5fEL DEU
C.0..,Pll(O ftT J . ROGERS
ft GN f St KQ~fDO(.l
ru,f'.l_~.;C,_,t.L_.tON T'! ·
a.~ASS,&'••s.c..r~a-1c:,.~:...
"' £rt lfEN DEIJII
(:AAw~ !IIV
v[liA,_•t:_.:-;.
E.R.HAV a.rt
J
JUNE, 1980
NR.
""
el ~
&.n,,,lng ..and !..... Co•r•• 11· I.
~t,n Mel hod Mun SIH Mud Sorllng P2O5 fraction
(phi) (o/o) l phll ( • ., ) ornponen\1 Aoundn•N
t 1 2 3 100 0,.150,S0,71 1,71 0 ,a 10Q Q Ph L•nv•b,•n..-o
IT-r~---_.; (Sh)
(PJ
•• it's
/
••
•
••• 0
SU
•
•••
•• 0
'----'
10
.:!~>__
Vlci•l ---------·• km
o..... •. 0
..
I
Org
;; ; ; iii II I
•
HM
•••
.
I
) . ••·
• '
••
V (q1)
"i----
,I
- -
I !
_ I_ --- -•
~
"'lo
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."
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"
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Marc. RF ""
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"'
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OEPARTEMENT VAN MYNWESE GEOLOGIESE OPNAME
DEPARTMENT OF MINES REGIONAL GEOLOGY
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
-30,
100
V, V1r,w•t1r FormaUon Gr1v11 B•drock Not ••ached ~ FIG 3.25 SEDIMENTOLOGY OF BOREHOLE S22, 1-
E A QCFO
{p), phosphorltl m•mbor
10>, q...,,.... uno1 m,mi..t ,
(~)
,
a:
~ L N -i NTYN 349 i::r
I, E1&11,hfonlrn F;irmaU..., ~ su..o,srtc o•u• J ROGERS ITEGN,csc •OOTROLl I ..__,,.111,-,nc,,ro, ►
. . X~~;;,;~HD:.... . nc::ICAL CONT RO.. ~ \...i
f« leg.nd - Tabt. U DllA.,N BY E.R. HAY lo.ire JUNE 1910 u
MDl1381 .. ~~~~.!.5~~ . I~~: i....;
• !
l,111 $~11•1 na,1. 11 ~ ;03 r l 05
,..-- . .:i:u.t,41
Mtl,01 Mt I hod
-
Mun Siu
(phll
!. ·-1 f ~ ~ 0
Mud
('Yo)
Sorlina
(phi)
100 ~ 0~(!,5 01n ! 9
(c.p.1,)
~o ,qo Y
( %) 0
( 1/o)
Fr1tti0n
Cor,,ponont
Roundnus II
H,1-• -- 5,0 1~0 0. 50
•• 190 Q Sh C
I i:
•••
I , ' '
: •.'~~:.
\
,.
w:
')'
f·;-,::3
I
0
•
•"•
•
n°s ~.·
unoobo•-oo
,1 •
D
"0
iii
1} ••
B(LL)
viii>- - - -~----1 ----- _,_1
Ph e
(ShJ_ - - - - - - 9
•
(Pl •
0 D 10
•
0
Q
7in' n°E
0
••
0
llbl'l
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n·-
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'·-'\t···T-- - _JiiL _- - ,,_ - - -- ------o
VO
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•
1:" 0 '.•t,,. I
f(t. ~ ,.. '.... , . , , !I
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,as 6
6
6
6
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ts 6
6
6
6
100 6
'!, _ --ll,4t IOZ _ -
IOQ ~--·----- ------------ _, -- -- - - -- - '
ll
0
0 Gravel
(o/o'
B1drock• Granlt1
0EPARTEM£NT VAN M'l'NWESE G EOLOGI ESE OP NAME ,U C( ... ,"IG/011fl)-.)fr4
B, Brodudorp Formation DEPARTMENT OF MINES R(CIOIU,L G(OLOCY

ILU, Lano•baan llmnlono Mombor GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
V1 . V11r~w,t ■r formallen
( p), phosphorilo m1mbu
(g ), gravo I mombor FIG 3.26 SEDIMENTOLOGV OF BOREHOLE S1, LANGEBERG, 183 ...r
E, llandlfonl~" Formallon ~ ..,. I'
"' "
For '-o•nd - T1bl1 J,1' .;:~===-:.-:~---------===~==-=----------,-~=======~
~ ~;~~~-fft1i: Pt.tJ
,.;·,;-;y,. 0£UA
ag~~.iiL"i~;~
J. ROG~Rs
E R" y
•LUSJl'll(A~,.c.A~Q\
u v JUNE 19u
ii
>-
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0
1.J
t" . ·,,. r•t . • ,nA OAT( , _. NR. ~ -y;:
MOl13B
.J: N_Q,
34.
3 . 7 . 3.3 The Elandsfontyn formation
The chief contribution of the present study is the for~al proposal

of the Elendafontyn formation for unconsolidated sediments under=
lying either the Saldenha Formation or, in its absence, the Vars=
water Formation. The borehole 630~7B situated 50 km north cf Cape
Town on th~ farm Elendsfantyn 349 has been chosen as a subsurface
holostratotype or type section. Ta date no exposure, natural or
artificial, has been recognised. Detailed sedimentolagy of bore=
hale 630878 is presented in figure 3.24. Samples have been deposited
in the Regional Office of the Geological S:urvey at Bellville. With=
in certain limits the formation is characterised by its lithological
variability. Therefore borehole 522 (Figure 3.25), also on Elands=
fontyn, and borehole 51 (Figure 3.26) on the farm Langeberg 188
near Langebaanweg have been chosen es parastratotypea, The for=
mation is often over 50 m thick.
Ta extend the geographical range of the formation, borehole S20,

on the farm, De Goede Hoop , at Noordhoek in the Cape Peninsula
is proposed as a hypostratotype or reference section. Date'for
the four boreholes ere presented in Table 3.7.
The Elandsfantyn Formation was first depicted by Visser and Schoch

(1973, Figure 6) in a section based on boreholes drilled by African
Metals Corporation (AMCOR) west of the New1 Varswater Quarry near
Lang~baanweg. A persistent clay layer overlying quartzose sand
and lenses of gravel was portrayed. No name was assigned to the
sediments, however.
The lower boundary of the Elandsfontyn Fo~mation is the contact

'
with the underlying bedrock. Only in S1 was bedrock reached in
the form of Cape Granite. In fact only 9 of 13 boreholes_dri11ed
along a line east of Langebaenweg an the farm Klipfontyn 139 reached
bedrock. Deeply weathered Malmesbury metasediments were struck
in G30871, G3DBBO and G30925 beneath the Elandefontyn Formation
(Figure 3.27) .
The upper boundary of the Elandsfontyn Formation varies. If the

boundary is within unconsolidated sand, then rounded, fine to
medium quartz sand of the Varswater Formation gives way to very
LEGnw
CaC03
~
e,.d&,d,o,,p ,-o,m..-1,on
o o/o_Joo ( l•nrba ,,, li""'"tone
...,...-1
Sholl f.,.omonlo In unc..,1olldat1cl und1

[£J .
Vuswat .,., Fo,maHo-,
llm11ton•
□ . (l&nd1f..,.,,,, Form■tio-,
'
Ph
Pho1phali1td shell fr&gm•nh and
p1ll1lal. pho1pho,111 I+: -1-I Capo Granllo S•lt,
Van Nieketks' Hoop 300
□ M1lme1bury GrDup
100
i6
Gulb1k360
Groen Houvol 302

~-
G, 13')
0 G JOlll
10 " G,.,..,H.uvol
10
M1ttenb1ra
e to-
,g ~ :ff'
1; E 1 1
1.21 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 ; 1 : i I e,
t-- ,, , , ' ,
tu ,0
40 J3~10°S iG 30tU
Abraham1 Kraal UI
30 Goolbek
• e Bel jiHkop
20·
~
Swulbtr;
-
ID
~::
Saa
LIVI) 0
r-::=, i
~- ~
':\: : : : ~~~:
.
j ; ; : ; : ; ; ;./;:;:::::;::·:•:_:~:-::!::; . . .:_:.-.-..:::;::::-.•...- . ::•};:•:• .·:•:•:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:· ~
.
fl 'I
I I
. , , ...,..,...i....,,_1.....,....1.....-.J~·.F&llff
[ I• !: : : !
l ; ; ; ;
► • :•:•••;,.',
(",',,,,•
l~ili l t1} : .:J!f(:!f:i:%1\::::::;:;\;:::::::::::.
.........,.,, •• ,,.,..... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
•:•:•••• ~. .I P • ,t, a •
..••••••'t:••r;;,► 6 • a ,1 • I P • • t P • • p P 1 P ' I a• t •
aPp• 1,
6
t • P
• ' ••
p
P
I I p 4' ,
J -;;;..:::{~iJ&;!,~:~:::::::::::: :::::::::1~::::::::::::::-:-: •,• . i.m

()
UDt UNG/Oi.,•$l("f4
GEOLOGIESE OP NAME
REGIONAL GEOLOGY
GE_Q_L9_GICAL SURVEY
FIG 3.27 SECTION FROM ABRAHAMS KRAAL 449

TO GROEN HEUV'EL 302 ~
;: •..,
"""===...,.=.-------------===,..,.==:--:----------..-,-,=,-=====---I
~~~~.~~iri; OU> n~~;:,i:L·fo"J:M
J.ROCl:RS - •t.4SSl'KAS'l~F.;.,t.. "' r~
C
vortleal •n~~or•llon XUt
MD JJJ8.__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __..
~ ,,.;..ftifN OEIJA
t·'··;..i~~~
: .',cts
ER HAY
. .
i.l.,v
OIT[
Vlutr and Schoch (Ul3)_____
MARCH 1980
• NA,
NO.
V;
l
Quartzoee sende in· thl!! Elendefontyn Formation very in mean size
from fine to medium, and, characteristically, to coarse eends.
In contrast the phoephetic, quertzose sende of the Vers~eter
Formation range in mean size from medium to fine ~nd, occeeionally
to very fine BB:nde (Figures 3.24 to 3.26). Smith c1,11) and
Tankard (1974a, p. 278) present frequl!!ncy curves which demonstrate
that the quartz fraction of the phosphorit!! membl!!r is strongly
bimodal. An angular ta subengular population of very fine send
is mixed with en angular ta ~ell-rounded population of fine to
coarse quartz sand (Smith, 1!'71; 1975) (.Tankard, 1975c). · ·
Th!! phosphorite grains differ from those found in the Ouynefontyn

Member near Mamre and in the Sookram Hember north of the Berg
River, where black, polished, opaque, phosphetized shell fragments
ere present. In the phosphorite member the phoephorite ie ln
two forms, phosphetised shell fregm!!nts and phosphorite pellets
(Smith, 1971; 1975) (Tankard, 1974a; 1974c). The shell fragments
ere generally coarser then 1,5 phi (medium to coarse send),
whereas the pellets are finer than 2 phi (fine to very fine send)
(Tankard, 1974a) (Smith 1971; 1975). The sherl fragments ere
usually translucent and ember in colour. The pellets ere usually
ellipsoidal opaque and ember-coloured and typically contain in=
clusions of quartz end organic matter (Smith, 1971, 1975; Tankard,
1974c). Studies of bath types of phcsphorite grains by means of
EOAX (Energy dispersive analysis by X-Rays) confirm the canclueions
of Tankard (1,74c) and Birch (1977a) that the inclusion-free
phosphatized shell fragments are formed by replacement of calcite
by carbonate-apatite, ~hereee the pl!!llets ere formed by intereti=
tiel precipitation of carbonate-apatite ~ithin organic-rich inter=
tidal muddy quartzose sands.
Bremner (1,78) hes made e detailed study of phosphorite pellets

~hich occur in ebundencl!! an the continental shelf off Walvis Bay.
He invokes eastern boundary-current upwelling, i.e. the·eenguela
Current, to supply phosphorus-rich ~eter beside the coaet. The
high nutrient levels support a rich phytmplankton flora ~hich
periodically form blooms ~hich exhaust the available oxygen in
the ~eter. The resultant mass mortality of phytoplankton causes
vest quantities of phosphorue-rich organic matter to accumulate ·
on the sea floor (Copenhagen, 1953; Hert end Currie, 1960). Aml!!e (1
BOREHOLE
;
FARM LATITUDE LONGITUDE SURFACE ELANDSFDNTVN FORMATION
s E ELEVA=
' TIDN (m) Depths Elevations Thickness
(m) ( rn) (m)
······- --·--- . ···----·-····· ----- -· ······--·-· ······------ ... -·- ··------ ........ ·----··-- ··- . ····-··· --·-·
G30878 Elands= 33 ° 6, 48 1 18 ° 13, 01 1

73,D t,a·,95 ta 24,05 ta > 5.3 , 05
fontyn below below -
3L!9 102,D 29,0
S22 Elands= 33° 6, OJ' 18° 13, 53 ' 84, □ 58,37 to 25,63 to > 56 , 13
....... ,.,. fontyn below below -
349 114,5 30,5
S1 Langer: ~i2° 58' 20 1 18° 6,97' 66,1 44,25 ta 21,85 to 58,45
berg 102,? -36,4
188 ......
s20 De Gaede 34° 6, 58 1 1B 0 22 ,06' 2 ,0 22,40 to -2 □ ,40 to 36,10
Hoop below b e 1 □ lil -5 5 , 5 O
58.5(]
TABLE J.7. STRATOTVPE BOREHOLES FOR THE ELANDSFONTVN FORMATION
',.,J
'..11
\,
•
o.~'.,; ,,,. ~
~IJl••kop ,.--
I + I Swut~rrg
-
no +
+
+
110, +
+
+
200
+
+I f+ +
+
110,
+ + + + +1
+ + +
+ +
18() + + +
+ +
+ + +
170. + + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ "4- + +
1&0· I+++++
Manonbtrg + + + +
+ + + + +
ISO· + + + +
+ + + + +
11 + + + + ➔:
140
+ ... + + +
1+++++1
LECENU + + + +· +
+ + + + +
mm UIN'l!lflaltd barchanold du"tt
,130 + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
.
llillili] g 120, + + + + +
+ + + + + +
1S + + + + + +~
□ Sllghlly . .i,et~lod parabolic dunes •
Iii 11D· 4+++++++++++++++
·1++++++++
+ + + + + + + +
--.--;-;- 100 + + + + + + +·+
~ •, ', ,l Co1npl1tolr vogtltltd parabollc - • 1~+ + + + + + + +
···~-
••••• J
~O· c;.eJbo,k
.,.+++++++.f.
~++~.f.+++++++~.f.+++
1+++++++.f. c,col
UGEND
~ + + + + + + + .f.
~
ao .,++++++++ 0 f%>,oo -- ( l,an90b&1• li"'ut-
M,,s~tobtl'l! ,/i;, ,+ + + + + + + + +
,.1 + + + + + + + +
mtm~)
Breda1dorp Fo""•'""'
70,
l•tft + + + + + + + + C c11c,,1,
;
' f. .~
,' !:;7
.·.·:~ c," 1111'.• + + + + + + + + .
'••++++++++
1•'"1· + + + + + + + +
Shelly t,1 amonlt I• ur,con1olldatod ..ndt §1 V•rrw•lff fomi•H0t1
SD• [1ill
f..:.::; + ,: • ...............,......-,.\ ~ I':: I'11'[, ++ +++++++++++ ++
so + ➔:;.:t~:-.. ·'C~~;!)'?;:r:';:;,\ .)!:1',11 ~ ,fl+ + + + + + + +
,3°'1o'sc:309;} LIM91lon.i
(SZJ,1. '.•fc ,om + ~::::.·.-.· . :-.t,+::;:::r::;::r::;::r::;:~:=r:::::c::t

+ + \:,:.:,•,-.•.:;."> ..~.'' .·,1I· 1' 1 1'~ +
: 1,11111111111•,+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + ~ £1111dtl""!Jtl ,_,_
+ 1~:-::\:-:•:::::::'.?~C::~~~¢~:j• ,::,::,:, _,'•:•1:•:•\~+ , '\..111'~ + ++++++++ + + + L2::j
,'~:f' ~·:.=.-. 30953 40 + +·'\::;::;,•.-,\:;:;;•.:, +Ph
c'J ,· •• •'t
r.-• •: ++ ++(~'(in\\;?::;:i.I:;:;;. ~ r•t>-'--::=,......._I:::-r....,_:r~:.~../·)/l,\;;;,l:il!:(i:Hlri~ +++ + +.,. ++++++
..,
i .,.
, f\/1.i•: ·. 1
l w·:fA}/.~
I
1
k
IJle1kop
'Wswarlbf!',g
30· + ++ ➔,I1 ii,~:;·.:
11 i_:i.-:::,\·•:•:•::\·,:.:1:•,;·::·.:•·•1 ·.-::,:,-:"'.1,,,,.111•11•, I' 111!1111, 111·1~ + + + + + +
..~:;\:;.:.:~:=::=:::;·;/\;:;.: ·'. r:.=.:,:-::::.'.p~ :·.\·:1,,.:)'1'j1 ::1!1ll 'I: ·1 I' I :~ + + + "' + +
P"6,phollrod •h•II l,agmonrt and
Pi!'lleliil phosphoillt I+: +I c • .,. c~~il t 5vllt
>>>>:+:
/1 ·11 I '1•·1, l'hll ll!Jif + + ,j. + + +
>>;~l]~.Jlilil'!Ji~,:;:'~:%/}:}{i
+ + '1··.-:::,,;,:,:-:,,:.·.·.·.:·.::•, -.~:•:,,::::::, .
••,•/11:
t:wr:=·.:'
;:: .\1 ~-·
I!,.
.
. •• , I ,•1 <S'
e
20
{:@(~{{EN :'.. 1
:~WJijiJi~~i~1·1 !1i111 ~
1
!* n~ Malmnbu~ G,oup
J]i~ij-
,• 1 1 1 -:·•,:.\
I
.:,,. ·..~··"·:~
•'e-•,j
ID·
++++ .;i}~·.:•t:\}/t,.:. ·.i\:.)\ '.: c_,_ + + + + [ti!+++++++++++++ ~m
r~-~-
_: -:. . . "'';:·:;:.1.' ~ + + + 1il,!•.:;:.:_:\'•:•;·;::.:::;::.::-:•:,r. • ·:-:~-:-:.:.::/::•, 1- + + + + I II: + + + + + + wrUcal uamrallon ,m
+ + + i! ji'!i!l'l·::;::-,·:·:·;o=.:.~1:·..\::.:: ·i',':•:•:•:-::::✓ + + + + + + + + + + + +.
Sn O· "' + ,!111 1'1!·1,'l·;=•::::•......,....... ::1•i-Y_.......·.•.•::-'/ + + + + + + "' + + + + +
Lovtf + + +j1IIIJ11 ,'1' ,,;:(:•.::•:•:•:•::':':::: :,L\.:::;f::,::,:•+ + + + + ,-~~::".'.~"::"---:-:-..._----:-_-r_=-:~-::-::-:-::-:-=-=-:-:--::":"":'=-"T"--~=---,-'=",-,-,,,---..../
: ~-~-;: :;· + + ~l!,:111ilil 1;'!} ;\.~:?i/ffff/} _i:-7;·;::';}:1:~ + + + + ++ + + + DE0 ARTEMENT VAN MYNWESE GEO LOGI ESE OP NAME. 1
:-: .• ....:,
,·.··'J. ,.., -10· + + + + lJjl~ '_\:JI ·11,;,;:(~;::•:•:-:,,:
: :::·•:?:) ~:'.:-'-ii~··•·+ + + + + DEPARTMENT OF MINES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
&rm,NG/OIV 3'C'O
REGIONAL GEOLOGY
i<v' ~ + + + + i;il1:1.11::.:,:·::.·•.:.:,.:_.:..:_; :· •:ht1, + + + + +
ill '---k-"1- J -20·
+ + + + 1'1'!1''1 '1• ~t-:,:,:•,•.:,,:
1
• 1•:;11• + + + + +
++ ++ ++ + "'~ 111l'1l!li!111·11~,~::::·t.:· •;-;•Jii:1~J!iij1' + ++ ++ +++ +11;3 FIG 3.2&
1'1 SECTION' FROM MASSENBERG TO SWARTBERG ..
·u0 io'E 0 + + + + \ 111 •:1111 •••• • • i:11 r,,1 + + + + + cc :z:
-30· + + + .11! h·i11i 1I\~', .f~•.: '.:::: :::;!f11J1ilil [,t + + . + + +. ~ • . .. . . . ~
+ + + ~u '1·1!111,11 .,,,1 r1 ~-. • 111•! wJlil1t·+ + + + +
•· + + + +t1111 • 111 , , ,,1 ,,,11 ••• •-<,;,,: ~ · + + + "" + ~ lft~t·, ~r~ "'" 0.. 10!
J. ROGF~s n;,'-'.J~:~~''.r-!,i?~''"!'·,11.,···c . >-I
•~io$$o• .. •il-v:>,.u,•,_.,.,. ..
+ + + + ~· 111 1'l,I 1' 1Jli!1l1l III"'. !: ~ ' . •·,,1.I,+ . + + + + + rnt,!Nli\111 • o
+ + + li:ll!!l ,1,1~!11i1 iil:•1·1,1 !.ll,,,·•,1.,1,l'illt1,.,._+.+.+ +.+
1 "''~"'!a' E.R.HAY bn 1'11A!'CH,1HO ___ '-'
36.
Bng u 1 a r , med i um to co a,r s c , o f ten g r a v e 11 y qua r t z sand o f the E1 a nd s =

rontyn Formation, viz. borehole 51 on Langeberg 188 (Figure 3.26).
The Elandsfontyn is fuTthermore always nan-phosphatic, in contrast
to the Varswater. The difference in angularity is a more reliable
criterion, however. ·
A second boundary stratotype is illustrated in boreholes G30878

and S22 (Figures 3.24 and 3.25), where rounded quartz sand, not
necessarily phos:phatic, overlies the uppermost of a series of beds
of clay. These beds are laterally and vertically impersistent
~ .
and are not usually useful for correlation purposes. The Formation
is thus characterized by an assemblage of alternating beds of clay
and of angular, usually medium to coarse, gravelly quartz sand.
The above discussion is nu~marized in Table 3.8.
3.7.4 Present investigation
3.7.4.1 Introduction
Variations in bedrock geology (Figure 3 . 20) giving rise to undu=

lating bedrock topography (Figure 3.21) exerted a strong control
on sedimentation in t~e Saldanha-Langebaanweg area. A combination
of bedrock depressions below sea level, major marine transgressions
and strong dune-building _resulted in sediment thicknesses often
exceeding 100 m (figu~e 3.20) .
3.7.4.2 Bedrock geology
The Cape Granite Suite dominates the western, coastal, half of

the Saldanha-Langebaanweg area (Figure 3.2 □).
The suite appears
.,
to be ir:i two bodies.· One body extends from St Helena Bay through
Vredenburg and Saldanha to Vzerfontyn and Dassen Island (Figures
2.1 and 3.20). The second extends northwards from Mamre through
Darling ta Geelbek east of the southern tip of Langebaan Lagoon
(figures 2.1 and 3.20). Pyritic Malmesbury metasediments were
encountered at the base of boreholes G30925 ~nd G30953 (Figure
3.28). Schoch (personnl conmunicati □ n, 1980) suggests an alter=
native interpretation, that the Malmesbury may roof a deeper-lyin~
section of a single Darling-Vredenburg pluton.
TABLE J.B. COMPARATIVE LITHOSTRATIGRAPHV OF CENOZOIC SEDIMENTS ON LANGEBERG
F'o:rmet1on Handay (1974b) Tenkard (19740) Tsnkerd (1975b) Dingle, Lord end Hendey Rogers (1980)
(Rog era 1 199 □) Tenkard (1975a) Tankard (1976'3) (1979)
Hendey (197Gb)
Hendey (1978)
. ---· - .. ----- - ...... - -·- . ......... ·--- ····-· -
Bredsedorp Surface Bed Pleistocene Lengeba3n Pleistocene Layer A Lengebeen

Limestone Layer B Limestone
. Member Layer c Member
Layer D
LayEr E
Bed 3 b Pelle till Pelle tel Upper Layer A
Bed 3 s Phoephor1te Phoephorite Verew!!ter Layer B phosphor1te
Member Member Ll'lyer C member
(Bed 3 a N) Formation Layer 01, D2, DJ, 04 (Bed 3 a N)
(Bed 3 e S) (Bed Je S) '
Vereweter Bed 2 Fluviel Sand Quertzoee Send ciuertzose
Member Member uend
(Estuarine fac:1ea) (Estuarine fe~iea) Layer E1 E, member
(Fluv1etile feciee) (Fluvletile feciee) E, r,. (peat bed)
(clay btd)
Lower i , • • • • , ••
.,
Bed 1 Beech Gravel Member. Grev~l Member Versweter

. Layer F' gre vel rmmber
Saldenha 5oldanha Formation Saldnnha Formotion F'ormation Layer F 5~ldanhe F'orma~1on
Elandofontyn Pre-Seld9nhs Layer G Elandsfontyn
Formation
Cape Granite
Suite Cape Granite Suite
..
C!lpe
Granite
Suite
vJ
-..J
G.~.,S Ill,
A"r•kop 11•1o'E
ElevaUon (m)
111
110·
1ot'
1rl"grO..t1f"
Eland,rontr j I : 1 : ~~3018(1
349 ' LEGEND
100,
GJI
:J 90
Calcr•I•
Ill
G 30~1_\j\~ U L■ no•b•rv 111
Shtll lrav,..•nl• I"
70· s, urrcontolid4t•d 1ar,ds
io,~523D
Elendsfanlyn
i~~
80,
'----::-km--"f- Carl>onal •- apalll•
t
SO·
'I
[!Jo, OuarhoH 18Md
l :
1%1
Ph
~.•.-,•,··:,
,•.•,•, '••··l + +.... · ,••··••-.,.! •,;.J I......... I.,. ....... I...... .. . ·•·.·•,· .,....•.•·••,•· · •, -
:-;:::~;: f :.-.':"'!"'~':•~:\:•·:;,!":::~•~···F·:..·· ....... ,. •••••• .. /' •• ,. ••• .~:•>:::: ::::::';~ '·
I • • • • • • • • • • ,. • • • • • ,. . . . . --;~·~ : ~ - ~ ~·.:•.;•::: :•:
Pho,phallrecl 1Pit11 lr•V""'"''
Intl pell•I ■I
l,.~<<.:-:,:-:-:•:•:-:-:a:-:•:•:
··············· :•:-:·· :•~~:..\,{~ :::-,-, :•,•.-,,. ,. .
plle,.,ho..llt
,f?~·x~":\!: ~:::•:.:.::::::}f• + + ~~=+.!.-;,:~~~;·<•:.~=-~~--·•:•:•:•: •:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•:•~ :•::~ ~t:;tt ~-. -;::~~·;•:-:::-::::::·;-.?:..- ~.;
!,,>,~ • •
[;]
• oz 'H•uw•llji.,veld" 20
,-:::,:•--:fu -·.-,·;,;.,.,. '+ + +
-.;,.;--.:-::• ·.:-~.•:<•~ +· + aJllflfffil'1•11ITTt-i:':.!1-, r-r •
+ + + + + + + ll~ !'i·:i ··_;!1<:!;1!':·· 1
+ + 1 1
!~::~:~?.:h'!;;·::-:;.~.
1.
• ••••••••• ,/ + + + + + + + +illil11:[1 w·111l'1 '1';1l l,l1ll••l1,;, I'·' li:11·111,111 ~- • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ' .. :,: ...., :: :: •• ,,. ·::
,:' '.(~:.~\ :~1
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111 ·1·1· 1·•1:1•·,•1:,11lilil '1''11,•1,)-1111:~

& I\
.,:'t- + ++ ++ ++ ++++. ++ ++.... +W+1 ·1111'•Ir1111I: 1•1-1•,I 1·1111!I 1t'I•·1:I'11-:;l'1il':111''111ii1''11'r,,I
i
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: jl :· ''lji° ,i,,~1J ,:;11111 ,::1: :'1t:-.•.·.·.............. •••••• ••••. ,...... ••• ......·.-.::·:·:·:~t:,,:::_.:,
1 1
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I.......... I.... ,. ,. . . . . . . . ..
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&
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I ••. "
• • •
• ·,•:·.-:,:,•::•::,• : :
• •....... ••••• •, •••••
Fl (L■ngobaa" Llm..lo•• ~mt,.,!
fg Bredudorp f<lrmatio,,
~ 01 11. OZ lnlorpre1•d 11 •, •, •. •, • .•, •, •, •1- + + + + + + + + +il ~ llll1ll1;l~lll!fl!1ai1,ll lil: !l,1j;1l11!1ll1l.!1i!lllill, 11ll:ll(• •. •. •. •, •, •, •, •, •, , •. •. ,•, •, •, • •. •, l'_:,:::_.:,::;i;;,
1'•····· ......
1
Sea O· ·.• .. •,•.' ........ "' +. + + + + + + + + ~·~ ·l•,.11•,l1::·11·1/:,-r1111j·1,:·

~ V~rtw&l■r Formallo" f:...•••••••• -~ + + + + + + + + + ...+ .lj, 111U!lt' ; ;I,!,.., 11' I' 1,1111 1 H ·1'1111111•~·············· .. ••• ......
1,1 :'·, hi • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ,'.:•',.;•,:,:.
_,•::.•:::•:.-!..,·:
~.
Le-el 1,·
1 : .. · ::i•r:••1 i'•; ,~,11f· iili~·· .. •• .. • .. ·•··•·· ••••• ............... !,!.~ .......·.;: ..-.•.i:
1 1
:r
• ..• ,.~.·
• • •.. ,~.~,~.~,
• • • + - + + · + · + · + + · + · + + · +1.1/l;.1.-
1
!
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·-··· •
: 'J1·1',!1 ·•.I- . 11·, 1 11 11
,.1,1' ,, 1 1
iljl
:·¼' 1. • , • • Vartw1t•-r F<.rmati..,
• • • ' •, .,••••.
10· ........... ••.,,+ ++ ++.++ ++ + +++ ++ + + +• + + r1
A • • • I t. •
,, 1:,I\iiII•ii:•111.,'1!11·,., .,:.-!• l•_·•l1•·1·
6 / .
:j:! i; il11·l111J if1. ,:1!I:

11,
1 I '11'1111·1~ : '.I I•, •; 1
••••••••• ' ••••••••••• '
1 ,ip ii .., i I ,.~ •, ..........................................
I I - I I t. 11 • I f • 1. I 1 • f ,1 11 , a • ••
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1
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11.tlll/!J''''l'lijl 1
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1
il'li:1 IJI l111 11/ 1iJj~l ~~··:•:-:-.•:-: , ,: .;,;.:-:•:-:-:-:-:-:-:,
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1
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O • • • • • • • • • • •
: : ; : : •I
El&ndsfo,,tyfl For..,11ion
<·:-:-: •: ,:-
• I •••••• I' l .... I II I . . . . . . . . . I ... I . . . .
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:,:: .,•o,,. ••••.. •••. '., • +++ +++. . , +++ ++ ++ ++ + + ++ + + + +1.·"/11 ,i"ll1l,'l'l"l'l·1, •••. r, i· .11-: 1i1;I 1H11:1 -'"'' l,11 1,, 'I '1 •' I, ••
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1
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40-i, + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + .._1,111.-111, •'1,.·l1:,.!,l!ll,.l1il.l,,!,l1I
11
1 1 1.l,l1l1!111:,;,l,,i,!!l1J.•"·'l ,i1l i:i1·,i!n1~f
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-~:
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:
I I l:·,3~••~.
: >··::-:,:~:,::-: + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + I! ij,i;:1:.
sc.J + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -+1 '!i-h:,.J::I M■lme1burJ G,_
I, + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + II 1
::,.t1i :S·
1
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ~-+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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&,btLl"1G/l)IYtl,()llil
km
Rl:GION Al G!OlOGY
Vtrtlcal exaggeration JI 1U
- ·. 1'r='-~:.:·? I!' FIG 3.29 SECTION FROM ANlfSKOP TO ELANDSFONTYN 349

~~:):,~--~!.{[:' ll!
w ~I I•
'·
:i7f.1.:\j..n•!1 0:
0 '.,Af1l!fifSfll,. OEIJM ff ~·~N '[ •'"'•'POl[
--···- . - -··· -
IC\.~flll&.$,1(~31•t.a·•=--
...
C:
I Cl.
.:;ili/1:l:
J,ROCtRS
)( C.f>!·:_!:!h_E 0 D'r
r,r:!f.lC(.~ \JR t It UAII . t(1.,t-•;•C.AL (.L•Nfct•.)_
J UA.Dl"'U u•a 13
38 .
Other iealeted patches of Helmeebury bedrock ere exposed et the

northern tip of the Lengebeen Peninsula end south-west of Lange~
beenweg (Figure 3·.2 □}. Further occurrences were struck in bore=
holes due south of Vredenburg by Kentey et el (1975).
3.7.4.3 Bedrock topography

The occurrence of deeply weathered Melmeebury rocks controlled
incision of the bedrock bye combination of fluviel end marine
processes. Tankard and Rogers (1978) postulated that a Miocene
trensgreeeion would have linked Saldanha Bay ~1th St Helene Bey.
Mabbutt (1,56) earlier suggested that en old river channel existed
near the southern end of langebaan Lagoon. Fi9ure 3.21 shows that
a ~eekly defined bedrock channel, reaching locally below see level ,
does exist north-east of Saldanha Bay. However a more extensive
channel, moat of it well below see level, extends from the Vzerfon=
tein-Langebaan Peninsula coastline inland vie a well-defined 10 km-
wide gap between granite outcrops on Geelbek (Figures 3.27 and
3.28). The chenn~l then encircles the granite outcrops north-east
of Lengebaan Lagoon end reaches e deep depression ln the Langebaan=
weg area (Figure 3.21 arnd 3.29).
3.7.4.4. Elendsfontyn formation

The clays end the angular quartz sends of the Elandsfontyn Formation
ere typically found filling the deeper perts af the depressions.
Unfortunately borehole ~antral is poor between Langebaan~eg end
Hopefield south of the major north-west~ard bend in the Berg River.
Nevertheless e farmer channel of a prate-Berg River may well have
reached the see between Vzerfantein end Lengebaen Lagoon in Tertiary
times.
3.7.4.5 Varsweter Formation

The Varswater Formation's 11thoetret1graphic position hes been
diecueeed. It ia characterieticelly more homogeneous t~xturelly,
lacking in extensive clay beds, the quartz grains being rounded,
having finer send end frequently containing phospharite grains.
Quertzose sends in the Elendefontyn Formation very in mean size
from fine ta medium, end, characteristically, to coarse sends.
In contre3t the phosphet1c, quartzose sends of the Verewater
Formation range in mean size from medium to fine end, occasionally
to very fine sands (Figures 3.24 to 3.26). Smith c1,11) end
Tankard (1974a, p. 278) present frequency curves which demonstrate
that the quartz fraction of the phospharite member le strongly
bimodal. An angular ta subangular population of very fine sand
is mixed ~1th an angular ta well-rounded population of fine to
coarse quartz sand (Smith, 1,11; 1975) (Tankard, 1975c) .
The phosphorite grains differ from those found in the Duynefontyn

Member near Mamre end in the Sookram Member north of the Berg
River, where black, polished, opaque, phosphatized shell fragments
ere present. In the phosphorite member the phosphorite ie in
two forms, phosphatieed shell fragments and phoephorite pellets
(Smith, 1971; 1975) (Tankard, 1974a; 1574c). The shell fragments
are generally coarser then 1,5 phi (medium to coarse sand),
whereas the pellets are finer than 2 phi (fine to very fine sand)
(Tankard, 1974a) (Smith 1971; 1975). The shell fragments are
usually translucent and amber in colour. The pellets are usually
ellipsoidal opaque and ember-coloured and typically contain in=
clusions of quartz end organic matter (Smith, 1971, 1975; Tankard,
1974c). Studies of both types of phosphorite grains by m~ana of
EDAX (Energy dispersive analysis by X-Rays) confirm the conclusions
of Tankard (1,74c) and Birch (1977a) that the inclusion-free
phosphatiied shell fragments are formed by replacement of calcite
by carbonate-apatite, whereas the pellets ere formed by intersti=
tial precipitation of carbonate-apatite within organic-rich inter=
tidal muddy quertzose sands .
Bremner ( 1,78) hes made e detailed study of phospharite pellets

which occur in abundance on the continental sh~lf off Walvis Bay .
He in~okes eastern boundary-current upwelling, i.e. the Benguela
Current, ta supply phosphorus-rich water beside the coast. The
high nutrient levels support a rich phytoplankton flora which
periodically form blooms which exhaust the available oxygen in
the water. The resultant mess mortality of phytoplankton causes
vest quantities of pho~phorus-rich organic matter to accumulate
on the sea floor (Copenhagen, 1953; Hert end Currie, 1960). Ames ( 1959
40 .
Rho1,1ed· thst, corh □ rnBte-apati te precipitation is facilitated by

increased pH and temperature . Seawater obviously satisfies the
high pH requirements. Tankard (1974c), Dirch (1977a) and Bremner
(1978) postulate a ahallow, intertidal lagmon ta allow the originally
cold upwelled oceenic water to be heated by solar radiation.
Birch (1977a) drew a sharp contrast betweeA the onland pelletal phos ~
phorite formed by interstitial precipitation and the offshor~ phos~he•
tiz~d limestones formed by replacEment of micrite matrix. Birch
(1977a, p. 237) also stressed that calcareous materiHl wa s abse~! in
the modern phosphogenic province off Walvis Bay. Tankard (1974c)
and Smith (1975} agreed that both phosphorite pellets and phosphatize1
shell fragments occur in the Pelletal Phasphorite Member, but dis=
egreed on their relativ~ abundances. The writer sides 1.,1ith Smith
(1975} that phosphatized shell fragments form a significant prop □ r=
tion of the sediment. In addition, borehole G30925 on Geelbek c□ n=
tains rounded quartz, phosphorite pellets, phosphatized shell freg=
ments and unphosphatizecl shell fragments in the Pelletal Phosphorite
Member. The writer therefore agrees with Tankard (1974c, p. 244)
that ho t.h rnechan isms pr □ pcsed by Birch ( 1977s) 1.,1ere operative in
the Varswater Formation. The absence of shell fragments on the inner
shelf near Walvis Bey today is no proof that they must have been
absent in the Varswater Formation .
Figure 3.20 delineates the palaeoenvironment of the Lengebaanweg

area more clearly than before. The Neogene marine transgression
flo □ dEd the undulating granite-dominated topography (to a height
of +90 mat Elandsfontyn) temporarily forming a complex set of
islands surrounded by shallow seawater. The prot□ -Berg River
would no longer have discharged into the sea via the Geelbek gap,
which instead acted as an inlet of the Neogene seB. Detailed
pal8e □ ntol □ gical work by Hendey (1974b, 19?6b) at Langebaanweg
indicates that the mouth of the river shifted northwards to the
northeast corner of the Varswater Quarry. Evolutionary changes
within the fauna point to a slight, continuing northward shift
of the mouth during the Pliocene.
The faunal evidence for a pr □ to-Berg River estuary is the association

41.
of terrestrial birds like frencolin with marine birds like penguin.

Terrestrial animals like giraffes, hyaenas end lions left their
bones besides thoee of seals end whales. W~ll-preeerved lnverte=
brate fossils come from terrestrial, freshwater and intertidal
environments (Hendey, 1976b). Tankard end Rogers (1978) have
interpreted Neogene molluscan assemblages ae indicating a warmer
ocean, in which case, in Neogene times, any upwelled oceanic water
·would have been closer to its precipitation point that it is today .
Figures 3.20 and 3.21 show that during the Neogene a major inl~t.
of the sea existed north ofVzerfontein. This channel has a general
north-south orientation along which, during Neogene times, the
southerly summer winds-would have funnelled upwelled coastal water .
The richest deposits of the phosphorite member ere situated on
Langeberg 18B and on Elandsfontyn 349. Both are in the lee of
Neogene islands of granite where the phosphate-rich water could be
warmed by the summer sun in shallow embeyments, to the west and
east respectively, afth~ main north-south channel. Solar heating
would be mast effective at low tide (Birch, in press b). Mass
mortalities of phytoplankton would occur periodically when the
southerly wind subsided, causing upwelling cells ta collapse tern=
pararily (Clowes, 1954; De Decker, 197 □). Birch (in press b) pas=
tulates that under these conditions not only would phosphate be
precipitated interstitially, but would even be precipitated direct=
ly out of sea .water. He bolsters his ~rgument by citing Frankel's
(1943) discovery mf organic matter and opaline silica.in the pellets
and his own observations of concentric layers of pure ph □ sphorite
in some pellets.
The suggestion that lower energy levels prevailed in the embayments

is supported by an increase in silt and clay and a week trend to
finer sand-size in the more phosphate-rich sediments (Figures 3.24 1
3.25, 3.26 and 3.3 □). Laminar bedding was observed on the west
face of the Varswater Querry in the phosphorite member. Because
the mean size of the send-fraction is either fine or even very fine
sand, it is likely that the mode of transport was uniform suspen=
sion (Passega, 1957). This would account for the poor sorting
in the phasphririte member when compared with that of the Duynefon=
tyn and Sookram Members (Figure 3.18).
The relatively sheltered embayments at Langeberg and Elendefontyn
l1°E
El1v1tlo11 ("')
un~IM•v 111
101
a 3f-
S22
Mean Carbon,t•-
1l11(phl) 1p1lil1 % 52
IP .·~, , ..'19 150 1100 GlGlll
10·
G 30171 ''t{}1 0 10
Mean C1rbonah-
..............
l4ofioi
~
1l11 (phi) 1p1llt11%)
~ I' 150 ,10b \)
1,::::: Maar,
S1
Ca,bon111- 012
70 S1
~}it l ,0
.,.~ (Phil
19
1p1!111 (%)
J !Q 1,00
,o
Mean
1lu(pnt)
,a
C1rbon1l••
1patil1 ( %)
10 ' '
Mun
IIH
4
(P~ll
,o
C1rbon1!1-
apalltt (%1
' o ,,oo
10·
., , ., I V
50
B
,o. _ !, -
V V
1--v --
B
~•sl's!
V
lG '1l:'l.l
~
r V
21)
~: --r--
~ ©
~
LEGE NO
10
m Modlum und B Brod11dorp Fo•matlon •
lt.'O!.l..•ltilG/01VIS U.
OEPARTEME:NT VAN MYNWESE GEOLOGIESE OP NAME
V Vanwater Formation DEPARTMENT OF MINES RECIONAL CEOLOCY
[ ] F1nt aand GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Su
Loil
[j Vory lint und E • El•nddonlyn Formation FIG 3,30 RELATIONSHIP
CONTENT
BETWEEN MEAN SIZE ANO CARBONATE- ,VATIT£
...:r;
WITH
" DU'TH ON ELANDSFONTYN JU AND
.,,
~ Slovln11 ~ Stttllng luh
11!
w
.;:
0 SAA'-4Gf.ST[I. DEU
t[}Ut"llED BY
LANGEBERG 111
J , ROGERS
.
Tf_\i'IIJESE K~TRC\.£
·•-"•AS,C~•-u.·.... I~ I .r;-
IE
UC!::!r-J1t..t!.LCO~'J~CX..
"' Ci(fflC( N DEUR
r;n,,w~ 8T E.R.HAY Datt
V
MAY, mo
VERW'fSlt T..,,..i,.,..,1 hi,_.• l
42 .
cnn tras t 1,,1 th the more exposed pas i tions of the Duynefontyn and
Sookram Members of thC? V'arm.1ater Forn,ation. The lo1i1er phosphE:tte
con tent in the Duynefont.yn and Sookram niey be explained by con=
s1.ant reworking of the r~lativ~ly soft phosphorite grains in
h igher-C?nergy open-ocean intertidal lagoons. More vi•gorous tidal
exchange may also explain the excellent sorting and the pres e nce o f
grains of coarser sand.
3.7.4.6 Bredasdorp Formation
The langebean limestone Member of the Bredasdorp Formation has• ·

been mapped and dEscribed by Visser End Schoch (1973) . Geological
profiles along the langebaan Peninsula (Figure 3.31), across the
Geelbek gap from Massenberg to Swartberg (Figure 3.28) through
the Geelbek gap (Figure 3.27) and from Langeberg to Elsndsfontyn
(Figure 3.29) demonstrate its variable thickness and topographic
position .
Visser end Schoch (1973) have distinguished between the Pleisto~

cene Langebaan Limestone Member and Recent coastal dunes (QS).
Tankard (1976a) in addition distinguished the littoral Velddrif
r-';ember beneath the' aeolian Langebaan Limestone Member on the
eastern (inland) flank of the Langebaan Peninsulai ·rn boreholes
a clear distinction can be ~i~e between the underlying, u~ually
non-calcareous, oFten phosphatic Varswater Formation and the
overlying, usually calcareous, usually non-phosphatic Sredasdorp
Formation. Under the mi:croscope, the Bredasdorp sediments are
subdivided into unconsolidated sands containing quartz and com=
minuted shell fragments, and then into their consolidatEd counter=
parts, limestone and calcrete. Grain-supported fragments are
dubbed "limestone", whereas matrix-supported fragments are termed
calcrete 11 • Lacking the bedform evidence that is used to separat'e
11
the littoral Velddrif and the aeolian Langebaan Limestone Members

in the field t no separation was possible in the borehol es. Be=
cause the consolidation of the Pleistocene material is erratic,
it is also impossible to distinguish between Recent and Pleist □ =
cene unconsolidated aeolian sends in boreholes. Lithologically

they are identical.
~., .. , 1-.,
IIIO· Vl111Mrg LEGEND
Kor,1tabolkop CaC03
0 !o/ol ioo
111
Cal~rt!t
'I,
,... Shtll lra,;irnonlo In unco,,ooi;daltd und•
I 150· I+
+
'+I
+'
Llmol""'
~
+ + ( langobaan Um••- Member)
140• +
+ + Bndasdo,p Formation
+
130• + +
+
120•
+
+
I+ +
+
+
+ t3 C..pe Gr&nllt s..,;11
+ +
m• + + Malmo1burt Group
r~V+~
+
'+ +
+++
+ +'
i 100
+ ➔ + +
..H:
~ ,o,
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + +
+
+ + + + + + + + +
10• ~ + + + + + + + + 1
.+ + + + + + + + +
j + + + + + + + + ➔
lO + + + + + + + +
'l+
+ + + ++++++++I
+ + + + + + + Abr,,hom,~rHI H•
•o• + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + +
~ + + + + + + + + +
I I I 50
I + + +, + + + + + +
r + + + + + + + + +
Salamandor /+; '+ + + + + + + + +
~ + + + + + + + + +
•o I Bay + .+++++++++
+ + + + + + + + + +1
I + + + + + + + + + KrHlbul
+ + + + + + + + + + +
30 +. + + + + + + + +
+
+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
I+ TI++++++++++ '.l
I + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
10· + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ ~~~~+ + + + + + + + + + ~
Sta I I+ + + + + + +, +, + + + 1
LOY•I Ot~- + + + + + + + 't + + + +~
::-Cc:=.::::, + + + + + + + + ,!- ,!- +
L
. ,, ::.:::::~'+ + + + + + +· + + + + + +
' ~~ + + . + + + + + + + + + + ·'.
~ + +
,++++
++ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + -~
'+ + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+++++++++++,
--~ : : : : : : : : : : : - .
,: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ~ 11°t
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +,
•30• + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - F ~ 'f' -.,1M11•>ti
+ + + + + + + ' + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ' + 'JII
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A1"t:£LNG/01VIS ;;.Iii
•«I • + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + GEOLOGIESE OPNAME
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + GEOLOGICAL SURV _
EY REGIONAL GEOLOGY
• + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + .L .L J. .L + + + + + + + + + + + + +
·+++++ + +++ ➔ o 2 +++++++++++++
+ + + + + + + + + + L-.--~ ► + + + + + + + + + + + +
• + + + + + + + + + ➔ km + + + + + + + + + + + +
"' FIG 3.31 SECTION ALONG. THE LANGEBAAN PENINSULA ... , r
+++++++++.L •J.J.++++++++++ ~ FROM SALAMANDER BAY TO ABRAHAMS KRAAL 449 ~ .
► + + + + + + + + Verllcal u1ggo,11lon 11125 + + + + + + + + + + + ,.,-
w • -
:a:I
+ + + + + + + + + T T T T T T r + ♦ + + + + + + ~ + +
► + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
o """'==,,_.,,.,,,.-,---------===...,,,==,--------.....
a. SUMG(ST£L DEVA
i ~ M" tO,..PtU:O 8'<
J ROGERS
•
ITtG•.'t.•t ,o,t•u.t
l!.C!"l\tl,Al tQNTP~
I .,,,..===...----=..--4
••~'••a:vt> .. ►
us• ,:,.,,_,. a.
Q
•
~
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + t
► + + ~ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
I ~;w;,01:Ufl E.R.HAY !o,~iM MARCH, ltlO I ..
• • • , I ■ I I I I o ~ t. . IL rL L L i i~ ~ ~ ,\ot:.ii.w, !l,illiG5
~ ~ ~ NR.
43.
Geomorphologlcelly three dlet1nct1ve overlying dune plumes were

recognised within the Lengebeen Limestone Member by Visser end
Schoch (1,73) (Figure 3.28). Recent caeetal dunee end their
es 5 ocietedbeeches have p~eferebly been eaelgned ta en Vzerfanteln
Hember of the Bredesdorp Formation. In other words Recent beeches
and dunes mapped me •qs• by Visser end Schoch c1,13) parallel
to the coastline are distinguished from dunes, ranging in age
from Pleistocene to Recent, in plumes abligue to the coastline.
Along the eastern shore of the Lengebean peninsula, Tankard (1,~5c)

described thermophllic molluscs in the Eemlan Velddrif Member.
Tankard ( 1976a) also reported Early Pleistocene molluscs, immediate=
ly east of Langebeen village end Hendey c1,1,, personal communication:
reported finding the skull of an Early Pleistocene pig, Kolpochoerus
immediately north of langebaan village and e large tooth from an
Early to Middle Pleistocene elephant, f_lephas, in the intertidal
2cine beside the western shore of Lengebean Lagoon. Groupe of
tortoise cerepecee (Testudc cf. engulata) eleo occur in the Lange=
been Limestone Member immediately north-west of ~orehole 51 et the
Varaweter Quarry. Subsequent investigations there have revealed
bones of such extinct Late Pleistocene animals es Eguus cepensis,
the giant Cspe horse (Hendey, 198 □, personal communication).
Hippopotemu3, cormorant, seal and fish bones indicate en estuarine
environment near the dunes.
3.8 BERG RIVER TO ELANDS BAY

3.8.1 Introduction
The area wee first described by Rag~rs (1504; p. 15B) and was
mapped end described more recently by Visser end Schoch ( 1,73) and
by Visser and Toerien (1,71).
3.8.2 Bedr,ock geology

The coastal plain between the Berg River end Elands Bay is dietinc=
tive bnth topographically and gealnglcelly. It is chiefly under~
lain by Helmesbury metesediments. Inland, it is bounded by cliffs
of Table Hnuntain Group sandstones, which overlie Malmeebury Group
outcrops in the south and Klipheuwel formation outcrops in the
north (Figure 3.32).
ST HELENA BAY
LEGEND
□
Cenozoic: formations
~ TabJe Mounbin Group
~ t<lipheuwel_ Formalion
0 Cape Granitr
■· Malmesbury Group
'-10 _, Ceno2oic: sediment thickness (m)

Borehole
____. Section line
•I 5
I
AFDEUNG /DIVIS ION

OEPARTEMENT VAN MYN~ GEOL-OGiESE 8PNAME
REGtONAL GEOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MINES GEOLOGICAL ·sURYEY '
Malmesbury sediments crop out immediately west of the Berg River
mouth and on its left benk end clearly control the Recent position
of the Berg River mouth.
3.B.3 Bedrock topography
The beach-barrier complex along the shores nf St Helena Bay stretches

for 50 km but bedrock is rarely much more than 20 m below sea level
(Figures 3.33 end 3.38). However the area below sea level reaches
more than 15 km imlend morth of Dwarakersbos. Along the Berg River
the region below sea level extends over 20 km inland to link u~.
with the channel stretching south towards Vzerf □ ntein ( Figure 3.21).
3.8.4 Sediment thickness
Maximum sediment thickness is attained in a north-south body near

the escarpment (Figure 3.32). As et Saldanha the thickest sediments
occur somewhat inland due to a rising land surface built up over
relatively flat bedrock topography (Figure 3.20). Along the coast
sediment thickens northwards towards Elands Bey. This is reflected
in the smooth log-spira~ curve of the coast north of Dwerskersbos,
indicating equilibrium with the dominant wave regime. In contrast
the coast south of Dwarskersbos is irregular and·out of equilibrium,
doubtless due to wave refraction on a rocky inner shelf. In fact
an offshore outcrop of Malmesbury between ·Dwerskersbos and Laeiplek
was reported by Visser (personal communication). The exposure
of Malmesbury rocks west of Laaiplek may be due to a wave-shadow
effect in the lee of the Vredenburg peninsula.
3.8.5 Sedirnentology and lithostratigraphy
Although all 15 boreholes north of the Berg River have had their
mud-sand-gravel contents determined and have been examined micro=
scapicelly, only four boreholes have been sized to date in the sett=
ling tube (Figures 3.34 to 3.37). Nevertheless important charecte=
ristics are revealed.
On Wegloperheuvel 116, borehole S11 (Figure 3.34) was drilled B km

from the coast. It failed to reach bedrock but penetrated
St Helena Bay
LEGEND
~ )200m
~
20-200m
□
() - 20m
E3 -20-om
§I < -'20m
• • Section ·une
. Dwarskers
•• ~m
5
•
•
drif
Al'll£UNlo /DIVISION
OEPARTEMENT VAN MYN~ · GEOLOGIESE OPNAME REGIONAL GEOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MINES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Oriliing Sand 5and Coo1.r11oe
r . /
Metres Method Mean Sii• Mud Sorting Fracllon
(phi) ( o/o) ( phi J Compon~nts Roundness
0 2 3 4 0 100 0 OJS O.S 0,71 Q
.t5,1 0
•o 5
10 HM
15
20
E
20 25
30
••
10 JS
6,1 39
100 0
Gravel Bedrock: not reached
(o/o)
8: Bredasdorp Form;;itioo
( P): Papkuils Member
V, Varswater Formation
(8): Bookram Member
E: Elandsfontyn Formation
Elands Bay
32°Jo' S
0 10 • 1
L___J
C
km
AFOELING /DIVISION
DEPARTEMENT VAN MYNWESE GEO LOGI ESE OPNAME
DEPARTMENT OF MINES
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY REGIONAL GEOLOGY
FIC 3.34 SEDIMENTOLOCY OF ·soREHOLE S 11, ....

:r
WECLOPERHEUVEL 116 C>
a:
0~1\---~=~"..""""'.!----------,=~=:--:-::==:-=----------y-~=~-=-=-~=~=-....//
SAAMGESTEL DEU~ J ROGERS TEGNIESE KONTROLE KLASSIFll(ASIEltl.ASSIFICATION ►
Q.
·:,,:: COMPILED 8Y • TECHIIIICAL CONTROL 0
1111
+=OR'"=Ee:::l~=~::=:-E=--;~v~~UR--s_._v_A_N_E_c_.K _ _ _----1 NR
_ _ _ _ _....&.;;.oA_r~~-_J_A_N_u_A_R_v_ _1_9_ao u
VE RWY SINGS ~n
R F REN E~
,,
I
O,illi~g: Sand Sand Coai,sr
M•h•• MPlhod Mun Siu Mud Sor ling fraction
l.phiJ ( o/o) ( phiJ Compo~ents
I) 3 .c I) 100 . 0 03!1 CU Cl.71 t 1,5 Q
n.1 D
s
10
10 ,. Ph
~IP) _ _
V(Bj
1S
--- - ...... _ JShl_ -
.
Se.a 0 '
a.evel
20
RF
_v~)_ .=9.2
25
-- -- - - - _J_
100 I ' ..
9 _..cra~I
(o/o)
Bedrocks Malmesbury
(P}, Papkui~. Member
V: V..rswa\er Formation
(B): Sookram Member
fOI' legend see Table J.1
f 18 :lD 1 E
I
..
I
-,
Duinfontein
-.•· I
18°E · Bay I
I
•
St Helena Bay
• • km
■
I
km
1
Af Of.Lto,1(, /OIVIS,O,.
DEPARTEMENT VAN MYNW£SE G EOLOGIESE OPNAME
DEPARTMENT OF MINES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ~EGIONAl GEOLOGY
FIC 3.35 SEDIMENTOLOGY OF ·. BOREHOLE S 18, ··... · . . .

ST HELENAFONTEIN A29
':, HI
1 ----------------------------------------------, '...1'_ ~
Sand Coarse-
Drilling Sand . ... ,,
Metre1 Method Mud Sorting, fraction
{ o/o) ( phiJ Components
ii 100 0 G.35 CU 0,71. 1 Q Sh C
9, D
I, "f VQ
5
Sea
0 ,;
Level 10
' .. .... 1.Hr

______ !_ -,-
• ()Jg
_I_
25 ,-
- 2 30
-28,5
100 D
Gravel Bedrock: Not reached
(o/o)
(V}: Velddrif Member
V: Var-swater formation
{B): Bookram Member
E: Elandsfontyn Formation
·Mel kbosfontein
513
St Helena -Bay
o. 1
km
0 10
i.--,1
km
AFDELING /DIVISION
DEPARTEMENT I/AN MYNWESE GEOLOGIESE OPNAME
(!) FIG 3.36 SEDIMENTOLOGY OF BOREHOLE S13, ...

~
w
BOTTEL FONTEIN 11 ~
~
~
o.~~~~~,-,:----------~==~==~--~---------i,---__:..,--,.------~>-
0
~
St>AIIIGESTEL DEUR J ._OGE.RS
C0111P1LED BY •n
TEGNIESE KOIHROLE
TECHNICAL CONTROL
; KL.IISSIFIKASIE/ti.ASSIFICATIOPI Q.
0
~~~~;/lE~ S. YAN ECK A-il_"' JANUARY 1H0
,l!v~E::;RW:::..:=...YS.::::1.:....NG~S-----------...i:e;::..:..::c_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _--<I NR.
o
oc:-~~oc-Nrf;'C NO.
, r ~
.
", , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . : . . . . - - .
..
,,.. * ...
Drilling Sand ·Sand Co•••• I

Metn,5 Method Mean Size , Mud so~t ing Fraction
(phi). ( o/o) l phi) Components
i 3 4 D .,oo 0 0.35 0.5 0)1 1 Q Hm
D
..·.... --------ii Roundness
••
···· ····
,
s
' -:•:-:... ••= •
10
··- '· ••
Se.a ..... ••
••e
Level 15
-VQG. ..
20 I I o,u •
25
- ,_ ; - ~~ ~•~c - J .ll.
.ll.
.ll.
.ll.
35 b
.ll.
,0,.
RF ,0,.
.ll.
,0,.
b
.ll.
(5 .ll.
b
A
.ll.
100 G - - -- i
Gr11vef Bedrock: Malmesbury
0 C%l
V, Varswilter For-m.a.t iof,

( B} Sookram Member
E, Elandsfontyn for-mation
Foi legend see Table 3.1
• 10
tlof. ~
AFDELWG /DIVIS ION

DEPARTMENT OF -MINES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY REGIONAL GEOLOGY
.. -
FIG 3.37 SEDIMENTOlOGY OF BOREHOLE S15, t-

:I:
BOTTEL FONTEIN 11 c,,
~[!=----------------.--------------~---.~------,,-----------""l
~l~~tl~J DEUR 'gJ"f~
J. ROGERS ~~;f~L ICLASSIFIIC.\SIE~FICATION
a:
►
~-
~~~E:y~~ S. VAN ECK DATE JANUARY. 1980 o

Fv°=c'=...,,::-':.,.'=-::.,:"-:,...-,'::.:-:-.,-----------""'-'-----"--------------1 NR.
(;,.
(t,.-,=.•,""(m)
HoutTykop
3U,7m
230 LEGEND
Ph
no Photphallttd 1htll fragmenh
I
J-210
·200
EB
G
l.;,;,j
V,erfonltln
V■lddrlf Momb■r
l'Ap~ullo Member
>
Member
Btodudorp Fonnatlon
190
,,:•, ,110
£J Bookram M•mber -=:::::vanwal•r l'ormalloft
~ [landtlontrn Form atlon
r.o:::Jn ITT Tabl• Mountain Group

\i,;;J
Jih~m
!ti:\ [] Kllph111w:1t Farmallen
rr
.........
Ir::::::: ,.o
m
f:--:".::::::;:::
·O
km
= t\lalmHburr
Ver II cal
Group
uag~or•t Ion • nI
·130
:~:;J!flf!l!J! 120
11°21'(
.: : j :):ff/!!!!!!!!!!
Kllplont ■ln 21
,100
&
32°35°S
90
·70
S3. •o
~o Punpotn•
Krul 33
40
10
km
Booknm 1~
zo
z s; 10 DEPARTEMENT VAN MVNWESE

DEPARTMENT OF MINES
GEOLOGIESE OPNAME
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
u·:t:..,-..:G/D:v1s,:>1rrt
IONAL GEOLOGY
. Su
:
0 Lewi
~ I FIG 3.38 SECTION FROM , SOOKRAM TO HOUTRVKOP ..
;-'f.'~4
. ,''!' ~...,,.. -
',•:•.:l•.,.:!1,,· i!'·rl,,,.r;:,r,:,;!•·,
,. ,.---
,;!l,,l":111:
' 1'!1 •1•:,1:.. ,. ·•
•10
OJ ALONG THE l'APKUILS
ii: sr.AYt;,!. ST(I,,. DU. -,-n-~-~-•n-.-----,--,l-G'-l'f-,~-,.f
0 1----......
RIVER
-.,-,_-,,,-,,'\.-,(,----------.-.-.A$$-.,-,.-~-"["".=--•-,"-'--:_.,--1
..
\.;
(
1 -20 W: CO!~lJ~Y
G{H~Cl4
~,
-
l"lliUUCl"'li::J
~ n n.. .. -~ ... fhl;.i~•C'1t.. cc-.tAu_ 81
(l
.
'
~IJff ~ D u .. u
!P~~~"
" [ ltWV!I :.:~--HAY ,::~. ~--L•-~,~~~..~1 fUO ~~. I
45.
angular eande typi,cel of the Elandefontyn Formation. Similar sedi=

mente, which included peats and clays, were drilled in 524 on
Ademboerakraal farther east (Figure 3.32)~ In 511 the phoephetic
fine sends of the Varaweter Formation have been named the
Bookrem Member, and were deposited on en eroded surface of Elendsm
fontyn Formation sediments. The name Sookram He~ber wee assigned
after the f1u111 Book ram 30 ldhere the type bo:rehole, 57, wes drilled
(Figure 3.32). The position of 57 is 32°, 38,00'S, . 1B 0 17 1 32'E.
Pollen from peat immediately underlying the Bookrem Membl!!r wee
1
assigned e probable Miocene age by Coetzee c1,1,, personal commu=

nicetion). In general the Bookrem Membl!!r closely resembles the
Ouynefontyn Member, particularly texturally (Figure 3.18). The
textural resemblance between the families of cumulative curves
is remarkable, despite a physical separation of over 50 km. Hows
ever the Baokram Member is texturally finer s~metlmee having mean
sizes of 3 - 4 phi {very fine send) in contrast to the Duynefan=
tyn Member's mean size range cf 2,5 - ~,o phi (fine sand). Again
this may be ascrib~d to the sheltering effect cf the Vredenburg
peninsula.
The fineness of th~ sand makes it more difficult to identify sand-

size components, piarticularly phosphate., Detailed EDAX 111ork re=
vealed that pellets ae ~ll es phoephetlzed sh!!!ll fragments were
present, but that heavy minerals ~ere a elgniflcant, if minor,
component.
Overlying the Bookram Member ls a non-phosphatic, non-calcareous

sediment containing rounded grains of fine quartz send. It is
frequently muddy about 5 m below a surface layer ~f unconsolidated
send. The rAuddy horizon, usually exposed in cuttings and borrow
pits along the Sishen-Saldenha rell~ey line, has been provisionally
named the Papkuils HeMber of the Bredesdorp Formation because it
is best known at present from boreholes narth and south of the
Papkuils River {Figure 3.3~). Its correlation with the Bredes=
dorp For•ation is tenuous at present end is based on an analogous
sequence in the Hamre area where the phosphetic Ouynefontyn H!!!mber
is overlain by quartzoee send of the Springfontyn Member. However
such large quen'ti ties of' usually non-organic mud ere generally
restricted ta the Papkuils Member. The family of curves for the
member is shown in Figure 3.18 and, despite the variable mud
contC?nt, the curveD compare well with those of the Spr:ingfontyn
Mernbei . A tentst1vE environment of deposition is B ~eckshore la=
goon, s imilar to those flanking the dunes beside the present
'
coast of St Helena Bay. This rn~y explain the textural inversion
of well-sorted, well-rounded quartz sand mixed with p6orly-sorted
silt and clay. Dunes were probably blown int □ lagoons forming
on a newly exposed coastal plain in the wak~ of the Late Pliocene
regression.
Borehole S18 (32c- 36, 49'5, 18c 19, 11 1 E ) (Figure 3 . 35) on the
farm St Helenafontein A 29 has bepn selected as the type boreh □ lE
.
for the Papkuils Member~ It lies 2 kni inland, less then 3 km
north of the Papkuils River. The hole initially demonstrates the
usual occurrence of the Bookrsm Member on a shallow bedrock of
weathered Malmesbury. A thin basal gravel gives way to very
uel_J. sorted, phosphati c fine quartz sand . The Papkui ls Member
is about 12 m thick and has its highest mud content (41, 4%) at
a depth of 7 m.
Borehole S13 was drilled on the farm Bottel Fontein 11 (Figure 3.36)
at the foot of the Recent coaslal harrier, above e bedrock depres=
sion ( Figure 3. 33). _ Bedrock was not reached, but a 5 n, layer of the
Elandsfontyn Formation was struck. The Sookram Member W8S atypical
in 513 in that it contained no visible phosphate grains, heavy
minerals being more conspi~uous. Gastropod casts so typical of the
Gastropod Bed at the base of the Springfontyn Member at Duynefontyn
were observed towards the top of the Sookram Member. These gastro=
pods, north of the Berg River, are typically associated with the
basal.gravel of the Sookram Member and are usually the only fossils,
found. A ~triking coarsening-upward trend is shown into gravelly
medium-coarse sand conta.ining vein-quartz pebbles and at the top,
shell fragments. There is a close resemblance in texture to the
Rietvlei boreh □ l~,RV,2,elso drilled at the foot of·a coastal
barrier ·(Figure 3.B). The sequence is correlated with the Velddrif
Member as was the Milnerton Member at Rietvlei. The shelly sands 1
similarly, were calcretized near the surface in S 13.
Borehole S15 was d~illed beside the road immediately east of S13
(Figure 3.37) . A ~triking textural contrast is apparent. The
47.
upper JD mare chiefly very well-sorted, fine to very fine

quertzoee sand. No phosphate grains were observed but heavy mine=
rele were,importent. Gastropod caets confirmed the correlation
with the Bookrem Member. Angular quartz grains beneath e peat
layer cherecterized 20 m of the Elendefomtyn Formation above
weathered Melmesbury bedrock .
Visser end Schoch (1973) end Visser end Tcerien (1971) map the
Velddrif Member as nq91n (shelly gravels) end •Q4" (legconel sedi=
ments). Recent barrier sands ere mapped es "Q5•. To comple1n~nt
the lithastratigrephy proposed for Nocrdmcek ead Rietvlei the
name Yzerfontein Member is suggested for the aQ5• sands end
Velddrif Member for the •QB1" end "Q4" sediments.
Figure J.38 depicts the proposed lithostretigrephy in a geological

section along the Pepkuils River to Houtrykop. Borehole S3, situ=
eted over 7 km inland, is very important palaeontologically. A
rich deposit of gastropod casts, unphosphatized thick mollusc
shells end numeFaus sharks' teeth were discovered in the Sookram
Member up to 30 m above sea level. Carrington (1978, personal
communication) briefly examined the mollusc fragments and cam=
pared them to.Neogene deposits in Namaqueland. Kilburn (1979,
personal communication) identified the tropical West African
species Nuculana bicuspidate. Two other molluscs, Telline mede=
gascariensis and Gastrans metedoa occur both ;off West Africa end
off South Africa ' s east coast.
The section is more reliable from S3 seawards. Hales labelled

"TG" ~ere drilled by a wash-boring method by a commercial company'
(Tg Exploration) during a search for phosphate.
4B.
3.9 CONCLUSIONS
Despite numerous limitations a relatively simple lithoetratigraphic

model has been outlined as the various areee·have come under discus=
sian (Table 3.9). The sequence appears ta be Neogene to Quaternary
in age, confirming, but refining the earlier designation "Tertiary
ta Recent". An earlier possibly Palaeogerne eubtropicel-tropical
climate caused bedrock ta be deeply weathered (Coetzee, 197Ba;
1978b; Glass, 1977) thus preparing vast quantities of materiel
for reworking by sedimentary processes. The result of fluviatile
transport and redeposition of this, newly released "first-cycl~ •
sediment is the Elendsfbntyn Formation which consists of peats ,
clays end angular coarse sands. Its type area is on the farm
Elandsfontyn 349, west □ f H □ pefield, but i t is also found across the
Berg River towards Elands Bay, as well es on the Cape Flats and et
Noordhoek.
The Saldanha Formation overlies the Elendsfantyn Formation on Lange=

berg 188 west of Lang~baanweg and may overlie Malmesbury bedrock at
Vsterplaat just north of Cape Town. It is a poorly exposed and ther 1
fore relatively poorly ~ocumented formation which is still c □ ntr □ vEr=
sial. A Middle Miocene age has been tentatively assigned to this

deposit of phosphatic quartzose sandstone (Tankard, 1975a ) .
The Varswater Formation is chiefly associated with its phosphorite,

member which ' was until recently commercially exploited in the
Versweter Quarry west of langebeariweg. This study expends knowledge
of this subsurface formation's areal distribution· considerably.
In addition, the definition of the formation has been modified.
Ite lower boundary coincides either with a thict clay layer or
with coarse angular quartz sand, either being indicative of the
Elandsfontyn Formation.
In the Seldenha area the upper boundary cf the Varsweter Formation

normally coincides with the first occurrence of calcareous, usually
non-phoephatic aeolianites cf the Bredasdorp Formation. The Vars=
water Formation itself is usually composed of rounded quartz send 1
often contains phosphate and is usually non-calcareous. Sharks '
teeth and gastropod casts are rare but characteristic fossils. The
Verewater Formation's distribution is extended in the Saldanha
area; correlated members in other areas ere the Strandfontein
Member beneath the Cape Flats coastline, the Silweretroom and
Duynefontyn Members beneath the Hamre coastline and the Sookram
TABLE J.,. PROPOSED LiTHOSTRATIGRAPHY FOR WEST COAST CENOZOIC SEDIMENTS
Arn No0rdh01!k Cape Fl11t11 R1etvll!i Meunrl! Langeba11nweg Berg R. to El11nd'a Bay
Formation Members
Vzerfontdn Yzerfonte1n Vzerfonte1n Yrerronte1n Vzerfontein Yzerfcnteln

Bredo11dorp Wolfgnt lil1hand Langeb1u1n
(Late Pliocene Limestone
to Recent beach-
MUnertcn Milner ton Velddr1f V!!lddr11'
dune complex)
Noordhaek Philipp i-Epplng Spr1ngfontyn-Mamra
Pepl(Ulh
Rletvl!!l (Late Killerney Cley .

Pliocene tn Recent 01ep River
eatuorlne-rluv1at1le
complex)
Ouynerontyn phosphorlte Bookram

Varewater
(Pliocene trans• quertzcee sand .
grr.aaive-regreoalve Strnndfontein Siluerotroom gravel
intertldsl com•
p lex.)
Seldanhe CSaldantia) (Saldan1ia)
(Mid-Hloc:!!ne
Ir.tttrtldal)
Elandofontyn (E) CE) CE) CE)

(M1Dcl!nl! & fluvlntile) '
r-
\0
so.,
Member beneath the St Helena Bay coastline. Only et the Koeberg
Power Station excavation et Duynefontyn have eny of these members
been exposed.
The Bredasdorp Formation has likewise been extended in scope end

distribution. In its type locality near Bredasdorp (Spies et al.,
1963) the formation hes a genetic definition. Sediments laid
down bye transgression are ~eworked during the sub~equent re=
gression end give rise to dune sands, which are blown farther in=:
land than the inner limit of the transgressing sea. This definiti
. . o1
is carried through to the Recent coastal barrier forming today by
the same processes .
Typically the Bredasdorp Formation is calcareous, but in all areas

except the Saldanha area, calcareous members of the formation ere
underlain by non-calcareous quar~zose sands that are texturally
similar (cf. Wybergh (1919), Sections I to III). The quartzose
sands tend ta be more peaty farther inland, whereas towards the
coast they become clean glass sands (Philippi Member on the Cape
Flats and Springfontyn-Member in the Mamre area).
The more peaty units are the Noordhoek Member, the Epping Member
underlying the remarkably flat and wide +30 m terrace of the Cape
Flats, the Mamre Member and, north of the Berg River, the Papkuils
Member.
Variably consolidated, often calcretized, Pleistocene calcareous

dune plumes are named the Wolfgat Member on the Cape Flats, the
Witzend Member near Mamre, end the Langebanaan Limestone Member in
the Seldanha area.
Identifiable Eemian littoral horizons ere the Milnerton Member at

Milnerton and Duynefontyn end the Velddrif Member beside Langebean
Lagoon and near the coastline of St Helena Bay.
The Recent co~stal barrier complexes along the Atlantic coastline

have been assigned to an Vzerfontein Member of the Bredasdorp
Formation.
This lithostratigraphic sequence of a fluvietile Elandsfontyn Forma~

tion, overlain by a mainly marine Verswater Formation, in turn
51.
covered by a mainly aeolian Bredasdorp FDrmetion is disturbed in

the path of rivers active during the Quaternary. A Rietvlel For=
mation ls propos~d to accommodatefluv1al and associated estuarine
and deltaic sediments. In the study area deposits of the Cape
Flats rivers have not been examined, although work is planned on
the Eerste River boreholes. Similarl y the Berg River floodplain
requires research. Only the Rietvlei area has been partially
studied, where a basal, gravelly Diep Riv~r Member of the Rietvlel
Formation is overlain by the Killarney Clay Member, which is in
turn overlain by the Milnerton Member (Bredasd □ rp Formation) . • .
52,
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KNOX, G.J., 1977. Caliche profile formatinn, Saldanha Bay (South
Africa): Sediment., 24, p. 657-674.
KRIGE, A.V., 1927. An examination of the Tertiary and Qua~er~ary
changes of see-level- in South Africa, with speci.al
stress on the evidence in fe~riur of a recent
world-wide sinking of ocean-lev~l: Ann. Univ •
.
Stell., 5(A1), p. 1-81 .
KRUMBEIN , W.C. and PETTIJOHN, F.J., 1938. Manu~l af Sedimentary
P~trmgraphy: Appleton- Century Crofts Inc.,
New York.
LEWIS, K.B . , 1974~ The continental terracei Earth-Sci. Rev .
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MABBUTT, J.A . , 1956. The physiography and surface geology cif the
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35, p. 2-1-58.
.
MAGLIO , V.J. and HENDEV, Q.B. 1970. · New evidence relating to the
-
supposed stegolophodont ancestry of the Elephanti ,
B!!£! S . Afr. archaeol. Bull. 25, p. 85-87.
- .
MULLER G. and GASTNER, M. , 1971.
The "Karbonat-Bombe 11 , a simple
~evice for the_determinatinn ~f the carbonate
content in sediments, soils and other materials:
Neues Jb. Miner., H1 □, p. 466-469 .
PASSEGA,R. 1 1957. Texture as a characteristic of elastic depositio i
Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geel., 41, p. 1952-1984 .
PIKE, D.R. and SAAVMAN, C.H., 1966~ Same:vattende verslag oar die
ingemieursgeologiese en -geofisiese ohde!s □ ek
va~ 'n terrein vir · voi::Jrg,estelde hewens te Riet=

vlei, Milnerton~ Kaap: Rep. geol . Surv. s. Afr.,
Ing. 767, p. 1-21 (Unpublished).
REED , W.E. 1 LE FEVER, R. and MOIR, G.J., 1975. Depositional envi =
ronment interpretation from settling velocity
(Psi) distributions : Bull. geol. Soc. Am~, 86,
•:.s
p. 1321-1328.
ROGERS, A.W . 1 19S4. Geological survey oF parts of the Divisions
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1903, p. 141-167.
, 1905. An introduction to the- geology of the Cape
------- Colony: Longmans, Green and Co . , Landan.
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-J
60._
ROGERS, J ., 1977 . Sedimentation on the continental margin off

th~ Orange River and the Nam16 D~sert: Bull. j t geol .
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studies): Rep. geol. Surv. s. Afr. (Unpubtished) .
, 1977b. A new exposure af the Pleistocene ·ra i sed
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Surv. S. Afr., p. 1-15 . (UnpublishEd).
, 1977c. Ni c2 □ palaeontological investigation of t~i
Ouynefontyn Nuclear Power Station site sampl~s, Cape
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, 1978. Ammonia beccarii (Linne) and variants from
the South West Cape: Rep. geol. Sur~. Si Afr .
(Unpublished).
, 1979a. West Coast Project bor~holes: micropalaeonto=
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geo1. Surv. S. Afr. (Unpubl i shed).
, 1979b. West Coast Project boreholes: micropalaeont □ ==
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S. Afr. (Unpublished).
-
SCHAFER, R.W . , 1963.
Bioz~nose und Biofazies in marinen Bereich:
Aufsatze v. Reden Senkenbergisch£ Naturforsch. Ges.
Frankfurt im Main, Kramer, Frankfurt amJ Main, p.
1-37.
SCHALKE, H.J.W.G., 1973. The Upper Quaternary of the Cape Flats
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15, p. 1-57.
SELLEY, R~C- , 1976. An Introduction to Sedimentology: Academic
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SHACKLETON, N~J. and bPDVKE, n.D., 1973. Oxygen isotope and palaeo ,
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5 6 .
on a 10 year and 10 year scale: Quatern. Res. ,
3, 39-55.
SIESSER~ W.G., 1971a . Mineralogy and diagenesis of some South
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10, p~ 15 -38.
61.
, 1971b. Petrology of some South African coastal
--------
and offshore carbonate rotks and sediments:
. '
Bull. s. Afr • . nat • . Comm. oceanog1'; Res.
mar. Geol. Progm., 3, p. 1-232.
Petrology of the Cainoz~ic C~astal lime=
--------, 1972e.
stone s of the Cape Province, Sotith Africa:
Trans. geol. Soc. S. Afr., 75, ·p. 177-185.
, 1972b. Abundance and distribution of carbonate
-------- cons t 1 tu en ts in so~e South AfTican coastal and
offshore sediments: Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr.,
40{4), p. 261-277.
..
_________, 1973. Diagenetically formed ooids and intraclasts
in South African calcretes: Sediment., 20, p.
539-551.
, 1976. Dolostone at S~ldanha Bay: evidence for
--------
~leis to c en e dessication: Trans. geol. Soc.
s. nrr., 78, p. - 361-365.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, 1978a. · Leg 40 results in relation to continental
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W.B.F. et al., p. 965-979.
, 1978b • . Aridification af the Namib De~ert:evidence
-------- . from oceatiic cares: In : VAN ZINDEREN BAKKE~,
E.M. ed., : Antarctic glacial history and
world palaeoenviranments, Balkema, Rotterdam ,
p. 105-113.
--------, 1979. Miocene origin of the Benguela upwelling

sys t ~ m: Proc. 4th S. Afr. oceanogr. Symp.
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suitability of four methods used in routine
carbonate analysis of marine sediments: Deep~
Sea Res., 18, p. 135-139.
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Sautb Africa: Sci., 171, p. 1144-1145.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ , 19?3. Tertiary penguins (Sphenisciformes, Sphenisc1
~ ) - from Vsterplaats, Cape Town, South Africa:
s. Afr. J. Sci., 69, p. 342-344.
62._
, 1976. Notei on variation in p~nguins and on fossil

penguins from the Pliocene of Langebaanweg, Cape
Province, South Africa: Ann. s. Afr. Mus., 69,
p. 59-72.
, 1979a. Tertiary penguins from the 0uinefonteln
site Cape Province, South Africa: Ann. S. Afr.
- Mus., 79(1), p. 1-7.
, 1979b. A new genus of let~ Tertiary penguin from
Lengebeanweg, South Africa: Ann. s. Afr. Mus.,
78, p. 1-9 •.
SINGER, R. , 1961 . The new fossil sites at Langebaanweg (South Africa):
Curr. Anthropol., 2(4), p. 385-387.
~ ,
______•,and BONE, E.L., 1960. Modern giraffes and the fossil
giraffids of Africa: Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 45, p.
375-548.
end FULLER, A.O., 1962. The geology and description of
a fossiliferous deposit near Zwartklip near
False Bay: Trans. R. Soc. s. Afr., 36, p. 205-211.
and HOOIJER, D.A., 1958. A Stegolophodon from South
Africa: Nature, 182, p. 101-102.
______ and WYMER, J., 1968. Archaeological investigations at
the Saldanha skull site in South Africa: s. Afr.
archaeol. Bull., 25, p. 63-74.
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, 1975. · Discussion an: The Vars~ater Formation of the
Langebaanweg-Saldanha area, Cape Province:
Trans. geol. Soc. S. Afr., 78, p. 373-375.
SOUTH AFRICAN COMMITTEE FOR STRATIGRAPHY, 1977. South African code
of strati~rephic terminology and homenclature:
Spec. Publ. geol. Surv. s. Afr. 20, p. 1-22.
-SPIES, J.J. , ENGELBRECHT, L.N.J., MALHERBE, S.J. and VILJOEN, J.J., 1963,
Die geologie van die gebied tussen Bredasdorp en
Gansbaai: Expl. Sheets 3419C and 3419_0 (Gansbaai)
and 342□ C (Bredesdorp)geal. Surv. 5. Afr., p~ 1"""'.'_39.
TANKARD, A.J., 1974a. Varsweter·Formation of the Langebaanweg-Salda~ha
area, Cape Provine~: Trans geol. Soc. s. Afr., .77,
p. 265-283.
, 19?4b. Chemical composition of the phasphorites from the
Lengebaanweg-Saldanha area, Cape Province~ Trans.
geol~ Soc. S •. Afr., 77, p. 185-190.
63.
, 1974c. Petrology end origin of the ph~ephorite
and aluminium phosphate rock o_f the La!lgebasnweg-
S~ldanha aree, South Western Cape Province~ Ann~
s. Arr. Mus., 65(8), p.· 217-249.
, 1975a. The marine Neogene Seldanha Formation:
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, 1975b. The late Cenozoic history end palaeaenviran=
menta cf the coastal margin of the South-Western
Cape Province, South Africa: Ph.D. thesis, Rhodes
Univ.·, P• 1-353 (Unpublished).
.
, 1975c. Thermally anomalous Late Pleistocene mo~lusc
from the Southwestern Cape Province, South Africa;
Ann. s. Afr. Mus., 69(2), p. 17-45.
I
;..._
, 1976a. _Pleistocene history and coastal morphology

of the Vsterfontein - Elands Bay area, Cape Pro=
vince: Ann. s. Afr. Hus., 69(5), p. 73-119.
, 197Gb. Cenozoic sea level changes: A discussion:
Ann. S. Afr. Mus., 71, p. 1-17.
~nd ROGERS, J., 1978. late Cenozoic palaeoenviron=
mente on the west coast of southern Africa: J.
Biogecigr., 5, p. 319-337.
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-Expl. Sheets 3318CO (Ca,pe Town) and D C (Bellvilli
end 3418 AB, AD (Simonstawn) and BA (StrandfontEi r
geol. Surv. S. Afr., (Open File).
TREASURE , P-.A. , 1:977. Kaolin deposits of Noordhoek Valley, Cape
Peninsula:. Rep. geol. Surv. s. Afr., Eg 6/238,
p. 1-32 (Open File).
TRUTER , F.C., 1941a. Die vervaardiging van kalk en pluimveegruis
in kaartgebied 255 (Saldanhebaai): Rep. geol.
~urv. s. Afr., Eg 9/1 (Unpublished) .
, 19 41:J. Lime phosphates - in the Saldanha Bay area:
_ Rep. geol. Surv. S. Afr., Eg 25/2/4 (Unpublished)
, 1942a. Phosphates on Klipvlei near•Saldanha Bay:
Rep. geol. Surv~ s. Afr., Eg 25/2/1 ~Unpublis~e~)
, 1942b. Report on. Ly f sershoek end Portion of Schier
Eiland, Saldanha Bay: Rep. geol. Surv. s. Afr.,
Eg 25/2/2 (Unputilished).
VAN DER MERWE, A.J., 1980. Opsporing en waardeb~paling van~·
I
grcindwaterbrcn in die Wes~us-sandafsettjngs

vii waterverskeffing aan die Atlantis-Kompleks
Weskeapland: Rep. Dept Wat. Aff. forestry Envi=
ranmental Conserv. s. Afr.
VISSER, H.~. , 1970. Geological map' (1:50 ODO) of Sheet 3318 CB
(Melkbosstrand) : Map geal. Surv. s. Afr.
(Unpublished).
_ _ _ _ _ _ and SCHOCH, A.E., 1973. The geology end mineral
resources of the Seldanha Bay area: Mem.
geol. S~rv. S. Afr~, 63, p. 1-150. • •
_ _ _ _ _ _ and TDERIEN, D.K., 1971. Die geologie van die gebied
tussen Vredendal en Elandsbaai: Expl. Sheets
3118 C (Doringbaai) and 3218A (Lamber~sbaai)
geol. Surv. S. Afr. , p. 1-63.
WILLIS, J.P. , FORTUIN, H.H.G. and EAGLE, G.A.~ 1977 . A preliminary
report an the geacbemistry of Recent sediments
in Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon: Trans .
R. Sac. s. Afr., 42, p. 497-509.
WOLFF . R.G . , SINGER, R. and BISHOP, W.W . , 1975. Fossil bear
(Agriotherium Wagner 1837) from Langebaa~we9t
Cape Province, South Africa: Quaternaria, 17 ,
p. 209-236.
WVBERGH, W. , 1919 . The coastal li~estones of the Cape Province:
Trans. geal. Soc. 5. Afr. , 22 , p. 46-6? .
A1
APPENDICES
A.1 PROCE_DURAL FLOuI-OIAGRAM
A flow-diagram of the procedures followed in studying sediments from
boreholes of the West Coast Project is presented in Figure A.1.
A.2 SAMPLING METHODOLOGY

In the field the drillers of the Department of Wat€r Affairs, Fore=
stry and Environmental Conservation were i~structed to use casing and
where possible, to obtain undlstur~ed material with a sampling tube.
Only resistant materiel was pulverized with a bit and recovered •with
a bailer ave~ 1m intervals, as disturbed and washed material. _Such
washed materiel, while useful for chemical and palaeontological ana=
..
lysi~ is inferior far particle size analysis. As a result a clear
distinction was always made by the writer between washed and unwashed
material. Washed material was sa1tpled in 1m lengths, whereas the un=
washed material was sampled every metre and at lithological b □ und~ries
over. 0,2 m sample intervals. Samples were placed in 500 ml transpa=
rent P.V.C. bottles, which were packed in stackible plastic crates
to facilitate both sorting and transport.
A.j PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS

A.3.1 Rationale
The chief goal of particle size analysis in this study has been to de =
scribe the sediments unambiguously-in a quantitative, scientific
manner.
In this study the 6831 samples recovered since May, 1976, when the
writer joined the project, have all been examined under a binocular
microscope and the size of the sand grains mas been estimated withe
grain-size comparator. To date, (April, 1980) 6302 samples have
been processed to obtain mud-sand-gravel percentages. Detailed par=
ticle size analyses have been performed an 3558 samples (1406
by sieving and 2152 by settling tube) (Table A.1) • . As a result, the
semi-quantitative borehole logs prepared for each end every bore=
hole are being steadily supplemented by downhole plats of qu~nti=
tative date. Gradually, distinct patterns have emerged in various
areas and cross-correlations are bei~g made wit~ increasing confi=
- dence. The edditimnal benefit is created of obtaining basic textural
data which can bi processed to classify sediments in terms of their
potential far geohydrological, geotechnical and economic purpo~es.
In .this way the basic multidisciplinary aim! of the West Coast Pro=
ject is realized, ~hile allowing the sedimentologist to
C
0
Percussion drilling -
Core
F'ield sampling
Samples
Subsampling
Pollen subsample su!>sample • Microscope

subsample
Palynological W;ishing
study ( UOFS)
Terrestrial environment Coarse
- and age fraction
Micro~cc.pic
c>1anunatK>n
0 Drafiing
S<"llli-
-- qu3ntitative
Fipetling bg
fine subsampli?
o ..emight drying
Sand fraction
Keying in data
Splitting
KOP1EfiEG . Sand split
0
...
,., ..
0
-c Sand settling tube
lists a.,d ;:::O!s
..., :0
I> ....
:0"'
... le Raw data smt:age
le ...
... :z
z -i
Computation
~i
.,, z
~~
-<
7.
MZ
<l>;f: data storage
;
and plottin!J
Downhole ·
G') C') lists and Families of curve:$
1111'11 plots
00
rr
00
G'> c:,
oiii
l> (/)
rm
..... (/)Q
C"O
;oz
and geology maps
<J>
m~ li!hostratigraphieal profiles
-< m
LEGEND
□
Operation 1 CaC03
z SiOz
0 Sediment 3 llzOs
4 CaO
&. Result
s lez<>;J
COPYRIG>IT
,i,~
r-~ -
SP.ttU.nn · Ca CO, '

Mud Tube
Micro= Sand
Area Samples scope Gravel SiF.!ve
-~
~ GS□ Acid Bombe XRF'
l\laardhoe·k · Sl+ 1 312 541 - 70 242 75 . - -

Flats 1031 190 595 6G2 - 98 794 - . -
nletvl ei 299 299 296 2fJ6 - - - 107 -
Harr, 1• e 4 □ 1G 36£15 25!,6 1 bO 259 955 - 221 -
G£1lr.lanha, 2302 1855 1593 280 - 322 - f=;42 :302
'
N. Berg. R. ?31 731 ?31 - - 206 - 12 10
TOTAL 0'320 ?n □ l+ 6302 14(16 329 1823 ~.~9 382 ,12
-
TABLE A.1. ANALYTICAL STATUS OF BDREHr.LES IN THE DIFFERENT AREAS, ENO~APRIL, 1980.
:b,
N
C..P -~ ILi r---:-----------------------------------___;_ _:.,~
balance ....
•
-----, I
I
I
I
220\f
'I
1
'Y .
Disc.
suppor~ •.
. I •
Rotatable
1- collar ·.
Sand~U-~~~ I . . .
--=---=-- _ --~ ► Starting_

-==-==~-== bar.
~~~~~ . - Starting
---~=t~~~ switch Printer HP 9866 A
~==~===t:t
------
===~i=i=~==
-----·--
-----.-.
--------
------
----·-·--
-------
I
t
--------
--=-=-==-==-==-- --------....J'-----1I
.;;.;.~~1--+Water Desk-top calculator HP 9830 A I
------
j:j:~~::;:
l
I
-::-::..:::--==:-== I
:t~~~~=
----- I
t
~~~~;__ tube
Pen :
~~i~~~i
_____ .... _
-------
-------
l
I
...
U) ~~~~~~~f
----~
I
N
n =~~~~~~ I
--=---=-------::..-::...t
3 - =-=-=
--==- -=-==-
- -=-=-
=~~~~~~.J;:
---
- ------ ----
- - --- Plotter IHP9862 A
Peripheral ~asette recorder
Collecting pan
,;
.......1--.water and sand outlet

~18cm~
. ID
AFOELING / OIVIS ION
DEPARTMENT OF MINES REGIONAL GEOLOGY·
GEOLOGIC.AL SURVEY
~ FIG A2 SCHEMATIC LAYOUT OF . THE- SETTLING TUBE

w AND COMPUTER . HARDWARE
Q.~----....---------------------------------
O
~
SAAMGEST'EL 0EIJ
COMPILED BY
-·
VOS. BRINK
TEGNl£SE ICONTROl.E ·
TEOiNICAL CONTROL
h .........
KLASSlfDCASIE,ti.A.Ss:flCATION
ETEl<EN DEUR. QA UM ,ro _ _ , ,

AJ.
trace textural trends across facies bou~daries. In the pest, .

textural. analysis has been used 1ri the qtiest to determine. depositia=
nel environments mf sediments. Todey, texture is but one facet to
be studied along with composition,.palaeontology, sedimentary struc=
ta.ires and. basin_ geometry ·c~eliey, 1976). Tex~ure is nevertheless
a ~undemental pa~eme~er end is particularly vital in parts of the
W~st Coast where it is the only measurable variable. It is also
fortunate that the bulk ·or the sediments studied are unconsolidaied,
.. .
{calcrete being t~e chief exception}, and ~hus amenable to the large-
scale textural precessing described in th~s report~ Table A.1: ·
clarifies the analytical status of the various regions' boreholes.
'
A.3.2 ·· Laboratory methodology
In the laboratory, samples wer~ desalted and, if dried out, effec=
tively moistened and softened by soaking inside dialysing ~ubing
made of cellophane. Int~rstiti~l salt permeating through the
membrane ta a reservoir of continually replenished water was sip=
honed off overnight.· Next morning the silt-plus-clay (mud) free=
tion was washed thro~gh a 63~m sieve and measured using the An=
dreas~n-pipette method {British Standards Institution, 1967).
The send-;-plus-gr2vel fraction bJSS dried at 10S°C" and then dry-
sieved through 2mm and 63pm sieves. In this manner ~eights of
pip~tted mud, pan mud, sand and gravel wer~ obtained using en
electronic balance which is accurate to 1 mg and is connected
'
to a digital recorder.
A.3.3 Data processing

A desk-top calculator (Hewlett Packard 983 □ A) was programmed by·
V.d.S. Brink to calculate the percentage of mud, sand and gravel.
A separate programme ~as then used to list and store the calculated
data and to obtain downhale plots on the plotter. These data were
required far the settling-tube pragramm~. along with iample identi=
fication and water temperature.
A settling tube (Figure A.2) was constructed by P. Bova to determine

t-he pa~ticle size distribution of the sand fraction. A 2m-high,
200 mm diameter water~filled perspex tube was erected beneath a small
platform suppa~ti~g a seco~d electronic'balance,also accurate to 1mg,
in~erfeced with the calculator. A perspex.pen was suspended from
a hook below the balance by three, thins enamelled copper wire~.
A4.
A 2-10g split of the send fraction was sprinkled on a perspex ~ c
end moistened with a 5 □~ solution tJ_f wetti':'g agent.. Surface _ter-=
eion caused the grains to ad~ere to the disc while it was supported .
inverted, just above the water-level. On lowering t~e disc ta_ \he
surface o~ the water, the grains started settling d~wn the tube.
Simulteneousl~, a micro-switch was depressed thus both taring· the
balance ta zero and ·signalling to the calculator that settling
had begun. The accumulating_ weight on the pan was then sampled
at 1,5 second ~ntervals by the calculator. The data continued to
be recorded until 6 successive readings were identical, indicaiing
that all grains had reached the pan. Recording was thEn terminated
b~ th~ ·programme and the raw data im~ediat~ly stored on cassette
i .
tape. ·After storage, a monitoring graph was immediately drawn on
the plotter, whereby the cumulative weight percentage of the settled
sand was plotted ag~inst time~ The graph was used to m~~sure the
time taken for the coarsest grain to reach the pan and the reading
was then stored on the tape .
After settling an entire borehole, the control data (water tempera=

ture etc) that had been typed in manually were checked using an
editing programme .
A long (360 -'.:statement) output .programme, based an a FORTRAN pro:;::

-gramme developed by Reed et al (1975), was then activated at the
end of a working day and allowed to run overnight. The programme
used the water temperature to determine water visc~sity and densit¼
which in turn were inserted into en equation to convert settling
period into size. For each sample the frequency and cumulative
percentage~ of the sand fraction were calculated at 0,1 phi inter=
yals_. (For comparison, the closest possible sieve spacing is
,I
0,25 phi, but usually only 0,5 or even 1, □ phi is used). Deciles
and moment measure~ (mean, median, standard deviation, skewness and
kurtosis) were then calculated for the sand fraction. (Unfortunate=
ly the mud. fraction does not lend itself aa teadily tcr mass-productio
of det~iled size analyses due to the extremely low settling veloci=
ties. The problem has been tackled by Fabricius and Muller -(1970)
using a v~ry short settling tube far silt and clay). The statistics
therefore relate to artificially truncated size distributions.
However, many of tfue sediments had low mud and gravel contents
end in such cases little error ~es introduced.
Secondly, teki~g the send ae a fractiqn of the total sediment,

C
the deciles, the frequency and the cumulative percentages were
recalculated. The percentages of mud and gravel and of the
various phi-fractions (very fine sand, fine sand, medium send,.
coarse sand and very coarse· sand) were then computed along with
geohydrological pur~ □ eters (effective size, uniformity coefficient
and fineness monulus). ..
The graph of frequency percentage versus size (phi) was then plot~
ted on.an arithmetic scale, followep by a graph of cumulative fre=
quencv percentage plotted on a pro~abil~ty scale.
The 18 statistical parameters computed were stored on tape and ter=

med "derived datan. A separate programme was used to list the de=
rived data _and to obtain dcwnhale plats at standardized scale~ of
1cm per 5 m and 1 cm per 10 m.
After a detaileij comparison of the monitoring graphs .on a light

table, the samples were grouped into stratigraphic units. Families
of cumulative curves were then _plotted against an arithmetic scale .
In this way the proliferation of data could be p·resented, .along
. "
with downhole plots, in a compact and meaningfµ~ way. However,
the chief advantage lay in facil~tating comparisons between bore=
holes. The approach was so useful that two additional versions of
the "families" programme were developed. Beth plotted size in
millimetres instead of _in phi values; one version was for geohy=
drologists., the other for engineering geologists.
.,
The textural clasiification af ihe sediment according to Folk (1954)
was first determined and then printed Qut.
Finally~ a programme was developed to use the textura1 data to

assess the suitability of the ..sediment as glass sand, mortar sand,
roundry sand, concrete sand etc.
Further details on the functioning of the settling tube are desc~ibt

A6.
by ~rink and Rogers (1979).
A.4
A.4.1
SEDIMENT COMPOSITIO~
Field methodology
.
In the field the cored material. was tested with dilute hydrochloric
c.
acid to demarcate calcareous sectio~s. A hand lens · was us~d where
necessary, particularly where phosphate was susp~cted .
A.4.2 Laboratory methodology ..

Each sample · was crudely washed free of fines in the labelled lid of
the s~~ple bottle. The dominant, subordinate, minor and trace . com=
ponen~s were the~ identified und~r a binocular microscope~ The
colour of each sample was determined using· the Munsell Rock-.C olar
Ch~rt (Geological Society of America,1963). These obser~atiorial
data were combined with the estimated grain size ta draft a detail~d
semi-quantitative. log for each borehole. Between May, 1976 and
April, 198□, the number of boreholes logged in this manner was,
115 and the number of samples examined was 7004. The mean samp=
ling interval was 0,73m. Prior ta May, 1976, boreholes we!e sampled
at· a mean iryterval of 1,52 m. The longer sampling interval was
chiefly because long channel samples were taken (Table A.2 ) .
Samples from any borehole selected far textural analysis were

routinely subsampled and the subsamples dried at 105°C. in prepare=
tion for chemical analysis.
Selected boreholes were an~lysed for carbonate ccintent. The indivi=

dual sa~ples were first tested far their reaction ta. acid. Often
only an upper section contained carbonate~ so that section and - the
~
first three samples of the lower nan-calcareous section were selec =

ted. A small ball-mill was then used ta crush the dried, selected
samples.
The carbonate content of the crushed samples was determined with

the Karb~nat Bo~be (MOller and Ga~tner, 1971; Birch, 1979 b)~ In
this method 1g of _material was attacked by 5 ml of concentrated -
hydrochloric acid - in a sealed vessel . (Bombe) made of perspex. The
pressure of the evolved C~ was· measured on a gauge ~nd related
--- - - - - - · - - - ----· ------- - -
A7 .
to carbonate content by running standards before end after

every 5 samples . When the ~cid tes~s · showed that the carbonate
content was low, & g of sample was taken and the resultant
value reduced accordingly. In this way more reproducible results
were obtained (Birch, 1979 b). Up ta the end of April, 1980, 982
samples had been analyzed (Table A. 1).
Very few boreholes contained significant quantities of phosphatic

0
sand. Only such boreholes were dispatched to the Geochemistry
Section of the Geological Survey for a~alysis by X-Ray flucresc~nce.
Initially powder pellets were used, but lately (Frick~ 1979, per=
sonal ;?ommunication) only glass discs are bei~g pr~pared. In this
way a _uniformly high degr~e of accuracy is being obtained. How~
ever problems have been encountered. Some discs have shattered
during coaling and -had to be reprepared. Up to the end of April,
1980, 299 sample . had been anlyzed (Table A.1).
Selected · ~amples of phosphorite and of clay were submitted to the

Geochemistry Section fox x~Ray diffraction and individual
phosphate ~ellets have been studied by EDAX (Energy Dispersive
Analysis by X~Rays).
,,,.,_.
f
f:
Area Un= Long-channel sampling . Short-chP.nnel sampling f
. sampled
'
(m) (m) Samples Interval (m) Samples Interval
(m) (m)
Noordhoek -. 229,9 299 □ ,7? 758,5 2t+2 0,24

Flsta - 767,3 997 □ ,?? 41,? 34 1,?3
Rietvle1 - - - - 82,9 299 0,26
Mamre 766,0 943,? :356 2,65 2324,7 3665 0, G:f
Saldanha 627,8 1242,8 · 441 2,82 1283 '· 4 1860 0,69
N. Berg - - - 510,8 731 0,7 □
:
TOTAL 1413,8 3183,7 2093 1,52 ; 5002, □ 6831 . 0~?3
TABLE A.2. SAMPLING INTERVAL IN THE DIFFERENT AREAS
):,
c:,
A9.
A.5. METHODOLOGICAL RESERVATIONS CONCERNING EXISTING DATA FROM

CAPE FLATS BOREHOLES
,.
A considerebl~ amount of data -has been amassed by He~zen (1973)
working in the southwestern Cape Flats and by Greeff (1977; ~978;
1980) working in the southeastern Cape Flats. The aims cf both
p~ojects were strictly geohydrological rather then lithostratigrapbi=
cal. As a result, for example, impermeable clay horizons were nQt
analysed, because they patently ccnt~in little water. There are ·
several other sher tcomings which prevent the wri t"er frolTI using .•
the available data unreservedly .
Firstly no mention was made of any variation of the drilling method

used to obtain the samples. A general statement (Henzen, 1~73,
- only a tube was used. In practice, the sedi=

p. 218) is made that
.
ments were probably amenable to drilling by tube in cased holes.

It would be ~eassuring, nevertheless, to have a detailed record or
whether the bit and bailer was ev~r resorted to, thus producing
disturbed samples.
Secondly, the S81Ttples w:ere not studied micT □ scop:ically so tha·t,

for instance, aggregates of broken calcrete end limestone may have
been sieved as gr~vel-size particles .
Thirdly, the samples were dried before sieving (Henzen, 1973, p.

247). In studying clean sands no problems would have arisen, ·but
in muddy sediments the fine fraction may have farmed gravel-size
aggregates and led ta misleading· data.
fourthly, a shaking period of 30 minutes was selected after ex=

perimentetion between 5 ond 60 minutes (Henzen, 1973, p. 247).
Although acknowledging that the decision remains arbitrary, both
Krumbein and Pettijohn (1938, p. 140) and Ingram (1971, p. 64)
recommerid a shaking - time of 10 minutes. A longer shaking time
a) liads to inaccuracy because particles work their way through
over-large spaces in the mesh but b) e~sures that more material
passel? through each sieve (Ingram; 1971). A satisfactory balance
is kept if 10 minutes is chosen and greater productivity is ob=
tained with the ~horter sieving time.
A10.
fifthly, the sieve intervals were 111-choeen from a sed1mentolog1=

cal pain~ of view. The helf-phi intervals selected ere described
by Folk (1968, p. 34) es suitable only •ror rough work•. Normaily
however, the finest sieve would be 4,D phi (p,063 mm)~ so that
when combining the fractions ih two succeeding 0,5 phi intervals
. .
e velue for Wentw~rth grades (very fine-sand, fine sand etc.) could
easily be obtained. Henzen's (1973) choice of 3 1 75 phi (0,074 mm)
es the boundary between sand and silt makes it more difficult to ·
calculate Wentworth grades from the data.
. .
By treating sediment samples withe 10% solution of hydrochloric
acid (Henzen, 1973 p. 116) end then by filtering,
~ . .
washing, dryi·ng
a~d weighing, silica percentag~s were obtained gravimetricelly.
Duplicate determinations agreed to ~ithin 0,1% (Henzen, 1973, p.
246). In mast.cases, where the sediment is a mixture of quartz and
shell fragments the above weight-loss methmd simultaneously provides
en accurate calcium carbonate value. Ho~ever, when other acid-so=
~uble componen~~ such as organic matter are present, errors can
be introduced (Siesser and Rogers, 1971). As a result, before
using these dijta the individual samples were tested for their
reaction ta dilute hydrochloric acid. Only data from those samples
with a positive reactio·n were used to obtain calcium carbonate
plots as in Flats L, G and J (Figure 3.7) .
..
\
- - - ------------·-·· -- - ----------- - --
A .6. Ar.'i;L VT ICAL STATUS r:1F W[ST-C0AST-PR0JECT 0OREHOLES BETl,IEEN CAPE

FLATS ANO ELA~DS BAY, ENO-~PRIL, 190n
Key:
Borehole :.Letter; e.g. M, et end of borehole number ls an area
code: 8 = Between Berg River and Ela~d's Bay
M = Manire
l'J = Noorrlhoek
5 = Saldanha
Log A = Log drafted after microscopic examination and at l;a;t

mud-sand-gravel determinations.
I
~ 8 = log drafted after microscopic examination.
C = Log baseu oGlDly on macroscopic field exanination .
CaC □, A = Analyses performed using Karbonat - B □ mbe
8 = Analyses performed by grevimetry.

-
.OREHDLE SEDIMErJT S'EOI:: u::m. SAMPLES AtJALVSED CaCO, P2 DC
THICK= r-1E:rrr •. -
· F~ESS SAMPLES MICRO= MUD- SIEVE SETTLING
(m) SCOPE SAND- TUBE
i GRAVEL
i
UCT GS □ .
I
7031 - M 10,7 - C - - - - - - -
7032 -M 42, □ - C - - - - - - -
9734 - M 41,4 - C - - - - - -.
.
-
2 '9735 - s 3?,2 a C - - - - - - -
9736 - s 56, □ 6 C - - - - - - -
9737 s - .
71 ,0 - C - - - - - - -
9738 s - 53,3 15 C - 15 - - - - -
9739 - s 51,7 g C - 9 - - - - -
9740 - s 39,0 17 C - 17 - - - - -
9748 - M ·62, 5 - C - - - - - . - -
974:J - M 4?,5 3C --u 3D 38 - - 38 - -
9750 - M 51, □ - ·c - - - - - - -
9751 - M > 41,0 - C - - - - - - -.
9752 - M 38,2 - c· - - - - - - -
9757 - M 41,5 1 C - - - - - - -
9758 - M 22,2 8 C - - - - - - -
9759 - M 32,7 8 C - - - - - - -
9760 M 28,B 18 C - - - - - - -
9761 - 5 > 54, □ 22 C - 22 - - - - -
9762 - s 40, □ B C - 8 - - - - -
9763 - s 38, □ 12 C - 12 - - - - -
i
9764 - s 91,7 39 C - 39 - - - - -
-:
9765 - s 34,5 5 C - 5 - - - - -
9766 - s > 81, □ 36 C - 36 - - - - J -
9767 - 5 86,4 25 C - 25 - - - - -
9768 -s > 75 0
'
28 C - 28 - - .- - -
- . - - - -
9769 s 82,2 31 C 31 - -
:2 9769A;_ s 82,2 - C - - - - - - -
I
I 9770 - s > 77,0 30 i

C - - - - - - -
2 9771 -M _11,8 7 !
C - - - - - - -
9'772 - M 28, □ - C - -c; - - - - -
9773 - M 12,9 5 ' C - - - - - -
9774 - r-1 32,7 11 ....
:., - - - - - - -
------- ·--------·--..----·--- -·.
..,:....... -- -·- _____.,. _ - ---· ·-- - - - - - -
ANAL V"i !C,",L ST.!HP3 OF' 8Cl1EHOLE5
- .
·tEHOLE: SEDIMErJT SEDI= LOG SAMPLES ANALYSED caco, Pz O
5
THICK= MENT
NESS SAMPLES MICRO= MUD- SIEVE SETTLING
(m) SCOPE SAND- TUBE.
.
GRAVEL
! UCT GSO
)7?5 - r-1 34,3 20 o.., . 20 20
:
! - - 20 - -
/ '1776 - M 7,5 5 a· 5 5 ! - - 5 - -
~ J777 - M 5,0 4 R 4 4 '
' - - 4 - -
?'37?8 - M 47,5 30 C - - - - - - . -
: n?9 - M 34,5 11 r. - - I
- - - - -
29780 - M
..·\10 ,o p C - - - - - - -
J781 - M 38,7 21 r:; - - - - - - -
29782 - M ~1,0 11 C - - - - - - -
na3 - M 29,B 1'1:;
.,, C - - - - - - -
29764 - M 67,4 46 C - 10 - - 10 - -
3785 - M
..
1786 - ...
38,4 - C - - - •.
- - - -
C 25 ,4 - C - -· ~ - - - -
, . 1787 - M 31,1 n
l.. s - - - - - - -
. 1788 - r-·, 29,6 9 C - - - - - - -
:,9799 - M 33,3 11 C - - '
- - - - -
3790 - t·l 29, □ - C - - - - - - -
29791
I
- r··: 35,4 10 ,C - - - - - - -
I
I
3792 - M 27,9 - C - - - - - - -
2'9793 - M 35,5 - .c - - - - - - -
-
j
3794 - M 3?, □ - C - -. i - - - -
29795 - M 26,3 - C .,. - - - - - -
.
9796 - M 24,7 - C - - - - - - -
~9797 - M 24,9 - C - - -
I
I
- - - -
- 'J?98 - M 11,? - C - - - - :... - -
\. ·1799 - M 4,0 - C - - - - - -
,;
-
,"1799A- M 1,? '2
.J 8 - - - - - - -
9800 - M 56,4 10 B - 10 - - 10 - -
?.9810 - s 72,6 23 C - - - - - - -
·9915 - s > 90,o - C - -. - . '
- - - -
29819 - s > 54,0 - C - - - - - - -
9820 - s 66, □ - C - - - i
- - - -
29821 - s 50,3 . - C - - - - - -· -
:
--------------·- ------------
A:'Ml VT ICAL · JT:'. T1JS llf P. □ REHOLES
--
~EHDLE SEDIMENT SEDI= LOG SAMPLES ANALYSED . CaCO, P2 Os;
THICK= MENT
NESS SAMPLES ;ucno= MUD- SIEVE SETTLING
(rn) SCOPE . SAND- TUBE
GRAVEL
UCT .GS □
: 1822 - s > 60,0 - C - - - - - - -

823 - s 75,0 - C - - - - - - -
9824 - s 80,0 - C - - - - - - ..-
1825 - s 7 - - - - - - - - -
.::. ~826
., 9827
- s
'\ ?
'l
;
- - - - - - - - -
- M ... - .,. - - - - - - -
1828 - M s, □ - C - - - - - - -
? 9829 - M 1,7 - .. C - - - - - - -
}830 - M 36,8 - C - - - - - - -
2 9831 - M 3,1 - C - - - '
- - - -
~832 - M 30,S - C - - - - - - -
2 ·1833 - M 4,·s - C - - - - - - -
1827 - M 9,4 - C - - - .- - - -
30828 - M 5,0 - C - - - - - - -
)829 - M 25,5 - r-•
u - - - - - - -·
0830
.. 'J831 -
- M 4,9 2 C: - - - - - - -·
s B1,5 - C - - - - - - -
0832 - s 81,0 57 C - - - - - - -
0835 -- M 63,1 13 s 13 - - - - - -
0836 - M 23,1 9 C - - - - - - -
.3 08.42 - s 72,0 26 C 26 - - - - - -
0843 -· s 48,2 17 C 17 - - - - - -
3 0B44 - · ·$ 72, □ 26 C - - - - - - -
:1845 - · -r,~ ? - - - - - - - - .I -
!18T.6 - M 29, □ 11 c. -. - - - - - -
lJ847 - M 21,4 - C - - - - - - -
Ls0848 - M 43,5 - C - - - - - - -
rI -
I
,0849 - M ? - - - - -· . - - - -
,..) 0850 - M 25,5 13 C - - - -· - - - -
0851 - M a,a 5 C - - - - - - -
mas2 - M 59,3 12 C - - - - - - -
0853 - M 13,4 10 C - - - - - - -
ANALVrICAL STATUS -OF BO REHO~ES
- ..
,nRE!IOLE SEDIMENT ~jED I= LOG SAMPLES ANALYSED ce_co; P2 (J
THICK r1Ern ..
· NESS SAMPLES MICRO~ MUD- SIEVE SETTLING .
( . (m) SCOPE · sAND-
GRAVEL
TUBE
UCT GS □
'1!0854-r, 32, ·s 6 C - - - - - - -
: 0859-5 ? - - - - - - - - - -
"':0860-5 ? - - - - - - - - -
0861-S ? - - - - - - -
. . - -
;J □ 8Ei2-S ? - - - - - - - ..,..
. . -
~ 0863- f--: 21 , 5 39 9 29 - - - - - -
330864-M 4,8 8 ·e 8 - - - - - -
~ ,0865-M >ss;2
\
72 8 72 72 - 55 - - -
:.30866- S 29 ·, 0 38 B 35 - - - - 38--A -
: ...>086'",-5 41, 0. 51 ... 51 - - - - 51-A -
:.J □ 870-5 42,Q 47 8 4? - - - - 47-A -
~10871-5 58,5 96 8 96 74 74 - - 41-A -
:- 1 □ 872-5 81,D 79 8 79 - - ;
- - - -
:::;;,□ 873-5 18,D 31 8 31 - - - - - -
'- 0874-S 2,7 4., B 4 - - - - - .-
330875-S 4,0 5 . ....,.
- - i
! - - - - -
i'
rns7s-·s 26,4 39 8 39 39 18 - - - -
330877-.S 25,7 63 8 63 - 63 - I
- - - -
I; 30878-5. >102,0 188 A 136 188 180 - - 10-A
,
:_j30879- S 120,0 195 - 195 195 - - - - -

.. 30880-5 136,5 155 s: - - - - - - .
~ 30882- M > 41,0 35 H 36 - ;
- - - -
:-' 308'83-M 32,? 27 a 19 19 - - - - .
._ 30902-M 23,O 32 B 32 - - - - -
5: 309□ 3-M - 35,0 50 B 5□ 50 1C - - -
~0904-M 26,2 :35 9 36 36 6 - - - I
5 50905-M. 55,0 4? 8 ff7 47 47 - - 26-A

30906-M 13,4 21 a 21 15 15 - - -
u30907-M 15,8 29 8 2s 29 - - 29 -
30908-M .36 , 0 50 B r,...
J c. - .,_ - - -
530912-M 36,0 47 B 47 8 - - "
. 0
-
AfJI\L V;TICAL STATUS Of BOREHOLES A16
:.;EDIMENT SEDI= LOG SAMPLES AtJALVS.ED ~aC0 1 P2 Cl c:;

JRDiOLE ..
THICK= MENT :
fJESS SAMPLES MICRO= MUD- SIEVE SETTLING

(m) SCOPE SArJD- TUBE
GRAVEL .
UCT GSO
0913- M 01, □ 140 !3 140 140 - - - 61-A -

~0914- Ii 18,4 30 8 30 9 C'
J - - - -
0915- M >47,0 07
..
8 87 C7 - - 87 - -
~309 17 - r-i > 24 ,□
:.,
Jj 8 35 35 - - - -. -
0918 - M > 13 ,o . 15 - - - - - - . - -
:309 19 - M > 14,~ 22 - - - - - - - -
,0920- ..
t·;
'
> 28.-iD 37 A 37 37 - - - - -
: 309 2 1
- - t: > 25~0 35 8 35 35 - - - - -
· 109 2~ - r·
..
• I > 16,0 ·19 8 19 19 - - - - -
_J09 23- i-1 48,0 51 A 51 51 - - - - -
~10924- ..
i "I 22,9 47 J 47 3 3 - - - -
•:'
\09 25- s 117,0 195 9 196 194 - - - 152-A 3
::. --;09 26- .., ..
45,9 76 8 ?G 76 17 - - - -
i0927- ti 12,9 33 8 33 33 -z-
- - 16-A -:
..,.,
J:)
'.;3092[2.- 28,1 59 A 59 59 9 - - - -
3892~- i~i 30,5 72 8 72 72 - - 72 - -
330931- ; ' .. 32, □ 87 B 87. C7 - - - - -
J 30932- i-: 35,0 57 8 57 57 - - 57 - -
:.J 30933- f·i 43,0 56 - - 3 - - - - -
~30935_ ~j 28,8 48 8 48 ~8 - i - - - -
·~ 30536- l; 40,4 75 8 75 75 - ·- 75 32-A -
~ 3 □ 938-
..
l'I 35,5 58 s 58 -- - - - - -
I
' 30939- .... 13, 4- 24 8 24 - - - - - -
G:;3 0940- ...
q
29,8 37 8 37 37 - - - - -
rns41- 1-i 40,5 e.O 8 00 80 - - GD 7-A -
C:i0943- ;.; 45,2 91 8 91 91 - 91 - 2 6 -A -
30944- i·i 24,2 57 s 57 57 - 57 - 3-A -
G3094G- It
,·: 62,5 112 8 112 - - - - - -
30947- f.! 22,5 36 8 36 -:, ,.c, - - - - -
G309!if.- Ii 40,5 56 8 55 56 - - - - -
:30949- 1-i 18,8 . 33 8 33 8 -· - 8 - -
-~3095!J- r-i 33,2 44 8 44 11
i - - 11 - -
_A17
AN/\LVTlCAL STAlUS OF fJORDiOLES
- . ·---- - - .--
.
;;-rt cl ;n L L :il:D!liCfH
THIC'1=
:'.> ~01,;,
::::.rn
LO~
.
SAMrLES AW1L VSC!) CeClJ:-: ,,_ ..
.-
TlESS SAMPLES 1-iICR □ = . iiUD- SIEVE SETTLING
Cm) SCOPE S{\f~D-·
TU!3E
GRAUEL
. UCT GSO
-
":fl') 51
- 1:1 22,0 42 8 42 - - - - -
109~2 - s 40, 5 36 B 36 - -· . - - 35-A, .
' 38953 - s 32,0 2~ B 28 - - - - 28..:.A
30S54 - H Ji;,6 78 B 78 7G - - - -
~ 3 □ 9£.S - M 44,n 65 B" 65 65 - - - . tJ-A
30965 - M 35,6 57 8 57 57 .- - 57 -
309(;7 -· M :;> 36, 0 68 B 68 - - - - -
30966" - i·i. >46,0 69 B 69 - - - - -
30969 - i..1 38, 4 60 8 60 6□ - 17 - 25-A
i3n97 □ - M >-:--
-:J, 0 53 8 -~
i:;~
- - - - -
-30971 -
;J T-1 44,1 72 B 72 71 - 9 - -
i,30972 - M 46,1 73 B 73 73 - - 73 21-A
,. ~
:-'1 0'373 - 11 > 40,0 59 B 59 - - - - -
10974
_,,,_,,_
- r-: > 30,0 45 8 46 - ·- - - -
w --'i.:':11:::- - r~ > 36, □ 56 B 55 56 - - -,:.,
:::,_ 15-A
s 30976 - r·: 49,05 78 n 78 - - - - -
·30977 - i-1 42,3 55 5 55 - - - - -
G30978 - ..:! 42,9 76 B 76 76 - 17 - Li -{J.
. 30979
G - 1·1 33,0 56 B 56 - - - - -
5· 3 □ 981 - tl 42,5 75 8 75 75 - - ?!7: - !
G
··30982 - H 24,7 41 a 41 41 - - 41 -
G,30991 - M 44,5 75 s 75 75 - - 75 -
G30992
,...
- M > 24, O 40 8 40 - - - - -
....· 30999 - M 39,? 64 9 64 64 - - 6ft -
,31001 - M >-i:;
~-, 0 58 B 58 58 - - ;- -
'. 31254 - s 19, □ 34 - 34 34 - - - -
J
A 1ll
Af-J,ALVT!CAL STATUS OF BOREHOLES
-
;:[•,OLE .
-
'.~[O IJ:Er!T .:EDI=
- -
LOG SAMPLES ANALVS!:D CaCD::
-
P2
-o I
THICK= :~£:rJT 5
m:ss JAi·lPLES MICRO= MUD- SIEVE SETTLING
(m) SCOPE SA~JD- TUBE
GRAVEL
. IJCT GS □
-
~TS - A. 30,7 26 C - - 26 - - 26-B. -
~TS
-· A/\
29,6 46 C - 43 46 - ·- 46-8 -
~TS - AB 27,1 -.,...
.) C - - 32 - - 32-B -
-~ TS - B 2l.i, 6 28 C - 28 . 22 - - 22-B -
.
ATS - ...r 51,8 79 8 79 79 - - 79 80-8 -
ATS - D
'
42,B 62 C - - 62 - - 57-8 -
.~TS - E ). 17,2 26 C - - 20 - - 26-8 -
ATS - F 21, 3 31 C - - - - - 31-8 -
-~TS - G 45,2 54 C - 47 47 - - 54-8 -
r1-c
,.. Iy - H 3?,3 56 C: - 56 51 - - 51-8 -
_.n.rs - J 20,7 29 C - 25 29 - - 29-E -
ATS - 1-i 34,2 48 C 41 39 4? - - 48-8 -
ATS - L 24,1 -~·
'"Z,C
II: - -.;
- I
... 3?. - - 39-8 -
ATS - t: 24,6 29 - - - 29 - - 2::J-8 -
_nr·s - N 31,2 52 C - - Li? - - 47-B -
ATS - p 31, 0 38 C - 38 36 - - 37-8 -
ATS - .....
~ 22,5 28 C - 26 28 - - 2E,-B -
_ATS - R 24,3 27 C -. 27 27 - - 23-B -
•·
P.TS - ..,
C Li2,0 30 - - 25 25 - - 30-8 -
_ATS - T 25,!5 41 - - 41 26 - - 34-9 -
~TS ~ u > 1a,n 27 C - - 23 - - 27-B -
_ATS ·- ur. 15,4 17 C - - - - - - -
J'.\TS - V 23,7 38 C - - - - - - -
_G.TS - ~ 25,4 39 C 39 39 - - - - -
G.TS - X 30,0 21~ - 24 24 - - - ·- .. -
.ATS - y 19 ,o 16 C - - - - - - -
.ATS - z 28,0 36 ...
r - - - - - - -
_ATS -203 22, 1 19 - - 19 - - 19 - --
.ATS -Dit:p 8,6 E B 6 - - - - - -
.ATS -Prin= 11,0 9 B 9 - - - - - -
cess
A~ALYTIC~L SlATUS OF OOREHOLES
.
-n[~:i"lLE :EDFi:~~1 '.";[DI~ Lor, S~riFLES AW~LYS£fi CnCO, P2 [
THICK== :::::rn. MICRO= MUD- SIEVE SETTLHJG
f·lESS SAMPLES
(m) SCOPE SAflJO- · TUBE
GRAVEL
. . GSO UCT
.
I0RDH0EK-0 56,4 ? _5 I\ .
M 1□ 70 - 70 - 75-8 -
·.ORDHOEK-01\ 22,1 29 C - 29 - - - - -
•GRDH0E'K-G8 95,0 93 r. - 93 - - - - -
l1CiWHDEli-OC ~3,0 102 C - 102 - - - - -
. .
J 1 > 10,4
-
31 - 31 31 31 - - 31-A -
'V 2 ..
\ 27~0 131; - 134 134 134 - - 76-A -
J 3 .6I6 45 - ltS 42 42 - - - -
:v 4 20;7 63 A 63 63 63 - - - -
.J 5 16,0 25 t'\ 26 26 26 - - - -
_, - s 102,5 147 -~ 147 1,. 7 - - 147 52-A 61
,,
- s 2a,n ~.,
- I 9 31 - - - - - .
..,J.:)...
- R 50,0 73 g 73 - - - -
- ' - s E, 0 . 1 a 1 - - - - -
-- -...,, 8 21,8 34 J 34 3l+ - - - -·
-
....,b s 3,0 1 ... 1 - - - - -
--... -
- ! 6 15,6 23 e 23 2·3 - - - -
~ - s 4,5 1 8 1
.. - - - - -
-g - B 19,8 26 8 26 25 - - - - I
11- a > 39,(l 64 8 64 54 - - 64 -

12- 8 2G,2 ·30 ..,
0 30 30 - - - -
13- B > -~, , -·
r:. 52 B 52 50 - - 50 12-A
::, 14- 8 34,S 43 8 43 43 - - - -
,i5- 8 49 ,·6 59 8 59 59 - - 59 -
16- 13 > 40,5 58 8 58 50 - - - -
,#
, 17- 6 · 45,5 58 8 c:c

-'-' 58 - - - -
::i· 1~- e 26,3 33 B 33 33 - - 33 -
l19- □ 22,2 42 0 42 42 - - - -
=20- r-1 > 58,5 242 A 242 242 - - - -
:21- 5 s1,a 105 8 105 105 - - - 64-A
.....,... •>'►-«
ANALYTICAL 5TAT~S OF BOREHOLES
::iREHOLE SEDIMENT SEDI= · SAMPLES Al'lAL VSED CeCO:, P2 . □

THICK= MENT
LOG 5
. l'JESS SAMPLES M.ICRO= MUD- SETTLING TUBE
. (rn) . SCUPE SAND-
GRAVEL UCT GS □
.
.... 2 - s > 114, 5 175 a 175 1_75 - i 175 - 47
'3
a.. - s > 77,0 11li. 8 114 114 -
i
- - -
- -
~
~4 - s 61,9 101 ,B 101 101 - -
~5 - s 22, □
!
35
i
- - - - - - -
'
)
A.7~ BOR[HbLE r □ STTJO~ nnTA
Soreholie Farm Let. s. Long. E:. X (m) V (m)

.
Deg Min Deg Min
Ci27031-M Melk Past A 4 33 34,6) 18 2a·, 44 371660B 4883 □
G27 □ 32-M
· Laaste Stuiver Y76 33 32,27 18 27,18 3712260 50815
629734-M Hartebeest Kraa1l 5 33' 34,21 18 28 ,,67 3715831, 680 48477,632
G29735-S Langeberg 185 32 59,10 18 e ,.ao 3:651140 79767
G29736-S Klipfantyn 139 32 57,05 18 _ 12,44 3&47300 741~3
G29737-S Hartebeestefontvn 372 33 2,20 18 18,;12 3656773 65206
529738-5 Kaningsvlei 138 32 55, □ 8 18 9,.-90 36436B4 781o.6.
529739-5 Klipfontyn 139 32 57,24 18 12,71 3647646 73700
G29740-5 Klipfontyn 139 32 56,89 18 12,25 3647012 74425.
829748-H Hartebeest Kraal 5 33 33,39 18 30,06 3714924 46340
529749-M Melk Post A 4 33 34,76 18 29,04 3716836, 415 47913, 52~
G29750-M Melk Past A 4 33 34 1 85 18 29,47 3717015 47237
G29751-H Hartebeest Kraal 5 33 34,31 18 29,7 □ 37160 □ 9, 319 46885, 26:
G29752-M laaste Stui ver 87f, ~3 32,t.B 18 27,17 3712652 50815
G29757-M Buffels Rivier sco 33 34,73 18 22,31 3716848,689 58312, 231
b29?58-M Buffels Rivier 960 33 35,02 18 22,04 3717393 58740
G29759-M Buffels Rivier 960 33 34,72 16 22_, □ 7 3716626 58685
629760-M Buffels Rivier 98 □ 33 35,30 18 21,, 84 3717900 59045
,G29761-S Klipfontyn 139 32 57,44 18 12,95 3648016 73328
'G29762-S Brekfontein 81 32 56, 51 18 11,75 36463.03 75210 .
G29763-S Brakfcntein 81 32 56,24 18 11,37 364561? 75794
:629764-5 Klipfontyn 139 32 57,61 18 13,20 3648320 72933
G29765-S Koningsvlei 138 32 55,59 18 10,56 3644630 77079
G29766-5 Klipfontyn 139 32 57,79 18 13,43 · 3648660 72570
G2976?-S Klipfontyn 139 32 57,97 18 13,,67 3648980 72196
G29768-5 Klipfontyn 139 32 5B,49 18 14,, 36 3649937 71113
:G29769-S Klipfontyn 139 32 58,13 18 12,54 3649290 739!: 4
..
'G29770-S Klipfontyn 139 32 58,16 18 12,71 3649344 ?3683
.
G29??1-M Buffels Rivier 98': 33 34,19 18 21,97 3715847, 185 58852, 05~
G29772-M Buffels Rivier
980 33 35,46 18 22,46 3718186 58085
Buffels Rivier
.G29?73-M 980 .33 35,48 18 22,14 3718235 58582
'629774-M Buffels Rivier 980. 33 33,90 18 23 , !JS 371529a 57185
G29775-M Cruywagenskreal9?7/1 33 33,56 18 23,60 3714665 56340
G297?6-M· Cruywagenskreal977/1 33 33,43 18 23,80 3714425 56025
!629777-M Laeste Stuiver 57r, 33 32,30 18· 25,56 3712332 53315
BOREHOLE· POSITIC~ -G~T~
et,ole f'arm Let. s. Long. E. X(m) V Cm)

Deg Min Deg - Min
7'78-=-M Witzand 2/1 33 37, 10 - 18 25,55 372120·2, 231 532?8 ,024

779-M Buffels Rivier 980 33 34;11 18 23,69 3716790· 56183
780-M Witzand 2/1 33 36, ltS 18 27,64 3719980 50056
·J.81-M 31 33 35,71 16 3 □ ,14 3718595 46201
782-M Melk Post A 4 33 35,40 18' 30,03 371.8017, 904 46375,655
783-M Melk Post A 4. 33 35,~6 18 28,4~ 3718150 48753
~784-M Hartebeest Kraal 5
.
33 34,20 16 29,76 3715799, 271 4679 □, 808
785-M Buffels Rivier 980 33 34,86 18 22,42 3717088, 483 58152, 2'2 6
3786-M Buffels Rivier 980 33 34, "19 18 22 i 13... 3716965 58604
787-M Buffels Rivier 980 33 35,38 18 23,10 3718041,674 57094, 056
, 788-M Witzand 2/1 33 36,83 18 26,40 3720682 51972
789-M 88 . 992 33 35,16 18 24,03 3717618 55650
3790-M Witzand 2 33 35,72 18 24,47 3718648 54970
791-M Wi tzend 2/1 33 36,32 18 24,95 3719765 54225
~792-M Buffels Rivier 980 j33 34,44 18 2°3,54 3716300 56425
"""793-M Buffels Rivier 980 ;33 35,32 18 23,71 3717918 56146
'
_'794-M Buffels Rivier 98 □ 33 34,41 18 22,59 3716253, 424 57890, 4J7
➔ 795-M Buffels Rivier 980 33 33,5-0 18 21,82 3714568, 904 59098, 3ID2
:796-M Laaste Stuiver 97fJ 33 31,34 18 27,10 3710545 50935
C! ") 1
3797-M Mamre Mission Stat{a'n 33 31,22 18 27,26 3710322, 700 50689, 827
971
1798-M Ma~re Mission Station ' 33 31,21 16 28,30 3710294 49085
9799-M Hartebeest Kraal 5 . 33 33,44 18 29,95 3714398 46508
1800-M Hartebeest Kraal 5 33 34,80 18 30,37 3716900, 763 45851, 233
9810-S Klipfontyn 139 32 57,98 16 12,34 3649025 74263
}'8 18_.5 Klipfontyn 139 32 58,78 18 13,67 3650478 72185
9-819-5 Klipfontyn 139 32 59,06 18 14,38 36-50985 71065
J 820-5
. Klipfontyn 139 32 57,67 18 11,47 3648460 75624
..
~821-S Springfontein 177 33 . □□ ,41 18 10, 1_7 3653540 77630
9822-S Springfontein ·177 33 00,52 18 10,53 3653733 77043
3823-5 Springfontein 177 33 00, 74 18 11,39 3654135 75700
' 9824-5 Sprlngfontein 177 33 01,03 18 12.62 3654650 73780
3828-M Pepekuil Outspan F/1 33 31,85 18 29,30 3711470 47538
. 9829-H Mamre Mission Stattb~ 33 31,19 _· 18 29,11 3?10242 47824
3830-M · Hartebeest Kraal 5 33 34,39 18 27,96 3716172, a?9 49576, s2:
BOREHOLE POSlTJnrJ .OATli
:-ehule Ferm Let.· S. · Long. E •· X. (m) V {m)

.
Deg Min Deg Mln
1831-M Harte~eest Kraal 5 33 33,93 18 27,15 3715318 50845

3832-M Melk Poet- 3/4 33 36,06 18 28,95 3719243 48035
:;:933-M Witzand 2/1 33 36,7 □ 18 26,89 3720440 51215
1827...:M Laaste Stuiver 976' 33 33,18 18 25,1 □ 3717955 5401.8 .
:18'28-M Laaste Stuiver 976 33 33,58 18 26,29 3714686 52170
l829.:....M Hartebeest Kraal 5 33 32,42 18 28 ,,26 3712528 49142
Ji830-M Hartebeest Kraal 5 33 32,11 18 27,98 3713065 495'7j
)'831-5 Klipfantyn 139 33 57,45 18 10,81 3648053 76663
J832-S Klipt:antyn 139 , 33 59,30 18 11,36 3651474 75767
l835-M Melk Post 3/3 33 34,56 18 26,98 . 3716496, 695 51089, 851
J836-M Witzand 2/1 33 36,10 18 25,90 3719344, ·409 52752, 84,
1842-5 Klipfontyn 139 33 56,96 18 11,16 3647155 76122
J843-S Klipfontyn 139 33 56,78 18 12,08 3646800 74686
1:844-5 Klipfontyn 139 33 57,31 16 11,, 38 3647795 75772
-1,846-M Witzand 2/1 33 37,48 18 26,196 3721896, 0~6 51100, 28E
T847-M Witzand 2/1 33 35,79 18 271131 3718770, 158 50576, 91~
J:848-M Melk Post 3/3 33 34,91 18 2?,42 3717127, 506 50409, 09 ~
J:850-M Groote Springfontyn 1 33 36,07 18 23,0?' 3719321 57130
l851-M Groote Springfantyn 1 33 36,60 18 23,19 3720286, 449 56944, 84!
Ji852-M Kleine Springfantyn 33 33 36,98 18 24,38 3?20992,
.
586
.
55098, 83~
l'853-M Groote Springfontyn 1 33 35,83 18 22,43 3718876, 694 58129, 25~
□:854-M 981 33 34,03 18 24,88 3715530, 700 54344, OS~
1863-M Hartebeest Kraal 5 33 33,44 18 29,99 3714412, 127 48001, 13E
J864-M Hartebeest Kraal 5 33 33,62 18 28, □ 2 3714748 49468
1865--M Buffels Rivier 980 33 34,80 18 22,68 3716972, 075 57?41, 761
J866-S 290 33 05,34 17 58,91 3662804 95056
7867-S Stofbergfontyn 365 33 09,11 18 01,49 3669731 90987
. .,
)870-5 Abrahamskraal 449 33 14,28 18 08,14 3679200 60565
)871-5 AS. 1868.24.33 33 02, 77 18 12,15 36578?5 74490
1872-5 Groat Springfantein180 33 02,92 18 11,41 3658164 75645
J873-S Zautekuvl.en 179 33 02,71 18 08,45 3657805 . 60260
}874-5 Zoutekuylen 179 33 □ 2,59 18 OB,26 3657590 80545
J875-5 Evert's Hope 19 □ 33 o □ ,aa 18 07,06 3654440 82455
J876-S Vzerfontein 33 20,45 18 11,, 16 3690561 75775
377-5 Jacobus Kraal .33 20,06 18 14,39 3fi89813 70780 .
-- --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ROREH □lE POSITION DATA
A24.
-icle Ferm Lat. s. Long. E. X Cm) V Cm)

Deg . Hin Deg Min
·--- .
18-5 Elandsfontyn 349 33 06,1+8 18 13,01 36-6 4720 " 73 □ 96
79-5 Oe Grootefontyn 305 33 05,96 18 17,16 3663718 66650
30-S Van Niekerks Hoop 300 33 06,74 18 10,92 36'65233 76355
3·2 -M H~rtebeest Kraal 5 33 33,46 18 27,27 " 3714450 50662
B-M Laaste· Stuiver 976 33 31,88 18 26,95 " 3711538, 360 51173,852
J'2-M Ouynefontyn . 34 . 33 39,95 18 27,41 3726450, 320 50379,360
J:3-M Kleine Springf □ ntyn 33 33 37,69 18
-
26,35 37'22283, 750 52041,280
.
J4-M Ouynefantyn 3ft 33 40,97 18 27,40 3728344, 8.6 0 50386,000
JS-M Kleine 'Springfontyn 33 33 37,90 18 24,69 3722674, 719 54601, 911
)6-M Groote Springfontyn 1 33 34,94 18 21,55 3717233 I 330 59499,340
J7-M Buffels Rlvier 98 □ 33 35,25 18 21,71. 3717806, 710 59239,240
JS-M Vogel Vlei 21/1 33 35,84 18 30,75 3718830 45Z5 □
13-M Kleine Springfontyn 33 33 37,73 18 24,58 3722373, 846 54776,978
~- 14-M Buffels Rivier 980 33 34,97 18 21,66 3717288, 180 59326,050
15-M Hertebeest · Kraal 5 33 34,20 18 29,76 3715799, 295 46790, 8.18
17-M Buffels Rivier 980 33 34,39 18 22,59 3716223, 154 57887 I 6;9Q
18-M Buffels Rivier 980 33 34,40 18 22,60 3716238, 718 57889, 2.7 4
19-M Buffels Rivier 960 33 34,73 18 22, 3.2 3716845, 650 58297,407
20-M ,Buffels Rivier 980 33 34,73 18 22,33 3716843, 613 58282,363
:21-M :Buffels Rivier 980 33 34,79 18 22,68 3716957, 450 57744,679
22-M Buffels Rivier 980 33 34,79 18 22, 6_8 3716960, 158 57749,688
~23-M Klein Dassenberg 20 33 34,02 18 32,33 3715455 42815
24-M Klein Dassenberg 20 33 35,20 18 32,21 3717630 42990"
: 25-S Geelbek 360 33 09,70 18 09,68 3670720 78230
26-M Melk Post 3/3 33 34,91 18 27,42 3717125, 743 50410, 17:
; 27-M Buffels Rivier 980 33 34, 19 18 21,97 3715846, 224 58854, 91
28-1'1 - Buffels Rivier 980 '
33 33,50 18 21,,82 3714568 I 352 59P94, 36e
, 29-M Buffels Rivier 980 33 35,24 18 21,84 3717787, 941 59043,973
31-M • 981 33 34,03 18 24,88 3715529, 930 54347,12(
'
::;1)2-M Suffels Rivier 980 33 33,92 18 23,03 3715340, 462 57221, 33E
-33-M Brekkefontyn 32 33 36,63 18 28,85 3720303 r 960 48175, 52E
:335-M Buffels Rivler 980 33 34,46 18 23,47 3716337, 788 56534, 17l
136-H Buffel~ Rivier 980 33 34,86 18 . 22,41 3717081, 737 58157,92'
J38-M Groote Springfontyn 1 33 3.5 ,36 18 · 23,10 3716043, 981 57096 1 09l
~·39-M Groote Springfontyn 1 33 35,83 18 : 22,43 ]718875, 689 58127 ,_49'
3i40-M Wit2and 2/1 33 36,84 · -18 26,39 · 3720714, 620 . 51981 I 20:
SOREHOLE POSITION DATA
..
~ale Ferm · Let. s. Long. E. X Cm) V. (m) · ·

. Deg Min Deg Min
..
'
+1-M Hartebeest Kraal 5 . 33 34_, 39 · 18 27,96 37 16170,654 49578,917

4-3-M ; Kleine Sprlngfontyn .-33 33 37,10 18 25,54 3721196,885 53291,006
.
+4-M ·Wftzand 2/1 - 33 36, 10: 18 25,90 3719348,353 52755,751
46-M Kleine Sprin~fontyn 33 33 36 ,9B · 18 24,38 3720990, 188 55 □ 99, 52'6
+7-M Witzand 2/1 33 35,79 18 27,30 3718768,009 50584 , .9 97

48-M 37,76 _. 16 26,39 3722418,832 51974~104
Kleine ~pringfontyn 33 33
.. .
:♦.9-M Brakke Fantyn 33 33 36,55 18 28,67 3720146,143 48467,743
50-M Brakk~fontyn 33 . 33 36,29 18 29,02 3719671, 726 47922,134
51-M Brakke. fontyn 33 33 31,23 18 27,26 3710323,03 □ . 50692,986
32-S Lange -Fontein 377 33 10,84 18 10,66 3672817 76703
53-5 Lange Fantein 377 33 11,61 18 11,29 3674217 75700.
54-M Kleine Springf.o ntyn 33 37,7833 18 26,37 3722439,334 52007,936
65-M Kleine Springfontyn 33 33 37,38 18 26,02 3721706,576 52552,768
: 67-M Kleine Springfontyn 33 33 37,26 18 25,63 3721494,973 53156,271
➔ 69-M Kleine Springfontyn 33 33 38,08 18 ·26, 44 37.2 2995, 023 51890,595
70-M Melk Past 3/3 33 34,90 16 27,43 3717114,?39 50399,802
-; 71-M Kleine Springfontyn 33 33 37,?6 18 25,97 3722405, 182 52629,932
◄ 72-M Kleine Springfontyn 33 33 37,17 18 25,47 3721331,600 53403,BO~
.,73-M Kleine Springfontyn 33 33 37,37 18 26,03 3721654,511 52543,60(
:i 74-M Kleine Springfantyn 33 33 38,08 18 26,44 37230 □ 6, 495 51900,3 □~
75-M Kleine Springfontyn 33 33 37, 16 18 25,47 3721316,253 53404, 40l

~76-M Kleine Springfontyn 33 33 37,43 18 25,63 3721808,995 53148,0?l
77-M Kleine Spririgfontyn 33 33 37,75 18 2~,97 - 3722390,171 52627,29(
378-M Kleine Springfontyn 33 33 37,40 18 25,81 3721748,347 52675,SOL
79-~ Kleine Springfontyn 33 33 37·, 62 18 26,53 3722142,586 51768, 45~
3 80-M Brakke Fontyn 33 33 36,49 18 29, □ 9 3720047,931 47810,S0L
81-M Kleine Springfontyn 33 33 37,39 16 25,81 3721734,152 52870, 47{
g 82-M Buffels Rivier 980
;91-M .. Byf°fel s _RJ v ~ er 980 -
33 __ 34, 89 . _ 16 22 , 61 3717146;845 5785?, 49~
92-M Buffela Rivier 980 33 34,90 18 22,62 3717156 , 306 57850, 43l
1.99-M Buffels ~ivier 980 33 34,65 - 18 22 ,.78 37166_9 7, 197 57600, 96~
J□ 1-M 8uffe_ls Rivier 980 33 34,65 18 22 ,,78 3716689,088 5758S, 37~
~54-S Hope field Toekennings= -
gebied.
BOREHOLE POSITION DATA
\...__)
Farm Lat. 15. Long. E. X Cm) V Cm)
Deg Hin Deg ' Min
A Strandfontein 3ffa4,54' 18°32,29' 3771863,24 42636.34

-AA Strandfontein J4°4,s4t 18°32,29' 3771863,24 42636,34
AB Strendfonteln 34°4,s~• 18°32,29' 3771863,24 42636,34
-8 Montagu's Gift 34°2~91' 18°31,34• 3768863,81 ~4111,03
C Montagu•a Gift 34°2,67.1 18°33,03 1
3768417,47 41507,?~
.o 47A 34a1,a9• 18C!32,63 1' 3766964,34 4.2128,81:
-E 23 34°1,31' 18°31, 38 I i. 3765908, 31 44057, 9E
·F Turf Hall J,.
0
0,11 1 18°31, 62' 3763687,33 43691,0'i
Montagu' s' Gift 3i. 0 J,71 1 18°34,45' 3770321, 18 39306, 5~
·H Schultz \/ley 34°2,20' 18°34,75 1 3767528 I 92 38857 t 4~
-J Sweet Home 34°0,61' 1aaJ3,71' 3764594, 40 40480, 1 ·
0
-K Mantagu.1 s Gift JC. 3,41+' 18°35, 85 1 3769808, 60 3"7168, 5€
-l Strandfontein 0
Jlt 5,13' 18°33,71 1 3772943, 43 40437, 41
-M · Cape Town Commonage 34°5,70' 18°30 148 I 3774023, 05 45398, 3
-N Kaapstad Taekenn1ngs Gebied 34°5 ,25 ' - 18°281 45 I 3773211 48531
-P Lot 46 Ji.02,sa 1 18°37 t 96 I 3768058,81 33925,S:
-Q. Lot 42 34°1,09 1 18Cl38 J 06 I 3765447, 83 33773, DI
-R Drift Sands 34°4,3 □ 1 18°41, 17 1 3 7713 81 , 0 4 2 8 9 7 1 , DI
-5 Drift Sands 34°4,28 1 1aa38, 66 , 3771349, 60 32832, 31
,-T Drift Sands 34°4,25 1
18'cl+2, 92 ' 3771272, 52 26277, 3
-U Drift Sands 34°0,48 1 18°39, 12' 3764326,69 32151;,6
; -UA Drift Sands 33°59,64' 18°39 f 88 I 3763210 30982
-V Drift Sands 34°2,15' 18ci+1, 56 1
3767400, 66 2838 □, 0
=-W Drift Sands 34°3,07 1 18ci+1, 45' 3769107,21 28549,2
-X Macassar 34°t.,41 1 18°44,62 1 3771564 3771564
:.-Y Drift Sands 34°2,84' 18, 42 ,84'
0
3768669 26408
-Z - Drift Sands 34°2,81' 18°40 ,43 I 3768632 , 35 30114,9
3-Diep Kaapstad Toekennings Gebied 34°2,53 1 18°28, 16' 3768186 49003
-Princes·!: ~aapstad Toekennings Gebied 34°3,11 1 18°28,85 1
3769253 47936
- -203 Lot Resort 34°4,60 1 18°36,12' 3771948 t 84 36736 I 2
~hoek-0 De Goede Hoop 34°6,44' 18°22,13 1
3775467 58239
lhoek-OA Bcsreservaat 34°6,91' 18°21,43 ' 3776343 59310
jhaek-□ B · Kommetjie 34°7,5~ 1 18°20 82 1 3777532 60241
hoek-OC Imhorr 1 s Gift 34°7 I 62 ·• •
'18°22,07
' 1
.
3777649 58318
A27
-BOREHOLE POSITION DATA
lorehole farm Lat. s. Long •. [ .. X (m) ·y Cm)

.
Deg Hin Deg M1n
<V 1 Milnertpn 33°s1,i.o• 18°29. 9 2'

1
3747596 46401
R'V 2 H11nerton 33°50,95' 18°29,36' 3"1'46774 472-70
!V 3 Groot Riet Velllei. 33°51,53 ' 18°30,08' 3747841 46152
RV 4 Groot Riet Vall!.ei 33°50,6 □' 18°29,?9 1 3746127 46603
rn 5 Groat Riet Vallei 33°50,63' 18°29,B1' 3746t79 46564
.
.
I
;..,_
. ..
,
BOREHOLE POSITION DATA
-
Jrehole ferm Lat.S. long. E. X (m) y (m) :
Deg Min Deg Hln
Lengeberg 188
. 33°58,20' 18°6,97' 3649492 82631
31 - 5 -
2 -s Jacobs Baay 108 33°56,10' 17°53,56 1 3645804 103571
;3 - B Pampoene Kraal 33 - 32°37,92' 18°21,16 1 3611850 60747
-
C. - s Evert•s Hope 190 33°1,74' _18°6,3&' 3656044 83524
~s - B Bookrem 30 32°37,77' 18°17,79 1 3611606 66020
"6 - s Waechklip 183 33°1, 62' 18°6. ' 30 1 3655823 83619 .
1
.. 7 - 8 Sookram 30 32°3s,oo• 18°17 . t 32 3612032 66751
~a - s Ever.~• s Hope 190 33°1, 65' 18°6,37 1 3655878 83510
9 - 8 Groer:ieveld 108 32°41,13' 18°17,57 1 3617824 ' 66324
511- 8 Wegloperheuvel 116 32°45,65' -18°16,40' 362.6 175 68092
;12- 8 Bookrem 30 32°37,91' 18°17, □ 1' 3611880 67239
513- B Sattel Fontein 11 32°30,11' 18°19,95' 3597432 62728
I_ ;14- B Wegloperheuvel 116 · 32°44,63' 18°17,62 1 ·3624285 66203
515- 8 Bottel Fontein 11 32°30,11' 18°20,01' 3597432 62636
i·16- 8 Sattel Fontein 11 32°30,88 1 18°22,15 1 3598834 59284
-
517- B Diepkuil 34 32°39,22' 1ac23,12 1 3614227 57668
318- B St Helenafontein A 29 , 32°36,49' 18°19,11' 3609228 63978
.i19- 8 Groatvlei A 122 32°47,04' 18°20,7B 1 3628705 61234
s20- N De Goede Hoop ' 34°6, 58' 18 22,D6 1 3,7 75726 58345
521- s Buffelsfontein 33"'15,85 1 18°12,58 1 36820·4 5 73640
522- s Elandsfontyn 349 33. 0 6, 03' 18°13,53 1 3663879 72299
523- S Elandsfontyn 349 33°7, 32' 18°12,63 1 3666287 73365
S24-;- B Adamboerskraal 128 32°50,47' 18°25,13 1 3635014 54407
S25- 8 Lengefontein 12' 32°32,64' 18°28 , 15 1 . ]602035 49865
-- - ------- ·- --- - - - - -------------- -·------
,'\.G. nnnc1:~L-: ~::-::::-t.!..IrJG DATn ·
-
II Borehole Bedrock !Surface . '
- Sediment Number of .
Elevation Cm) : Elevation (m) Thickness (m. Samples
I
'
627031 -M 149,3 : 160,000 10,7 -· .
627032' -M 135,8 177,820 i.2,0 -
· G29734 - M 126,2
629735;- S - 6,3
.
16? ,6;41 ft1,4 -
30,875 37,2 8
629736- S - 23,0 32,990 56,D 6"
629737- S 25,6
629738- S - 14,2
. 96~558
"
71,0 - ..
'
39,0-89 53,3 15
629739 - S - 16,2 35,466 51,7 9
G29740-S - 6,8 32,237 39,0 17
629748- M 12d, 1 182,611 62,5 I -
6.29?4~- M 105,2 152,733 l.7,5 ;
38
629750 -M 99,2 150,227 51,0 - .
629751 -M Below 127,4 168,442 >41,0 -
G29?52-M 141,9 180,060 3B,2 -
629757-M - B,2 33,284 41,S 1
-629758 - M 0,7 22,944 22,2 8
;- ..... ~ .::.
' G29759- M -:- 0,6 32,055 32,7 8
629760 -M - 9,8 19,004 28,8 1B
629761- S Below - 14,2 39,752 >54,0 22
629762- S - 9,8 30,217 40,0 8
629763- S - 8,5 29,482 38,0 12
629764- S - 54,9 47,756 91,7 39
629765 - S - 5,6 2B,906 34,5 5
629766
. - S Below - 27,4 53, '6 2? >81,0 36
629767- S - 31, 1 55,305 86,4 25
.
629768- S Below - 12,8 62, ·1 ?6 >75,0 28
629769- S - 37, B · 44,416 82,2 31
,
6297?0- s Below - 23,3 53,650 >77,0 30
629771- M 14,6 26,422 11,8 7
G29772- M 7,6 35,555 28,0 -
62977.3- M 13,1 25,971 12,9 5 .
G2977Lr- M 1·1 , 3 45;958 32,7 1-1
629775- M 27,5. 61,848 34,4 20
.
629776- M 87,7 95,172 7,5 5
629777- M 164,2 169,169 ·5,0 ,.
Borehole Bedrock ·surface Sediment· Number of .
Elevation (m) ELevation Cm) Thickness (m) Samples
.
G2977a- M. 6,_4 53,912 47,S 30

629779 - M 14,3 48,803 34,5 11
629780-M 111,9 121,938 10 ,.o 6
G29781-H 95,3 13t.,018 38,7 21
629782- M 99,0 140,041 41,0 11
629783- M 105,8 135,777 29,B 15 - .
G29784-M 102,5 169,922 67,4 46
629?8.5-M - 9,5 26,871 38,4 -
G297B6-M - 14,2 21,215 35,4 -
629787-M· 1 □ ,8 41,866 31,1 a
629788- M 26,7 56, 33·0 29,6 9
G29?89-M 17,5 50,766 33,3 11
G2979 □ -M 24,S 53,493 29 1 0 -
G29791-M 22,8 58,236 35,4 10
629792-H 20,4 48,293 27,9 -
629793-M 14,7 50,2.30 35,5 -
629794 -M 1,0 37,968 37,0 -
G29795 -M 27,0 53,262 26,3 -
629796- H 129,3 1Sft,OO □ 24,7 -
629797- M 122,9 147,796 24,9 -
629798 - M 162,6 174,128 11,7 -
G29799 - M 190, □ 193,,90 4,0
. -
G2980 □ -M 93,4 149,793 56,4 10
Ii,.
G2981 □ - S - 34,7. 37,882 72,6 23
629818 - S Below -28 1 9 61 , 118 >sa,o -
629819-S Below 14,3 68,300 >54,0 - ",,
G2982 □- S - 32,2 33,844 66,0 - ~
629821- S - 13,7 36,634 50,3 -

629822- s Below - 17~8 42,205 >69,a -
629823- s - 14,0 60,953 75,0 -
G29824- s - 7.,0 '72,-9ti8 -- ---· ~ SO-y-0 -
629828- H 193,0 198,037 s,o -
629829- M 199,0 200,694 1, 7 -
62:9830 - M 126,4 163,232 36,8 -
A31 ,
'
Sediment
.
Borehole B_edrock Sµrface · . Number
Elevation (m) Elevation (m) Thickness (m) of Samples
629831- H 169,1
.
172,230 3, 1 -
629832- M 96,9 127,447 30,5 -
G 29:8 33- M 69,7
.
74,160 '+;5 -
G 3082~ H 132,9 142,291 9,4 -
G 30'828- M 162,1 167,068 5,0 -
G 30629-M 16 □ ,1 185.567 25,5 - ..
G 30830 -M 180,7 185,595 I+ t 9 2
G 30831- S - 5 □ ;8 30,718 81,5 - .
G 30832- S . - 36, 6 44,39ft 81,0 57
G 30835- M _87, 1 150,165 63,1 13
G 30836- M 37,5 60,580 23,1 9
.
G 30842- 5 - 41,6 30,42lt 72,0 26
G 30B43- s - 16,6 31,615 48,2 17
G 3084~ 5 - 40,9 _31, 107 ?2,0 28
S 30846- M 28,6 57,569 29,0 11
G 3084?- M 91,5 112,861 21,4 -

G 30848- M 96,5 140,040 4.3,5 -
G 30650-M 15,8 41,293 25,5 13 .
G 30851-M 19,6 28,426 . 8,8 5
G 30852-M □ ,9 60,220 5'9, 3 12
G 30853-M 13,0 26,429 13,4 10
G 30854-M 53,8 86,268 32,S 6
G 30863-M 165,8 187,310 21,5 39
G 30B6lr- M 176,9 181,721 4,8 8
G 30865- M Belo11J -27 , 8 38,447 >66,2 72

G 30866- S - 25,3 3,75 29,0 38
G3086?- s - 31, □ 10,00 41,0 51 ~
630870- S - 33, □ ~,o 42,0 47

630871- 5 21,3 79,800 58,5 96
630872- S - 7,0 74,000 81,0 79
630873- S 22,B ,.0,839 18,0 31
- ~~
G30874- S 40,7 43,473 2,7 4
63 □ 875-S .
23 ' 6 27,550 4,0 5
G30!876- 5 - 15 1 11,302 26,4 39
. '
630877- S 48;8 ?4,471 2'5, 7 63 .
A32 •
- .
Borehole ~edrock Surface· Sediment ..
Number of
Elevation (m) · Elevation Cm) Thickneee (m) Samples
630878 Below -29,7 72,320

.
>102_,o. . 188
630879 _. 16,8 103,2 120,0 195
!
'
G30880 - 32,6 103,9 1'.36,5 155 .-
630882 Below 140,5 181,451+ > 41,D 36
630883 136,0 .168, 700 ·32,7 27
630902 1 □ ,7 33,740 23,0 32
630903 18,4 54,374 36,0 50
. .
· G309 04 - s,a 21,210 2·6,2 36 I
6309 05 - 8,8 - 46,190 55,0 47

630906 - 9,2 4,190 13,l+ 21
G 30907 - 9,2 6,550 15,8 29
G309 08 89,0 . 124,980 36,0 50
6309 13 34,4 46,608 81 ,o 140
630914 - 8,9 9,53 □ 18,4 30 I
i
G3D9 15 Belo111 121,6 168,556 > 47,0 87
G30:917 Below 1ft, 4 38,424 > 2·4, □ 35
630:9 18 Below 25,4 38,430 > 13,0 15
G30:9 t9 Belo111 17,8 32,117 > 14,3 22
G 309 20 Below 5,4 33,399 > 26, □ 37
G3D9 21 Below 12,7 38,738 > 2:6,0 35
6309 22 Below 22,6 38,616 > 1:6,0 19
63 □,9 23 121,a 169,834 48,0 51
6309 24 103,9 126,765 2:2,9 47
G301J25 - 38,5 78,497 117,0 196
6309 26 94,2 140,104 45,9 . 76
G309 27 13,1 26,036 1,2,9 33
6309 28 25,2 53,312 2;8, 1 59
~
6309 29 ~ 11,8 18,758 30,6 72 '
6309,31 54,3 86,333 32,0 87

6309 32 11,1 46,072 35,0 57
6309 33 75_,6 118,572 43,0 56
G:305 35 18,-9 -~---
-~ 47, 7 30 - 2a;s 48
6309 36 - 12,1 28,342 40,4 75
6309 38 6,4 41,895 35,5 58
G309 30 1~,3 . 2,6,652 13,4 24
6309 40 27,0 5~,760 29,8 37
AJ3 •
.
Boreh.ole Bedrock Surface Sedimen .t . Number of ·
Elevation Cm} Elevation Cm: , Tl'licknees (m) Samples ..
G30941- M 122,6 '163,057 40,5 80

- 8,9 54, 1,.1' · 45,2
!6309 43- M - 91
630944- M 36,2 60,,.28 24,2 57
630946-M - 2, 2 . 60,318 62,5 112
630947- H 89,6 112,101 22,5 36
G3 □ 9 13,5
48 - M 53,967 40,5 56 -
G:30949 - M 101,7 120,540 1_8 ,8 33
. .
!
G309 5 □ - M -89, 5 122,746 33,2 44

630951 - H 125,9 1lt7,8.78 22,0 42
G3□ 9- 52 - 5 11,6 52,081 40,5 36
G30~ 53 - · s 33,7 65,676 32,0 28
G3 □ 9 54 ;_ M 16,6
. 53,t.46 36,8 78
G309 65 - M9,1 53,,18 44,0 65
'G309 66 - M 18,1 54,671 36,6 57
G3 □ 9 67- M Below 16,2 52,224 >36,0 68
6309 68- M Below 1,3 . 47,295 >46,0 69
G30969 - M 1_3,8 52,172 38,4 60
G3097 □- M Below 107,8 14D,760 >33,0 53
G:30971- M 7,9 52,023 44,1 72
630972 - M 5,0 51 .. 142 46 , ·1 73
· 630973 - M Below 13 , 5 53,464 >40,0 59
. G309 74 - M Below 22,3 52,293 >30,0 46
: 6309 75 - M Below 15,3 51,297
.
>36,0 56
: 630976 - M 1,7 50,835 49,1 78
' 63097?- M a, 1 50,407 42,3 55
. 630978- M 8,3 51,215 42,9 76
. 630979 - M 21,S 54.452 33,0 56 ,,
'
630980- M 83,1 119,600 36,5 47
9,0 -S1,4B6
. 42,5
630981 - M 75
630982- M n.d. n.d. 24,7 41
630991- M -6,8 37,747 _4 4,5 75
0
630992- M Below 13 ; 9 37 ,944 >24,0 · 40

630999 - M _;_ 1,9 37,764 39,7 64
631001- M Below 3,0 37,953 >3s,o 58
631254- S -n.d. n.d& 19,0 34
.
..
S:orehale Bedrock Surface Sediment Number
Eleve.tion Cm) Eleveti'on (m) ~ Thickness Cm: af Sampie
Flats-A - 16,58 14,12 30,7 26 .
Flats-AA -· 17,65 11,95 :2 9 ,6 46

Flats-AB - 15,95 11,15 27,1 32
Flats-B - 14,54 10,06
24,81
:2 4,6 28
Flats-C - 26,99 51,8 79
Flate-o· - 2□ ,50 22,30 42,'8 62
Flats-E - 2,10 . 15,10 17,2 26. .
Flate-F - 4,83 16,47 :2 1, 3 31
Flats- G - 23,40 21,80 45,2 54
Flats-H :. - 7,80 29,50 37,3 56
Flats-J 4, 1 □ 24,60 20,7 29
Flats-K - - ~3,00 21,20 34,2 48
Flats-L - 20,25 3,85 24,1 38
Flats-M - 21,29 3,31 24,6 29· .
Flats-N - 28,23 2,97 31,2 52
Flats-P - 3,42 27,58 31,0 38
Flats-Q 10,71 33,21 . 22,5 28
Flats-R 17,65 6,60 24,25 27
Flats-5 - 16,24 25,76 42,0 30
F'lats-T - 14,3 □ 11,30 25,6 41
Flats-LI Below 13,23 31,23 >18,0 27
Flats-LIA 15,83 31,23 15,4 17
Flats-V
.
- 7,50 16,20 23,7 38
Flate-W - 6,80 18,60 25,4 39
Flate-X - 25,76 4,24 30,D 24
Flate-V - 10,59 8,41 19,0 16
Flate-Z - 8,B9 19,11 28,0 36
Flats-Diep 0,5 9,1 . 8,6 19 ,#
Flats-Princess -. 3, 7 . 7,3 11,0 6

Flats-203 18,0 4,08 22,1 9
Noardhaek-□ - 48 8 56,4 75
Naordhoek-OA - 20 2 22,1 29
Noordhaek-08 2
Noordhoek-DC
- 93
- 86
., .
95,0
93,0
93
102
BflR[HOLE ilRILLH:G DAT'~
A35 •
.
Bo!'ehole Bedrock Surface • · Sediment Number
Elevet_ion Cm) Elevation Cm) Thickness (m) of Sample!
.RV 1 Below - a,0:2 2,383 >10,,1+ 31

RV 2 - 21,06 5,940_ 87.,D 134
RV 3 - 6,41 2.395 .- 8,8 45
RV 4 -·16,20 2,497 20,7 63
RV 5 - 12,90 3,098 16,0 26
..
r fx-&1-:;,I~ . 9 ",~p~i>,-
A36
rs..( ...c.~ ~ A :i
BOREHOLE DRILLI~G DATA
Boreho;le Bedrock Surface Sediment Number of

Elevation (111) Ele11et1on Cm: Th1clcnees Samples
(m)
S1 -
s -- 36,le 66,1 102, 5· 1,.7
52 -
s
I
17,'3 1D, 1 2a,a 31
53 -
B
54 - 5
- 2,4
6,6
57,6
12,6
60,D
6,0
73
1
55 -sB - s,2 13,6 21,8 3C.
i' .... S& -
S7 - B
H,B 12,6
?, 7
3,8 1
- 7,9 15,6 23
SB - 5 B,1 12,6 4,5 1
59 -B 5.,. 25,.2 11,B 26
511- B Belo111 6,1 ,.5,1 l>J9 ,a 64
~12- B - 9,8 1D,I+ 20,2 30
513-
S1r.-
B
B
Below
12,0
- 22,s 9,0
z.i:;,9
~1,s 52
34,9 43
515- B - 35,8 13,8 ,.~,6 59
516- B Below 12,7 53,2 1>40, 5 56
5-;7- B Bel01;1 12,? 58,2 l>:.5, s 56
518- B - 9,2 17,1 26,3 33
519- B 30,4 52,6 22,2 42
s20- N Below - 56,5 2,D r:>sa, s 242
S 21- S 1,0 S2 1 8 51,8 105
S 22- s Below - 25, 1 as,:. 1>-.,4 ,'s 175
523- 5 Below 1,1, 78,1+ I> 77 ,o: 114
524- B - 10, 1 51,8 61,, 101
525- a 101,7 123,7 22,0 35

First Report On The Cenozoic Between Cape Town and Elands Bay

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First Report On The Cenozoic Between Cape Town and Elands Bay

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VERSLAG

FIRST REPORT ON THE CENOZOIG'

ISBN : 0 7970 0931 0

a:, O•partem•nl van Mlneraal·- en ~nergl•••k•

This investigation attempts a lithostratigrephic subdivision of

North end south of the Berg River bedrock depressions to 20 m

The Pliocene intertidal Varswater formation extends southwards

The Bredasd □ rp Formation has been subdivided into five units.

A Rietvlel Formation ta accommodate sediments filling valleys ex=

1. INTRODUCTION . ..... •. . •.. . ......... •·• - •. . . ... ..... . ... •• 1

3.1 INTRDDUCT IDI\J. . .. . .

3.6 MAMRE . . . -. -- . . . - . . - . . . . -- . . . -. . . . . - . . --- . . - . . . . . . . . - . . 22

3.7 SALDANHA .. ......... ............ 26

3.7.4 Present investigation •·····••······••••••••••····•·· 36

3.7.4.5 Varaweter Formation ............................ 38

A.5 METHODOLOGICAL RESERVATIONS CONCERNING EXISTING DATA

Table 1.1 Borehole distribution by area and sempling

Figure 2.1 Coastal and offshore geolo~y between Bot River

figure 3.2 □ Exposed pre~Heeozoic geology and thickness of

349 ••••••••••••••••••••••·••••••••••••••••••• 33. 2

349 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 33.3

Figure 3.38 Section from Bockrem 30 to Houtrykop along

Figure A1 Flaw diagram of procedur~s used i n atudying

The Geological Surveyrs multidisciplinary West Coast Project

These 184 boreholes are supplemented by 64 boreholes drilled for

tered. The investigation of high-quality glass sands on the

tein and Elands Bay, 24 further boreholes were drilled in areas

TABLE 1 . 1 . BOREHOLE DISTRIBUTION BY AREA AND SAMPLING METHOD

SAMPLING METHOD NDORD= FLATS RIET= MAMRE SALDANHA N. BERG TOTAL

TOTAL 5 30 5 132 61 15 248 .•

2. THE CONTINENTAL TERRACE OF THE S.W. CAPE

There is a strong contrast between the continental shelf and the

3. THE COASTAL PLAIN OF THE S.W. CAPE

In-depth information on the coastal plain is localized in seven areas

, •f ' ' ,y, t'}\ -~~~l~?tt,

::;:::::fj:j ,r;' 1')t1/. ~•!'.f

~:r:;::;::.::~=t=:.:;;-:.:==:.:..::.:] r,:•_\it-1At'f,l:i'.'.-!::l;[i•'.:m1H1!l'l:ml!i!Wlr:m:111:m:i:111ff:li I "\'.:LA'.::.•_•_ ~·~ !~ ~

::;.~ ::;:~:;:==~======-==~ ~ Neogene (Offshore)

111 u[lJill Bokkeveld Group

i.:~:f ~=::E:: - :====~-==- j+: +I Cape Granite Suite

i=~~tiiUit ;~II~~i l lti~1 .:.~-:-: -: ;•;•:i-:n.:-f~+ + + + •· · ~t_...,-

km J' .'{I ~-c.;;a.t)cisfJ,~•c·t •, •, •, •Y(,_s,-;,,,,,,_,x.-.; ·; . ,.,;,...., ·

-.- ····- ,:1

~ TaWe Mountain Group

EXPOSED PRE-MESOZOIC GEOLOGY AND THICKNESS OF CENOZOIC

A prime aim of the West Coast Project is to establish the lithostrati:

Tertiary and Quaternary peat horizons have been identified in a volum e

A twofold division is suggested by the sedimentolcgical profile of

~ Sect ion line

0 F.IG l. 2 TOPOGRAPHY OF PRE- MESOZOIC BEDROCK BETWEEN

T[l(fN Dfl.JR S . VAN' ECK OATEIW- JANUARY 1110

D:-lllinn Methnd S!'nd Mean Size·

~ 81 t and bailer E) Med 1 um sand

Slzlnn Method Sr!dlmEnt Texture

by angular, feldspar-rich quartz sand. Peat dominated the sequenc E

The nearby borehole, Noar~hoek □, revealed a broad subdivision··

The extreme angularity of the lower horizons of the sequence

in length bolster this supposition as they are a feature of the

which itself is subdiuided into the Noordhoek Member of the Bredasd

A broad pattern of basal, fluvietile eands J claye and peats contain

sections end a comparative lithostretigrephic table will be pre=

3.3 CAPE FLATS

absence of remains of cliff dwelling animals such as dessie