Abhyasa Deepika Social - 10 Class

SOCIAL STUDIES
CLASS 10
ABHYASA DEEPIKA
State Council of Educational Research & Training

Telangana, Hyderabad.
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FOREWORD
With an objective to cater the needs of students appearing for SSC Public
Examinations, a comprehensive learning material for class 10th students has been
developed. This Enrichment Material (Abhyasa Deepika) facilitates effective transaction
of key concepts in non-language subjects, which helps the students easily understand all
the key concepts through self learning.
This material reflects all academic standards. Lesson-wise concepts are identified
and thoroughly explained. Interpretation on given topics, analysis of information tables,
reflections on contemporary issues, Map skills : Drawing, Locating and Reading, qualities
of great leaders, slogans etc., are also incorporated in the learning material.
The State Council of Educational Research and Training, Telangana extends its
special thanks to Smt. P.Sabitha Indra Reddy, Hon’ble Minister for Education;
Smt. Vakati Karuna, Secretary to Government, Education Department, Telangana;
Smt. A.Sridevasena, Director of School Education for their valuable guidance and support
in developing the enrichment material to students.
Further, SCERT expresses profound thanks to Faculty of SCERT, subject experts

team, Computers Operators and other Technical team for their commendable work in
designing and developing the material.
The teachers should go through the material thoroughly and guide the students
accordingly. Students should follow the guidelines of teachers for good results.
January, 2023 M. Radha Reddy

Director, SCERT,
Hyderabad.
Telangana
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INDEX
Chapter Page
Name of the Chapter
No. No.
1 India: Relief Features 1

2 Ideas of Development 9
3 Production and Employment 15
4 Climate of India 22
5 Indian Rivers and Water Resources 27
6 Population 35
7 Settlements - Migrations 41
8 Rampur - A Village Economy 47
9 Globalisation 50
10 Food Security 55
11 Sustainable Development with Equity 60
12 World Between the World Wars 65
13 National Liberation Movements in Colonies 72
14 National Movement in India-Partition & 76
Independence : 1939-1947
15 The Making of Independent India's Constitution 83
16 Election Process in India 90
17 Independent India (The First 30 years : 1947-77) 94
18 Emerging Political Trends 1977 to 2000 100
19 Post- War World and India 107
20 Social Movements in Our Times 113
21 The Movement for the Formation of Telangana 119
State
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INSTRUCTIONS TO TEACHERS
· Focus on 21 chapters meant for evaluation in public examination .
· This material is developed from the given 21 chapters meant for final
examinations.
· Provide practice on variety of questions given in the material.
· Focus on Map pointing, Map drawing and Map reading.
· Correlate with text book to clarify doubts in the Abhyasa Deepika.
· Efforts should be made to make use of the Abhyasa Deepika to the maximum
extent for better result.
INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
· Understand the concepts lesson-wise to answer various types of questions

in the public examinations.
· Correlate with text books to clarify doubts in the reading material and approach
your teachers.
· Good practice of the Abhyasa Deepika helps you to achieve best results.
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1. INDIA : RELIEF FEATURES
I) India's Location
· India lies in the northern hemisphere and towards south of Asian continent.
· The country's main land lies between latitudes 8o4' North, and 37o6' North
and 68o7' East to 97o25' East longitudes.
II) 'India is a Peninsula'

· A Peninsula is any landmass which is surrounded by water on three sides and
land on one side.
· India is surrounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the
west and the Bay of Bengal on the east.
III) India is known as 'Sub continent'
· Having vast area, vast diversity in climatic conditions, variety of vegetation,
life forms along with advantages for growing many kinds of crops, way of
living and languages makes India as subcontinent.
IV) IST and GMT

· 82o30' East longitude is taken as Indian standard meridian and the time on it
is followed as Indian Standard Time. IST is ahead by 5 1/2 hours of GMT.
· Greenwich longitude is '0o' longitude which passes through Greenwich city,
London in England. The time on this longitude is referred as GMT.
V) Geological background and Major Relief Divisions of India

· The Indian peninsula was part of Gondwana land.Over 200 million years ago
Gondwana land split into pieces and the Peninsular Indian plate moved
towards North-East and collided into the much larger Eurasian Plate (Angara
land).
· Owing to the collision and immense compression force,mountains evolved
through a folding process over millions of years.
· The present form of the Himalayas is a result of this process.
· The relief features of Indian landmass can be divided into the following groups :
1. The Himalayas 2. The Indo-Gangetic plain
3. The Peninsular Plateau 4. The Coastal plains
5. The Desert 6. The Islands
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VI) The Himalayas
· Himalayas are located towards the North of India. These are highest and
youngest folded mountains in the world.
· Himalayas extend in the West-East direction with a distance of 2400 km and
width, 500 km in the West to 200 km in the East.
VII) The Himalayas consists of three parallel ranges. They are
1. Greater Himalayas (Himadri)
2. Lesser Himalayas (Himachal)
3. Outer Himalayas (Shivalik)
· The Greater Himalaya's average elevation is 6100 mts. above mean sea level
and the Lesser Himalayas is 3500 mts. to 4500 mts.
· Greater Himalayas have glaciers. The movement and melting of these glaciers
are the sources of the perennial rivers.
· The Pirpanjal and Mahabarata ranges are important ranges of Lesser Himalayas.
VIII) Himalayan valleys and Hill stations
· Lesser Himalayas consist of famous valley of Kashmir, Kangra and Kulu.
· This region is well known for many hill stations like Manali, Shimla, Mussuorie,
Nainital, Raniket etc. which are covered with ever green forests.
IX) Highest Peaks
· Greater Himalayas are consist of the highest peaks like Everest, K2 Godwin
Austin, Kanchan Ganga, Annapurna, Dhavalagiri, Namchabharva, Nanda Devi,
Manaslu etc.
X) Duns and Duars
· The silt and sediments brought by the rivers got deposited in the lakes of
Shivalik Ranges.
· After the rivers had cut their course through the Shiwalik Ranges, the lakes
are drained away leaving behind plains called Duns in the west and Duars in
the east.
· Dehradun in Uttaranchal is the best example of such plains.
XI) Importance of the Himalayas
The formation of the Himalayas influences India's climate in various ways
· Himalayas provide natural protection to our country.
· These act as barriers protecting the great plains of India from the cold winds
from central Asia during severe winter.
· The Himalayas are the reason for summer rains and monsoon type of climate
in the regions that are beyond the Western Ghats of India.
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· In its absence, this region would have remained drier
· The Himalayan Rivers are Perennial, which bring a lot of silt and form the
fertile northern plains.
XII) The Indo-Gangetic Plains
· The Himalayan Perennial Rivers, the Ganga, the Indus and the Bhrahmaputra
and their tributaries formed great northern plains. These plains are filled with
rich alluvial soil.
XIII) The Indo-Gangetic Plains are categorized into three divisions
They are ...
· The Western Part : Formed by Indus and its tributaries - the Jhelum, the
Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas and the Sutlej.
· The Central Part : Formed by Ganga and its tributaries - Yamuna, Kosi,
Sone etc.
· The Eastern Part : The river Brahmaputra is mainly responsible.
· "Doab" means the region with the fertile land between the two rivers.
VIV) Himalayan rivers and their formations
Bhabar - The region where gravel and pebble sediments deposited by
rivers. It is porous in nature.
Terai - Swampy and Marshy region known for thick forest, rich wild life
and agricultural operations.
XV) The Peninsular Plateau
· The Indian Peninsular Plateau is surrounded by the seas on three sides.
· It is mainly composed of the old crystalline, hard igneous and metamorphic
rock.
· The topography of the plateau is slightly tilted towards east.
· The Southern most tip of the plateau is Kanyakumari.
· Chotangapur plateau is rich in mineral resources.
· Western Ghats are higher than the EasternGhats.
· In Nilgiris 'Dodabetta' is the highest peak, which is (2637 mts). near to
Udagamandalam (Ooty) a famous hill station.
· Western Ghats include Palani (Tamilnadu) Annamalai and Cardamom hills
(Kerala).
· Annaimudi of Annamalai hills is the highest peak in the South India, which is
2695 mts high.
· The highest peak in Eastern Ghats is Aroma Konda near Chintha Palli.
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XVI) The Thar Desert
· The Thar Desert is located on the leeward side of Aravallis in the North West
to the country.
· It occupies much of Western Rajasthan.
· 'Luni' is the only river in this area which disappears in desert without reaching
the sea.
· Indira Gandhi Canal is longest (650 kms) canal in the country which
provides irrigation facility to the desert.
XVII) The Coastal Plains
· The southern part of the peninsular plateau is bordered by narrow coastal
strips along the Arabian Sea on the west and the Bay of Bengal on the east.
· The western coast starts from the Rann of Kutch and ends at Kanyakumari. It
is narrower than the east coast. This plain is uneven and broken by hilly
terrain. It can be divided into three parts:
1) Konkan Coast - Maharashtra and Goa.
2) Canara Coast - Karnataka
3) Malabar - Kerala
· Bay of Bengal plains are wide and have a large surface structure. It stretches
from Mahanadi in Odisha to Cauvery delta in Tamil Nadu. It can be divided
into three parts.
4) Coramandal - Tamilnadu
5) Circar - Andhra Pradesh.
6) Utkal - Odisha
· Lakes like Chilka (Odisha) Kolleru and Pulikat (Andhra Pradesh) are also
located in these plains.
XVIII) The Islands
· There are two groups of Islands in India. They are Andaman and Nicobar in
Bay of Bengal and Lakshdweep Islands in Arabian Sea.
· Narkondam and Barren Islands in Andaman and Nicobar Islands are volcanic
in origin. Lakshadweep Islands are of coral origin.
· Southern most tip of India is found in Nicobar Islands and called as Indira
Point.
· Lakshadweep Islands are famous for a great variety of flora and fauna.
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Practice Questions
Multiple Choice Questions

1. In Asia, India is located towards ( )
A) North B) South C) West D) East
2. The Famous valley and hill stations are present in the following Himalayan range
( )
A) Lesser Himalayas B) Greater Himalayas
C) Outer Himalayas D) Purnachal
3. This is a Perennial river ( )
A) Godavari B) Krishna C) Cauveri D) Ganga
4. Outer Himalayas in Assom are known as ( )
A) Khasi hills B) Cachar hills C) Mishmi D) Patkai hills
5. Marshy and Swampy region in northern plains is called ( )
A) Bhabar B) Khadar C) Terai D) Khader
6. This plateau is rich in mineral resources ( )
A) Deccan B) Malwa C) Chotanagpur D) Bundel Khand
7. Highest peak in South India is ( )
A) Everest B) Anaimudi C) Aroma hills D) Dodabetta
8. 'Canara' coast is in this state ( )
A) Andhra Pradesh B) Karnataka
C) Kerala D) Maharashtra
9. Southernmost tip of Indian main land is ( )
A) Kanya Kumari B) Indira Point C) Kerala D) Tamilnadu
10. India is located in this zone ( )
A) Polar Zone B) Tropical Zone C) Temparate Zone D) Sub Polar Zone
11. The dunes are the valleys lying between ( )
A) Himadri and Himachal ranges
B) Greater Himalayas and Lesser Himalayas
C) The Pir Panjal and Mahabharat ranges
D) The Lesser Himalayas and Shivalik ranges
12. Which of the following is coral origin ( )
A) Andaman & Nicobar B) Lakshadweep
C) Arkan Yana D) Narkondam
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13. The result of the interaction of Himalayas rivers is the formation of ( )
A) Northern Plain B) Deccan Plateau
C) East Coastal Plain D) West Coastal Plain
14. This is located on the Leeward side of Aravalis ( )
A) Malwa Plateau B) Chota Nagpur Plateau
C) Thar desert D) Vindhya range
Read the text given and answer the question 15 and 16.
The Indian, landmass displays great relief variations. The peninsular plateau is
one of most ancient land blocks on the earth’s surface.
15. Name the plateau that is mentioned in the above paragraph ( )
A) The Deccan plateau B) The Tibetan plateau
C) The Pamir plateau D) All the above
16. The reason behind the name ‘peninsula’ is ( )
A) It is an ancient land block
B) It has water on 3 sides and land one side
C) It is a plateau
D) None of the above
Very Short Answer Questions

1. What are the physical divisions of India?
2. Name some of valleys and hill stations of Himalayas?
3. Write differences between west coastal plain and east coastal plain.
4. Name the highest peaks of Himalayas.
5. Distinguish between wester ghats and eastern ghats.
6. Explain the location of India.
Short Answer Questions
7. Name the parts of Indo-Gangetic plain. Explain any one of them.
8. What are the structural characteristics of the peninsular plateau.
9. Indo-Gangetic plains have high density of population. Why?
Essay Type Questions

10. Why are Himalayas important for India's development?
11. How are northern plains formed? Write the importance of northern plains.
12. Explain the parallel ranges of the Himalayas.
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Map Pointing :
Locate following placess in the given
Map-1
1) Malwa Plateau 2) Deccan Plateau
3) Tropic of Cancer 4) Kanchenjunga
5) Mt. Everest 6) Anaimudi
7) Western Ghats 8) Indo- Gangatic Plain
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Map-2
8) Lakshadweep Islands 9) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
10) Aravalis 11) Vindhya
12) The Great India Desert 13) Kanyakumari
14) Indira Point 15) Indian Standard Meridian (ISM)
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2. IDEAS OF DEVELOPMENT
I) Development Promises - Different People, Different Goals

· Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change.
· Development is the process by which a nation improves the economic,
political, and social well-being of its people.
· People have conflicting developmental goals.
· What may be the development for one may not be for the other.
· Different people have different interests, life situations and state of mind.
They visualize things, actions, etc. according to their level of understanding.
· For example, the construction of a flyover to reduce the congestion and traffic
jams may be a development goal especially for the daily commuters.
· But for the construction of the flyover, surrounding houses, shops, etc. need
to be demolished which may not be like by the occupants of these shops and
houses. This may not be a development goal for them.
· Different persons can have different development goals, because they have
different socioeconomic backgrounds, different dreams and aspirations and
their present life situations have been the outcome of particular historical
circumstances.
· People have a mix of goals for development.
· The developmental goals are not only about better income but also about other
important things in life.
· The following can be the developmental goals of landless rural labourers.
® More days of work with better wages.
® Social and economic equality.
® Low price food grains.
® Better education facilities for their children.
II) Income and Other Goals
· Money can buy things that can be one factor on which our life depends like
food. But the quality of non-material things like freedom, security and respect
cannot be bought with money.
· We cannot buy pollution free environment, unadulterated medicines and peace
with money.
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· Schools, colleges, parks, hospitals, etc. are the facilities which cannot be run
individually. There has to be a collective effort of team work between the
government and society in providing these to the general public.
· Social equality, freedom, peace, pollution-free environment, improved health
and literacy levels, awareness and control on population are common
development goals of the people.
· The following are the six things that people may look for growth and
development, besides income.
® freedom
® security
® respect
® quality of life
® health
® Education
III) Compare Different Countries or States
· Average income is calculated by dividing the area's total income by its total
population.
· Average income is also called as per capita income.
· The following are the limitations while using the average income.
® It ignores equitable distribution of income.
® It is impossible to come out to a well-defined conclusion about the real
income of the people or nation.
® It does not reflect the standard of living of the people
· Average income or per capita income is the main domain used by the World
Bank in classifying different countries as rich and poor countries.
· According to the World Bank, income is one of the most important attributes.
· Countries with average income of USD 12055 per annum and above are called
rich countries.
· Countries with average income of USD 995 or less are called low income
countries.
· There are certain restrictions to this norm because income, although an impor-
tant measure for calculating growth and development, is not the only attribute.
· Over the past few decades, health and education have made an important
mark in the development of a country.
· Even if the country has high per capita income and literacy rate but does not
have good medical facilities, it cannot be considered developed.
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IV) Income and other criteria
· National Income : Total income of all the residents of the country for one
year.
· Infant Mortality Rate : The number of children that die before the age of
one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.
· Literacy Rate : The proportion of literate population in the 7 and above, age
group.
· Net attendance Ratio : the total number of children of age group 6-10
attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age
group.
· Public Facilities : These are the services provided by the government to its
citizens. Some of the important public facilities include infrastructure, sanita-
tion, public transport, health care, water, etc.
· Adequate health facilities reduce Infant Mortality Rate.
· If Public Distribution System i.e Ration Shops function well in the state, health
and nutritional status of people of such states are better than others.
· Human Development Index is a tool developed by the United Nations to
measure and rank countries based on the level of social and economic
development.
· The HDI makes it possible to track changes in development levels from time
to time and to compare development levels in different countries.
· The concept of HDI goes beyond income and growth to cover overall
development with the object of improving the conditions of people from all
angles.
· The organization that measures the HDI is the United Nations under its United
Nations Development Programme.
· Major indicators of the HDI are as follows
® Health : Without proper health facilities, no matter how much a country
earns, it will not be able to provide basic facilities to its people.
® Education : Over the past few decades, education has become an
important factor in leading a quality life. So, if the country has high
income but the literacy rate is low, it cannot be considered developed.
V) Development as progress over time
Following factors have contributed to the development of schooling in the state of
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Himachal Pradesh -
· Government initiative and willingness - the state government has clear
motive of promoting education and therefore it opened schools on a massive
scale. The government ensures that all the schools have teachers' classrooms
toilets and drinking water etc. More schools where opened and facilities
expanded in time.
· State budget allocation: Himachal Pradesh is one of the states which spend
more on education than the national average spending on education. In the
year 2005, in comparison of Rs. 1049 child of average spending by the
government in Indian states, Himachal Pradesh spent Rs 2005 per child.
· Education as a social norm: In Himachal Pradesh the norm of a minimum of
10 years of schooling for children gradually made its ground.
· Lower gender bias: In Himachal Pradesh welcome trend is a lower gender
bias. In Himachal Pradesh parents set higher education goals for their girls
similar to that of boys.Thus a higher percentage of girls have completed middle
school and moved to the secondary classes.
· In many parts of the country girl's education is still given less priority by
parents compared to boy's education. While girls may study for a few classes,
they may not complete their schooling.
· Himachal women are themselves employed independent and self confident.
They expect their daughters to work out side home after marriage.
· Schooling therefore comes naturally and has becomes a social norm. There
the gender baseless.
· Education to both girls and boys are essential.
· The parents must think like Himachal women.
· There should not be any gender bias as education is the key component of
human development.
Practice Questions
1. We can obtain Per Capita Income of a country by calculating ( )
A) The total Income of person
B) Total value of goods and services
C) By dividing National income with total population
D) Total exports of the country
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2. The most common indicator of measuring the Economic development is. ( )
A) Income B) Equal treatment
C) Security D) Freedom
3. As per the world bank report rich country is referred as country with ( )
A) average income of USD 12055 per annum and above
B) average income of USD 955 per annum and less
C) average income between USD 956 and USD 12054 per annum and above
D) average income of Euros of 12055 per annum and more
4. Percentage of Literate population of the 7 years and above age group ( )
is called
A) Knowledge rate B) Literacy rate
C) Mortality Rate D) Attendance Rate
5. This is NOT one of the dimensions to the Human Development Index? ( )
A) Health B) Education
C) political freedom D) Life expectancy
6. Public distribution system is meant for : ( )
A) Providing education B) Providing medical aid
C) Providing essential commodities D) Providing transport facilities
8. The number of children who die within one year is referred as ( )
A) Infant Mortality rate B) Maternal mortality rate
C) Death rate D) Life expectancy
9. Human Development Index does not include ( )
A) Social indicators B) Health care
C) Sex ratio D) Education
10. The development goals of landless rural labourers are ( )
A) More days of work and better wages.
B) More irrigation facilities by the government
C) They should get better jobs
D) Accident free work environment
11. Total income is not useful for comparison between the countries because ( )
A) They are not located in one continent
B) They have different population
C) Their geographical features are different
D) Their currency is different
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12. The order of stages in the development of human history ( )
1. Industrialisation 2. Hunting and gathering 3. Agriculture
A) 1,2,3 B) 2,1,3 C) 3,2,1 D) 2,3,1
Read the given text and answer the questions 13 and 14.
Besides seeking more income one way or the other people also seek things like
equal treatment, freedom, security and respect from others. They resent discrimination.
All these are important goals.
13. Besides seeking more income, people resent the following ( )
A) Security B) Discrimination C) Equality D) Freedom
14. Identify the true statement. ( )
1. The aim of people life is only to earn income
2. Income alone is not enough to live with dignity in the society.
A) only 1 is correct B) only 2 is correct
C) 1 and 2 are correct D) 1 and 2 are not correct
1. Do all people of a country have the same notion of development?
2. Explain the steps taken to improve schooling in the country.
3. How does the gender bias affect when the women work outside of the home?
4. Distinguish between developed and less developed countries.

5. 'At the time of Indian independence, like most other states in India, Himachal Pradesh
had very low levels of education.' Write your opinion on the factors that changed
the schooling in Himachal Pradesh?
6. Prepare 3 slogans on the importance of girl child education.
7. Why do you think parents accord less priority to girls education as compared to
boys?
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3. PRODUCTION AND EMPLOYMENT
I) Gross Domestic Product :

· The total value of final goods and services produced in a country during a
year is called Gross Domestic Product.
II) Intermediate goods :
· Intermediate goods are those goods which are used in producing final goods
and services. These are treated as Variable Capital. These goods are not taken
into consideration while estimating GDP. Eg: Paper pulp, tyres etc.,
III) Final Goods :
· Final Goods refer to the goods which are meant for consumption. Eg: Pen,
Book, Cycle, goods ready for consumption.
IV) Sectoral shift an employment :
· Shifting employment from one sector to another sector is called
employment shift. Eg:- Agriculture to Industry; Industrial sector to Service &
Agriculture to Services.
V) Disguised unemployment :
· Sometimes people are apparently working but all of them are made to work
less than their potential.
· This kind of unemployment is hidden in contrast to someone who does not
have a job and is clearly visible as unemployed; it is called disguised
unemployment.
· Though some employees are shifted to another field this doesn't affect the
production. The marginal productivity of disguised unemployee is 'zero'.
Example : Agriculture.
VI) Sectors of economy :
· The three sectors of economy are Primary, Secondary and Service (Tertiary)
sectors.
· (i) Primary Sector : This includes agriculture, fishing, plantations, mining
etc.,
(ii) Secondary Sector : This comprises manufacturing operations in
industries both large & small, construction of activities, capital goods
Consumption goods and building activity.
(iii) Service Sector : This sector generates occupation in such services like
in Banking, commerce, communications, computers and other
Professions inside as well as outside the government.
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VII) Underemployment, Disguised unemployment :
· Underemployment is of two types. (a) When a worker is employed at the
prevailing wage rate, but which cannot earn him income sufficient enough for
himself and his family survival; (b) When a worker has skill much higher
than required in the sector where he is employed and accepted wage rate falls
short of the required wage rate.
· More number of people are engaged than required in agriculture. This is called
as disguised unemployment.
VIII) The workers in the unorganized sector need protection on the
following issues :
· Wages, safety and health.
IX) Points to be considered while estimating Gross Domestic Product :
· GDP stands for the total value of final goods and services produced in the
country in a financial year.
· The value of intermediate goods should not be taken into account. The value
of goods and services should be used rather than adding up actual numbers.
· The house hold activities which do not involve monetary transactions remain
outside the GDP measure.
· The estimation is to be done only for a financial year. Hence, the value of final
goods and services is considered while estimating GDP.
X) Changes in shares of different sectors in GDP :
Graph: Shares of three sectors in GDP
1973-74 2015-2016
Agriculture
19%
Services Agriculture
35% 43% Services
Industry
53%
28%
Industry
22%
Tremondous changes occured in the Gross Domestic Product during 40 years

period (1973-74 to 2015-16) after independence.
· In spite of having major share of the agricultural sector in the initial statge, as
the methods of farming changed agricultural sector began to prosper, many
people could now take up other activities, as essential requirements were met
by other producers. Hence, the share of agricultural sector decreased from
43% to 19 %.
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· There was a small increase in the share of industrial output in GDP with an
increase of 6%. As a result of Industrial Revolution, new methods of
manufacturing were introduced. Factories came up and started expanding.
Industrial production gradually became the most important factor, both in the
total production of goods and services and also in the employment of people.
The industrial sector became the dominant sector.
· Most of the working people have also made a shift and are now employed in
the service sector. Most of the production activities are those of services .
Hence the share of service sector increased to 18% in the GDP.
The shift in shares from primary to secondary and tertiary sectors suggests the
development in the market.
XI) Suggestions for the betterment of employment in rural area :
· We tackle the problem of unemployment by promoting and locating industries
and services in rural and semi rural areas.
· Setting up of Rice mills, flour mills, opening of cold storage points,
· Establishment of honey collection centers near forest areas.
· Setting up of industries for processing of vegetables and agricultural produce
like chillies, red gram, fruits etc.,
XII) Problems faced by small farmers :
· The small farmers are unable to purchase pump sets to draw water.
· Lack of sufficient power supply.
· Non - availability of Seeds, fertilizers, agricultural implements.
· Non- availability of Credit from banks in proper time.
· No Minimum Support Price for their produce and so on.
XIII) Importance of service sector :
· The tertiary sector is different from the primary and secondary sectors.
· These are activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary
sectors.
· These activities, by themselves, do not produce a good but they are an aid or a
support for the production process.
· For example, goods that are produced to the primary or secondary sector would
need to be transported by trucks, or trains and then sold to wholesale and retail
shops.
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· At the same time, it is necessary to store these goods in godowns.
· To help production and trade we also need services like communication and
banking.
· Thus tertiary activities generate services rather than goods.
XIV) Distinguish between Organised sectors and Unorganised sectors :
· Organised Sector : The enterprises which are registered and follows
government rules and regulations, have employees and employers union is
called organised sector.
· Unorganised Sector : The sector of the economy refers to the house-hold
based manufacturing activity and small and tiny sector of industry. Which
largely remain largely outside the control of the government. There are rules
but are not followed or enforced.
Organised Sector Unorganised Sector
· It has formal processes and pro- · It has small and scattered units
cedures. largely outside the control of
government.
· It gives Job security. · Rules and regulations are not
enforced here. It does not give
Job security.
· It has fixed number of working · Jobs are low-paid and non-
hours, over time will be paid by regular. There is no payment for
the employer. over time.
· It provides paid leave, Provision · There is no paid leave, holidays
for overtime, provident fund, leave due to sickness etc.,
medical benefits etc.,
· It also ensures pensions. · When there is less work, some
people are asked to leave. It does
not ensure pension.
· It has workers of government, · A lot depends on the whims of
companies and large establish- the employer or changes in the
ment. market situation.
Eg:- Banks, Railways etc., Eg:- Cottage and small scale
industries
18
Practice Questions
1. Gardener comes under this sector ( )
A) Primary Sector
B) Secondary Sector
C) Service (Tertiary) Sector
D) Industrial Sector
2. The value of final goods is only are taken to estimate GDP, because ( )
A) To avoid double counting B) To know Inflation
C) To avoid taxes D) Number of goods are more
3. This is not service activity. ( )
A) Banking B) Communication
C) Harvesting D) Transportation
4. This is an example for Intermediate good ( )
A) Car B) Flour C) Television D) Book
5. More than 90% of urban labourers are engaged in this sector. ( )
A) Agriculture B) Industries
C) Agriculture and Services D) Industries and Services
6. Under employment means ( )
A) More number of people working in agricultural sector than required
B) Less number of people working in agricultural sector than required
C) All people getting employment as per their capability
D) All people are working but not according to their capability
7. The division of Organised and Unorganised sectors is done on the basis of ( )
A) Employment conditions
B) Ownership of Enterprise
C) Nature of workers
D) Nature of economic activities
8. Unorganised sector includes ( )
A) Govt. Employees B) Bank Employees
C) Self Employed D) Railway Employees
9. This is not related to organised sector ( )
A) Job security B) Fixed working hours
C) Paid Leave D) Exploitation of Labour
19
11. Which of the following aspects are not covered in GDP estimation ( )
i. Human development, ii. Environment, iii. Agriculture, iv. Per Capita Income
A) 3, 4 B) 1, 2 C) 1, 4 D) 2, 3
12. Identify the false statement ( )
Statement 1: Service activities don’t directly produce a good.
Statement 2: Services are required in production and other services for people.
A) Both the statements are correct
B) Both the statements are wrong
C) Statement are correct and statement 2 is the correct explanation
D) Statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is wrong.
13. The reason for not getting employment in the organised sector for all the
people is ( )
A) Intensive completion B) Wages are higher
C) More opportunities available in the unorganised sector
14. People working more than required in agriculture ( )
A) Under employment B) Disguised unemployment
C) Unemployment D) Marginal unemployment
Read the given text and other answer the questions 15 and 16.
The unorganised sector is characterised by small and scattered units which have
remained largely outside the control of the government. There are rules and regulations
but these are not followed or enforced. Jobs here are low paid and not regular. There is no
provision for over time, paid leaves, holidays, leave due to sickness etc. Employment is
not secure. People can be asked to leave without any reason.
15. Who forms the rules and regulations to the units in the unorganised sector?( )
A) The government B) The public
C) The owners D) Employee
16. Which is not the characteristic of the unorganised sector? ( )
A) It has small and scattered units.
B) It remains largely outside the control of government
C) Mostly under-employment is seen in this sector
D) Employee cannot be forced to leave the job without reason
20
10. The Financial Year is from ( )
A) 1st April to 31st March B) 1st January to 31st December
C) 1st March to 30th April D) 12th June to 23rd April
1. In which aspects the workers in the unorganised sector need protection? Explain
with examples.
2. Give any four suggestions to improve employment opportunities in rural areas.
3. What is meant by Gross Domestic Product? and how is it measured?
4. Explain the reasons for employment shifts from agricultural sector to Industrial and
Service sectors.
5. What is meant by disguised unemployment?
6. Observe the pie graphs and analyse it.
7. What do you understand by employment? Explain with one example each from the
urban and rural areas.
8. Classify the sectors of Economy. Explain it.

9. How is the Organised sector different from the Unorganised sector?
10. Explain the importance of service sector in the development of a country.
11. Read the given paragraph, understand and comment on it.
Majority of workers from scheduled castes, tribes and backward communities find
themselves in the unorganised sector. It is worse if one is a woman from these
communities. Besides getting the regular and low paid work, these workers also
face social discrimination.
21
4. CLIMATE OF INDIA
I) Weather
· The state of atmospheric conditions of elements like sunshine, temperature,
atmospheric pressure, winds, humidity, clouds and precipitation over an area
at a particular time refers to weather.
· These weather conditions fluctuate very often even in a short period.
II) Climate
· Climate refers to such weather conditions over a large area and follows a
similar general pattern over 30 or more years.
· There will be variations from year to year but the basic pattern remains the
same.
III) Climographs
· The pattern of the elements of weather and climate for a place can be shown
using pictures called climographs or climatographs.
· Climographs show average monthly values of maximum temperature,
minimum temperature and rainfall for a given place.
IV) Factors that affect climate
The factors that affect climate are called climatic controls. These include:
1. Latitude
2. Land-water relationship
3. Relief
4. Upper air circulation
V) Insolation
· The heat that the earth gets from the sun rays.
VI) Trade winds
· In the northern hemisphere, subtropical high pressure belt gives rise to
permanent winds.
· They blow toward the equatorial low pressure belt by deflecting towards the
west.
· The German word ‘trade’ means ‘track’.
· They stands for blowing steadily in the same direction and in a constant course.
· India lies in the belt of dry north-east trade winds.
22
VII) Jet streams
· The movement of upper air currents.
· These are fast flowing air currents in a narrow belt in the upper atmosphere,
above 12,000 m.
· The speed varies from about 110 km/h in summer to about 184 km/h in winter.
· An easterly jet stream develops at about 25° North latitude.
· A jet stream causes the neighbouring atmosphere to cool.
· This cooling effect of the easterly jet stream causes rain from clouds already
found over this latitude (25° N).
VIII) Winter Season
· The temperature in the Indian land mass considerably reduces from mid-
November and this cold season continues till February.
· January is usually the coldest month.
IX) Western Disturbances
· Cyclone depressions coming from Mediterranean Sea.
· These cause low to moderate rainfall over northern India,this rainfall is a boon
to wheat crop which is generally cultivated in ‘Rabi’ season.
X) Summer season
· Starting in April, the temperature rises and slowly the maximum day
temperature exceeds 37° C in northern plains of India.
· By mid-May, the temperature, during the day may touch 41° C to 42° C in
many parts of the country, especially in the north- west plains and central
India.
XI) Loo winds
· The dry and hot winds in northern plains.
XII) Mango showers
· Towards the end of the summer season, pre-monsoon showers (‘bursting
monsoon’) are common in the Deccan Plateau.
· These help in the early ripening of mangoes and other plantation crops in
peninsular India.
· They are locally known as mango showers in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
XIII) Advancing monsoon
· The monsoon forms in the tropical area approximately between 20° N and
20°S latitudes.
23
· The south-east monsoon winds from the southern hemisphere carry moisture
as they flow over the Indian Ocean and towards the equatorial low pressure
zones.
· After crossing the equator, these winds deflect towards the low pressure formed
in the Indian subcontinent.
· The heating of land creates low pressure on the land mass of Indian
sub-continent, especially over central India and the Gangetic plain.
· They then flow as the southwest monsoon. The Indian peninsula divides them
into two branches,the Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch.
· Both the branches reach India by the beginning of June, which is known as
the ‘onset of monsoon’.
· The bulk of annual rainfall in India is received from south-west monsoon.
· The amount of rainfall is very high along the west coast due to the Western
ghats, and in northeast India due to the high peaked hills.
· Tamil Nadu coast (Coramandel), however, remains mostly dry during this
season as it is in the rain shadow area of the Arabian Sea branch and is parallel
to the Bay of Bengal branch.
XIV) Retreating Monsoon
· October - November is a period of transition from hot wet conditions to dry
winter conditions.
· The retreat of the monsoons is marked by clear skies and rise in temperature.
· The land is still moist.
· Owing to the conditions of high temperature and humidity, the weather
becomes rather oppressive. This is commonly known as “October heat”.
· The low pressure conditions which once prevailed over north-western India
move far South to the centre of the Bay of Bengal by early November.
· During this period,cyclonic depressions are common which originate over the
Andaman area.
· These tropical cyclones are often very destructive.
· Bulk of the rainfall of the Coromandel Coast is derived from depressions and
cyclones.
XV) AGW (Anthropogenic Global Warming)
· Anthropogenic Global Warming; anthropogenic means caused by humans.
· Much of the Global warming that has been occurring since the Industrial Revo-
lution is because of human activities.
· Hence, the current global warming trend is called AGW.
24
· More recently, scientists are discovering large volumes of methane under the
frozen tundras of the far northern latitudes (mainly in the vast expanses of
northern Russia).
· As global temperature increases, the ice in the tundra melts more. The
methane that is trapped under the ice escapes into the atmosphere, increasing
the global temperatures.
· Methane is said to be even more powerful than carbon dioxide as a
greenhouse gas.
XVI) Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
· An international effort to form an agreement whereby all countries try to
reduce their emission of greenhouse gases has so far not been achieved.
· An international organization called Inter-governmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) was formed to address this issue.
· It has held many conferences to work out a treaty among the nations of the
world to reduce AGW and try to slow down the process of climate change.
· None of these have been successful. The latest attempt was made at the IPCC
conference in Warsaw (Poland) in 2013.
· This has also failed to achieve any agreement.
XVII) Impact of climate change on India
· Though a rise of 2° C in average temperature may appear to be small, it
would result in a rise of one meter in sea levels by early next century.
· This would affect large portions of our coastal areas and millions of people
would have to be shifted.
· They would lose their livelihood.
· The faster melting of Himalayan glaciers would disturb the livelihood of fresh
water fisher folk as their natural habitat of fish is affected.
· Climate change is something that happens at a global level.
· Therefore, it affects all of us.
Practice Questions
1. India is divided into almost two equal parts by the ( )
A) Equator B) Tropic of Cancer
C) Tropic of Capricorn D) None of the above
25
2. Cyclone depressions coming from Mediterranean Sea are called ( )
A) Western Disturbances B) Jet streams
C) Onset monsoons D) October heat
3. The coldest month in India is ( )
A) December B) January C) February D) March
4. An easterly jet stream develops at this latitude ( )
A) 25°N latitude B) 35°N latitude C) 45°N latitude D) 55°N latitude
5. "Wheat" crop is generally cultivated in this season ( )
A) Kharif B) Rabi C) Zayad D) None of the above
6. The dry and hot local winds of Northern plain are called ( )
A) Loo winds B) Upper air currents
C) Cool Breez D) Pressure winds
7. The gas that is more powerful than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas is ( )
A) Nitrogen B) Helium C) Methane D) Oxygen
8. Pre-monsoon rains help in ripening of these fruits ( )
A) Banana B) Apple C) Citrus D) Mangoes
9. The bulk of the annual rainfall in India is received from ( )
A) South west monsoons B) South east monsoons
C) North west monsoons D) North east monsoons
10. The State that receives most of its rainfall from the North-East monsoons ( )
A) Telangana B) Tamil Nadu C) Kerala D) Karnataka

1. Differentiate weather and climate.
2. Write two slogans on the importantance of afforestation.

3. Give some suggestions to decrease the global warming.

4. Explain the Climate Controls or the factors that affect climate.
5. How do the human activities cause global warming?
6. Explain the mechanism of monsoons.
7. Analyse the climograph of Leh and Chennai.
26
5. INDIAN RIVERS AND WATER RESOURCES
I) The drainage system in India evolved based on three physiographic units.

They are
· The Himalayas
· Peninsular Plateau
· The Indo Gangetic Plain
II) On the basis of origin, the drainage system in India can be broadly
divided into two categories.
· The Himalayan Rivers and
· The Peninsular Rivers
III) The main characteristics of the Himalayan Rivers.
· Main rivers are the Indus, The Ganga, The Brahmaputra.
· Originate from almost the same region.
· First flow parallel to the main axis of the mountains.
· Carved out deep 'V' shaped valleys.
· Himalayan rivers are perennial.
IV) The Indus System
· Originates in the Kailash range in Tibet near Manasarovar.
· It enters Indian territory in Jammu & Kashmir.
· The main tributaries are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej.
· They flow in Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh.
V) The Ganga System
· It has twin sources. It is the confluence of Bhagirathi and Alkananda.
· The two join at Devprayag to form Ganga
· Leaving the mountains at Haridwar and entering the plains.
· The tributaries of Ganga river originate in the Himalayan ranges but some of
them originate from the Peninsular plateau.
VI) The Brahmaputra system
· Rises from the Kailas range near Manasarovar.
· Known as the Tsangpo in Tibet. It enters in India, first as the Siang and then as
the Dihang.
· Emerging into the Assam valley, it is joined by two tributaries - the Dibang
and the lohit.
· From the Assam valley the river is known as the Brahmaputra.
27
VII) Indian Peninsular Rivers
· The western ghats are the water divide between the major peninsular India.
· Most of the Peninsular Rivers, except Narmada and Tapati, flow from west to
east.
· The major Peninsular rivers are Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauveri,
Penna.
· Peninsular rivers are characterized by a fixed course, absence of meanders
and largely non-perennial flow of water.
· The Godavari is the largest Peninsular river system.
· The Godavari rises at the Triambak near Nasik in Maharashtra and discharges
into the Bay of Bengal.
Water use
Water flows are of two types i.e.
i) Surface flow and ii) groundwater flow.
VIII) Mainly the water is used for
· Agriculture.
· Domestic purpose and for animals.
· Industrial use.
IX) Stock of the water
· Depends on the inflows and outflows of an area.
· If inflow is more than outflow then the available stock of water is more.
More water stock (If inflow is more)
· We can measure the inflow as the amount of water litres / minute and the
outflow similarly as the water litres / min that flows out.
X) Water use in the Tungabhadra river basin
· Tungabhadra shared by the three Southern States - Karnataka, Telangana and
Andhra Pradesh.
· It has the catchment area of 71,417 km2.
· 57,671 km2 of catchment area is there in Karnataka only.
XI) The Tungabhadra basin
· Has two parts
® The upper and middle catchment in Karnataka.
® The lower portion of the catchment in Telangana & Andhra Pradesh.
28
XII) The Tungabhadra basin - Differences in the water availability
In two regions of the basin.
· Farmland is the main land cover.
· Trees, groves, fallow and cultivable waste, permanent pasture forests and
natural vegetation is there in other areas.
· In some areas tanks also there for water storage.
In Telangana and Andhra Pradesh …
· Low rainfall - drought conditions are more.
· Some regions depend on rainfall and tube wells.
· Other regions depend on scrfall flows by canals.
XIII) Reasons for Ground water depletion
· Encroachment of public lands.
· Forest degradation.
· Rampant felling of trees.
· Mining activities.
XIV) Forest degradation results
· Depletion of Ground water.
· Flash floods.
XV) Tungabhadra dam has lost its storage gradually
Reasons :
· Accumulation of silt due to mining, dust, soil.
· Erosion and debris.
· Proper mining standards are not followed : mining of Iron are at Kudremukh
and manganese in sander has seriously caused for soil erosion and siltation.
XVI) Tungabhadra river basin - pollution
Reasons -
· Increasing trend in the number of small towns and industrial areas.
· Increased industrialization and growth of Urban areas.
· Some human activities have caused pollution.
· 27 functioning large units and 2543 small industrial units.
· Industries were permitted to discharge effluents into rivers.
· In 1984, discharge of molasses that killed fish on a large scale, laws were
enacted requiring industry to discharge only treated effluents.
29
XVII) Rational and equitable use of water - An example
· Adarsh Gram Yojana - Hiware Bazar.
Location : Located in Ahmednagar district in Maharastra.
Objective : Watershed and all round development of the village.
Activities taken up : 1) Soil and water conservation works in common lands
and an private grasslands.
2) Continuous Contour Trenches (CCTS) were dug on
the hill slopes.
3) Water harvesting structures - check dams, percola-
tion tanks and loose boulder structures.
Pre-conditions set up for selection of village :
· Every one should follow :
® Kurhad Bandi (ban on felling trees)
® Charai bandi (ban of free grazing)
® Nasbandi (family planning)
® Nasha bandi (ban an liquor)
along these, Shramadaan (Voluntary Physical Work) only for this land less labourers
were exempted.
Results:
· Summer crops have increased.
· Improvement in soil moisture caused to increase in productivity.
· Cultivation of commercial crops increased.
· Increased water availability has made a second crop possible.
· Migrations have reduced.
· Milk production increased.
· Conditions of wage employment improved.
· Prepared plans based on water availability.
XVIII) Water as common pool resource
· Day by day demand for water is increasing.
· The current laws about ground water are outdated and in appropriate in many
states.
· Shallow and deep tube wells have the potential to draw a lot water.
30
XIX) Ground water laws - Present situations
· The main draw back is a link that was established between land owenership
and control.
· As per old laws, there is ownership on land and ground water also.
· There is no control on drawing out of water.
· At present, the ground water is the main source for few people.
· So much of extraction, affects others in connected areas.
· Ground water is a flowing natural resource. So, do not think about individual
ownership.
· The new laws are needed which recognise the water as common
flowing resource.
· Should give controlling powers to local bodies.
Practice Questions
1. This is not the tributary of the Ganga. ( )
A) Gandak B) Gogra C) Yamuna D) Cauveri
2. Tsangpo is the name of ( )
A) The Ganga B) The Indus
C) The Brahmaputra D) The Godavari
3. This is the west flowing river. ( )
A) The Godhavari B) Narmada
C) Krishna D) Damodar
4. The following is the state which does not have Tungabhadra river basin.( )
A) Kerala B) Karnataka C) Andhra Pradesh D) Telangana
5. The mineral found in the Kudremukh mines is ( )
A) Iron B) Manganese C) Bocxite D) Coal
6. Ban on felling trees means ( )
A) Nasha bandi B) Kurhad bandi C) Nas bandi D) Cherai bandi
7. The water divide between major Peniusular rivers are the ( )
A) Eastern ghats B) Western ghats C) Aravalis D) Vindyas
8. The river that rises at Triambak near Nasik is ( )
A) R. Godhavari B) R. Krishna C) The Indus D) Mahanadi
31
1. Based on how many physiographic units India drainage system evolved?

2. Why is the storage capacity of the dams reducing?
3. Differentiate Himalayas and Peninsular rivers.

4. Give suggestions to increase ground water.
5. Read the given text and comment.

"Current laws on ground water use are in appropriate because the basic link between
access to ground water and land ownership on which these rules are based are
flawed."
6. What are the causes for increasing water pollution and suggest measures to reduce
pollution.
7. Read the given paragraph and answer the questions.
Conflicts between Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh are generally related
to availability of water for use. Water is a flow resource and it storage or use upstream
affects what is available to people downstream. Water is shared based on agreements
between State Governments.
1. The conflict between Karnataka and Telangana is over the distribution of river water
of
A) Mahanadi B) Cauvery C) Mahi D) Tungabhadra
2. Identify the True statement.
A) River water is not shared between the States.
B) The river water is shared between the States without any agreements.
C) More storage of water upstream reduces the availability to people downstream.
D) More storages water upstream increases the availability to people downstream.
32
33
34
6. POPULATION
I. Census
• The census of India provides us with information regarding the population
of our country.
• A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording
information about the members of a given population.
• Once in ten years, information is collected about all the people living in
India.
• The Registrar General & Census Commission of India organises the collection
and recording of this information.
II. What does the census show?
1) Age Structure
• The age structure of a population refers to the number of males and females
in different age groups in a country. It is one of the most basic characteristics
of a population.
• The population of a nation is generally grouped into three broad categories:
Children (generally below 15 years)
- They are taken care of by the family and like everyone else; they
require food, clothing, education and medical care and all other
opportunities for growth.
Working Age (15-59 years)
- Usually this group forms the working population in a society. They
are also biologically reproductive.
Aged (Above 59 years)
- Those who have been in a salaried employment or in organized sector
may get retirement pension. This group also depends on their families
for support in old age when unable to work.
2) Sex Ratio
• Sex ratio is the number of females per 1000 males in the population. This is
denoted in percentage.
• This information is an important social indicator to measure the extent of
equality between men and women in a society.
• We notice that the number of females in India has consistently been lower
than that of males.
• Women and girls in particular face unequal opportunities for education and
development.
35
• They are
India Population : Sex Ratio, 1951 - 2011
discriminated
against in the
most basic needs
of nutrition, child
care and health
also.
• The census 2011
shows that in the
age group 0-6,
sex ratio was 919,
as the number of girls who survive is much lower than boys.
Area Haryana Punjab Telangana Kerala USA

Sex ratio 870 880 988 1040 1050
• It is noted that within India certain parts like Kerala have a positive sex ratio
while some other regions are extremely biased against women.
• This is mainly because of the quiet violence of the neglect of their health and
illness in comparison with the attention that male children receive.
• There has also been the case of female selective abortion.
• Many families consider female children as a burden.
• Women’s education has been a powerful force in reducing discrimination
against women.
• There is definitive evidence that women’s literacy and schooling reduces
child mortality and work against the selective neglect of the health of girls.
3) Literacy Rates
• A person aged 7 years and above who can read and write with understanding
in any language is treated as literate. Literacy is the key to socio-economic
progress in a country.
• In 1947, 12% of the population was literate.
• In 2001, it was 65% and in
2011 it was 74%. Workers Percentage of workers
• 2011 census shows that Cultivators 25
there is a wide disparity in Agri. Labourers 30
literacy rates for men (82%) Workers in hous-
and women (65%). ehold industries 04
Other workers 41
4) Working population
Total 100
• The Census of India groups
them into four categories.
36
1) Cultivators are farmers, who farm or supervise the land that they own or
take on rent.
2) Agricultural labourers are those who work on another’s farm for wages.
3) Workers in household industries would be those who are manufacturing
or repairing some product at home
4) Other workers would be those who are employed in factories, trading,
causal labour and all other occupations.
III. Changing population size
• Population is dynamic. India Population (in millions) : 1901-2011
1400.00
• Population is always 1210
changing due to the three 1200.00

processes, (1) births, (2) 1029
deaths and (3)

POPULATION (IN MILLION)
1000.00
migrations. 846
• Population change in a 800.00

683
place = (number of births
+ number of in-migrants) 600.00 548
– (number of deaths + 439
number of out-migrants). 400.00

319
361
279
• Population change can 238
200.00
252 251
be expressed in two
ways: (1) as absolute 0.00
numbers or (2) as 1901

Year
1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
percentage change.
• Population change (absolute numbers) = (population at later date) –
(population at earlier date)
• Population change ( percentage ) = (present population) x ( 100 ) / (population at earlier
date)
- Births
- Deaths
• In order to examine the causes for the growth of Indian population, as seen
from the graph above, we need to look at both death rate and birth rate.
• There has been a rapid decline in the death rate but till recent times, birth
rate has not been decreasing substantially.
• The period 1901-21 witnessed high death rates due to famines, epidemics
including influenza epidemic of 1918
• After the independence the impact of famines declined because of famine
relief, movement of grain, ration shops, epidemics such as cholera, plague
and to some extent malaria have also been controlled. Hence, we noticed the
growth of population after the independence.
37
Fertility Rate in India, 1961 -2011
7
5.9
6
5.4
4.6
Total births per woman
4 3.8
3.1
3 2.7
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
• Better sanitation, clean water and nutrition, advances in medicine, are the
reasons for the decline in the death rates.
• High birth rates along with declining death rate led to higher rate of population
growth.
• Total fertility rate is the number of children that is are probable to be born to
a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear
children in accordance with current patterns.
• If this declines, then we can say that couples are deciding to have fewer
children.
• Factors both within the family and outside are contributing to these decisions.
• The fertility rate for India in 1961 was 5.9, which indicates that on an average
each woman was likely to bear five or six children.
• Present fertility rate in India is 2.7, in combined Andhra Pradesh fertility rate is 1.9.
Migration
o Migration is the movement of people across regions and territories.
• Migration can be internal (within the country) or international (between the
countries)
• Internal migration does not change the size of the population
IV) Population density
• Population density is calculated as the number of persons per unit area.
• India is one of the most densely populated countries of the world.
• The population density of India in the year 2011 was 382 persons per sq km.
• Densities vary from 1102 persons per sq km in Bihar to only 17 persons per
sq km in Arunachal Pradesh.
38
• Hilly, dissected and rocky nature of the terrain, moderate to low rainfall,
shallow and less fertile soils have influenced population densities in most of
the north eastern states.
• The Northern Plains and Kerala in the south have high to very high population
densities because of the flat plains with fertile soils and abundant rainfall.
Index
(persons per
square Km)
Practice Questions
1. The following is the pivotal element in social studies ( )
A) Population B) Education
C) Health D) Culture and Heritage
2. Which component is one of the most basic characteristics of a population?
( )
A) Migration B) Age C) Sex ratio D) Literacy rates
3. Sex ratio defined as:
A) The number of females per 1000 males in the population
B) The number of females per 10000 males in the population
C) The number of females per 100 males in the population
D) The number of females per 10 males in the population
4. According to the Census, a “literate” person is one who ( )
A) Can read and write his/her name B) Can read and write any language
C) is 7 years old and can read and write any language with understanding
D) knows the 3 ‘R’s (reading, writing, arithmetic)
39
5. The population density of India in the year 2011 was ___ persons ( )
A) 442 per sq km B) 823 per sq km C) 382per sq km D) 282per sqkm
6 The absolute numbers added each year or decade is known as ______of
increase ( )
A) Rate B) Magnitude C) Intensity D) growth
7 The following is not the component of population growth ( )
A) Migration B) Birth Rate C) Death Rate D) Sex Ratio
8 Census work is done for every _____ ( )
A) 1 year B) 5 Years C) 8 Years D) 10 Years
9. Usually this group forms the working population in a society ( )
A) All the age group people B) Below 15 years
C) Above 59 years D) between 15 and 59 years
1. What is the census?
2. What is the growth of population?
3. How are the changes in absolute number in population calculated?
4. What is meant by density of population?
5. Explain the basic factors affecting the population of India.
6. What is Total Fertility Rate? How does it affect the changes in the population?
7. Analyse the given table.
Area Haryana Punjab Telangana Kerala USA
Sex ratio 870 880 988 1040 1050
India Population (in millions) : 1901-2011

8. What are the reasons for 1400.00
1210
the steep rise in the 1200.00

1029
population of India since
POPULATION (IN MILLION)
1000.00
1921? 846
800.00
Essay Type Questions 683
600.00 548
9. Explain the process of
439
population change. 400.00 361

319
279
238 252 251
10. Analyse the given graph. 200.00
0.00
1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Year
40
7. SETTLEMENTS - MIGRATIONS
1. Settlements
The way we organize our living spaces in a place is called to settlement. The settlements
are formed based on three components (1) site (2) situation (3) the history of the place.
1. Site- Site refers to the characteristics of the place – its topography, altitude,
characteristics of water bodies like lakes, rivers, underground water, types of
soils, security, shelter from natural forces, and so on.
2. Situation- Situation describes the connections with other places. For example:
Visakhapatnam is located on the coast and connects to many places in and outside
of India.
3. The history of the place- The glorious history of the place attract the people to
settle there. Example Visakhapatnam has a long history. It was ruled by different
dynasties during pre-colonial times.
2. Factors of Urbanization
1. People have been increasingly taking up non agriculture work and living in cities and
towns. This process is called urbanisation.
2. Factors-
i. Most of the population increase in cities and towns took place as a consequence
of natural growth within the urban areas. The population of these urban areas
increased over time.
ii. Some of the growth in urban settlements took place by expansion, with the
inclusion of rural areas surrounding older cities and towns.
iii. Only one-fifth of the growth is due to rural - to - urban migration.
3. Aerotropolis
1. These settlements which are centered around large airports are named as
aerotropolis or airport city.
2. In an aerotropolis, the airport functions as a city in its own right.
3. Many facilities like hotels, shopping, entertainment, food, business conferencing
etc, are provided right there.
4. Example- Rajiv Gandhi International airport, Shamshabad , Hyderabad.
41
4. Migration - reasons
1. People moving from their places to other places in search of better opportunities
is called migrations.
2. Migration arises out of various social, economic or political reasons.
3. Marriage is the most common reason for migration of women.
5. Criteria for identifying migration
1. For identifying a person as a migrant, two criteria are used by the census
2. “Birth place” – place where the person was born.
3. “last usual place of residence” – a place where the person had stayed continuously
for a period of six months or more
6. Types of migration
Types of migration
1. Seasonal migration, 2. Rural to urban migration, 3. International migration
7. Seasonal migration - example
1. A large section of rural workers migrate for a short duration or in a season and
particularly due to distress caused in rural areas.
2. They are mainly agricultural labourers or marginal farmers in their place of
origin and mostly belong to low income households, dalits and adivasis.
3. Example- Sugar cane cutters migrate from Maharastra to West Bengal.
8. International migration
1. Migration from One country to another country is Called International migration
2. International migration from India is of two types.
3. People with technical skills and professional expertise have migrated to countries
such as USA, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia and other developed countries.
4. IT professionals, doctors and management professionals are an example of this
type.
5. The second type of international migration is unskilled and semi-skilled workers
migrating to oil exporting countries of the West Asia , Saudi Arebia and UAE
on temporary contracts.
6. Nearly three-fifths of workers going to West Asia are from Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
42
9. Classification of Indian settlements in hierarchy
The Census of India organises settlements in India using certain criteria . They are
1. Mega cities - Cities having more than 10 million people. Ex. Greater Mumbai,
Delhi, Kolkata.
2. Metro politan Cities/ Million plus cities - Cities having population one million
and 10 million . Ex. Chennai, Hyderabad, Ahmadabad
3. Cities/ Class 1 cities - Urban areas having population between 1 lakh and one
million
4. Towns- All the urban areas having population between 5000 and 1 lakh
5. Revenue/ Census Village -A village with defined borders
6. Hamlets- A group of houses with in the revenue village
10. Problems of urbanization
Increasing urbanisation is not just all about greater opportunities for people, more economic
productivity, etc. It also results in many problems.
1. Housing is the main problem for The growing urban population.
2. Scarcity of water supply.
3. Problems of sewage and other waste disposal, transportation and many other
things. All these result in environmental stress.
4. As vehicle use increases, urban air pollution increases, causing health problems
and localised climatic change.
5. Improper sewage disposal can also lead to greater threat of infectious diseases.
6. One of the impacts of increased urbanisation is the use of materials that either
do not degrade or take a long time to do so. This produces waste that has to be
disposed off.
7. Traffic on roads increases.
8. Employment problem in urban areas increases
9. Sanitation problem arises
10. Urbanization causes for expansion of slum areas.
11. Advantages of migration
1. Most migrants and particularly those going for a long term send remittances.
2. In some regions of India, nearly one-third of households depend on the
remittances sent by their migrant members.
43
3. Majority of seasonal migrants either remit or bring back savings.
4. Migration allows households to meet debts and other obligations without having
to sell assets.
5. It is also common to find migrant families buying house, land, agricultural
machinery and consumer durables.
6. Some migrants might take up jobs in the destination, acquire skills required in
the destination area.
7. Some become aware of how to get regular jobs and migrate regularly or
permanently.
8. Migration also increases the foreign exchange deposits of the country
12. Disadvantages of the Migration
1. “Migrants who are unskilled and perform manual labor often face many hardships
in their countries of work.
2. They spend more on food as they cannot get food grains from fair price shops at
their workplaces.”.
3. As they live in harsh circumstances and unhygienic conditions, they suffer from
health problems and are prone to disease.
4. Those working in quarries, brick kilns, construction sites and mines suffer from
body ache, sun stroke, skin irritation and lung diseases.
5. When employers do not follow safety measures, accidents in industrial areas
and construction sites are also common.
6. Migrants are not able to access various health and family care programmes as
they do not belong to the organised sector.
7. In the case of women migrant workers, there is no maternity leave. This means
they have to go back to work soon after childbirth.
8. When families migrate, children accompanying their parents do not have creche
facilities.
9. Grown up children are not able to continue their studies at their parents’ new
workplaces. Schools in their native place refuse to take them again when they
come back. They finally become dropouts.
10. When males leave their families, it is also a major challenge for women who
have to take care of all the responsibilities of the family and elderly people who
need care.
11. Young girls in such families are required to take care of siblings and many of
them become dropouts.
44
12. Migration leaves a considerable mark on the migrants also. Exposure to different
environment, stress associated with it, food available and social atmosphere
leave a deep impact on migrants.
13. Problems facing by international migrants
1. At times, migrant workers are not paid their salaries,
2. Recruitment agents cheat prospective workers or collect more than the prescribed
fees for their role in getting work for workers abroad.
3. Employers also terminate the job contract before its expiry, change the
employment contract to the disadvantage of migrant workers,
4. Pay less than the agreed salary and freeze fringe benefits and other perks.
5. They often force workers to do overtime without making additional payments,
and deny permission to keep one’s own passport.
6. Indian migrant workers seldom lodge any complaint against their foreign
employers for the fear of losing their jobs.
7. The Emigration Act, 1983 is the Indian law governing migration and employment
of Indians abroad.
8. It also lays out conditions to safeguard the interests of workers emigrating for
employment.
Practice Questions

1. These settlements usually receive all the facilities [ ]
A. Planned colonies. B. Unauthorized colonies
C. Slum areas. D. Hilly areas
2. Arrange the following in hierarchy [ ]
I. Towns
II. Metropolitan cities
II. Cities/ class I towns
IV. Villages
A. I,II,III,IV. B. I, IV,III,II
C. II,III, I, IV. D. IV,II,III,I
45
3. Visakhapatnam is located on the coast of [ ]
A . Tamil Nadu B. Andhrapradesh C. Odisha D. Kerala
4. The main reason for female migration is [ ]
A. Marriage B. Education C. Employment D. Business
5. The un skilled and semi skilled workers migrating from India to these countries
[ ]
A. Africa. B. Oil exporting countries
C. Developed countries D. East Asia
6. The Indian law, The Emigration Act 1983 is governing [ ]
A. Immigration B. Employment
C. Marriages D. Migration and Employment
7. Match the following airports [ ]
I. Suvarnabhumi ( ) a. Landon, UK
II. Kairo ( ) b. Delhi
III. Heathrow ( ) c. Egypt
IV. Indira Gandhi ( ) d. Bangkok, Thailand
A. I-c, II-b, III-d, IV-a B. I-b, II-a, III-c, IV-d
C. I-c, II-a, III-d, IV-b D. I-d, II-c, III-a, IV-b

8. What is a settlement?
9. Why do people migrate?
10. What are the types of migration?
11. Differentiate mega cities and metropolitan cities.
12. Write a brief note on aerotropolis.
13. What are the advantages and disadvantages of urbanisation?
14. What happens when people migrate?
46
8. RAMPUR : A VILLAGE ECONOMY
I) The story of Rampur village in India

· In villages across India, farming is the main production activity.
· Small manufacturing, transport shop-keeping etc. are some of non-farming
activities.
· The feature appearing in Rampur village are prevalent across India with some
variations.
· There are three sectors in the economy:
1. Agriculture, 2. Industry, 3. Service Sector
II) Farming in Rampur
· Rampur lies in the fertile alluvial plains of the Gangatic basin in the Western part
of Uttar Pradesh.
· Along with Punjab and Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh is also agriculturally in
prosperous region.
· Farming is the main production activity in Rampur.
· Majority of the working people are dependent on farming for their livelihood.
They could be farmers or farm labourers.
III) Land and other natural resources
· Since 1921, there has been no expansion in land area under cultivation.
· Three crops grown in Rampur in a year.
· Agricultural cropping seasons in India are
Kharif (rainy season), Rabi (winter season), Zayad (summer season)
- Farmers grow Jowar and Bajra in Kharif
- Potato between October and December and
- Wheat in Rabi (winter season).
· Growing more than one crop on the same piece of land during the year is known as
multiple cropping.
· India riverine plain and coastal plain regions are having better irrigation facilities.
· Regions such as Deccan plateau have low levels of irrigation.
· Even today a little less than 40% of the total cultivated aria in the country is irrigated.
47
· Natural resources like land and water are very essential. But excessive use of chemical
fertilizers and pesticides for better production and yield is leading to land decline.
· With over underground water usage water tables have fallen rapidly across the
country.
· From 1970 to 2010 under irrigation land in India is not expanded.
· Per 1 hector 2 ½ acres of land and 10,000 square meters .
IV) Land distribution in Rampur
· In Rampur, land distribution uniformly not taken place among all the communities
of the village, upper casts are handling more land, whereas Scheduled Casts are
not getting adequate income.
· In India small farmers (below 2 hectares) 87% in number and they are handling
48% cultivated land whereas medium and large farmers (above 2 hectares) 13% in
number and they are handling 52% of cultivated land.
· This one is indicates uneven distribution of agriculture land in India.
V) Organisation of Production
· The aim of production is to produce goods and serving that people need.
· Factors of production are 4 land, labour, capital, technology, entrepreneurship.
· Land, water, forests and minerals are some of natural resources.
· Two types of labourers, skilled labour, example engineers and accountants; unskilled
labourers like physical labourer doing people.
· Generally skilled labourers get high salaries whereas unskilled labourers gets low
salaries.
· Capital on buildings, machines and tools is called as Fixed Capital or Physical
Capital.
· The requirement for raw material and money is called as Working Capital.
· Mechanisation in agriculture is leading to less number of working days for labourers.
· All days in a year agricultural labourers are not getting work and women workers
are getting low wages, this is very common thing in rural agricultural system.
· For the small farmers, debts and interest high rate of interests, not making agriculture
as profitable.
· Medium and large farmers are getting surplus income.
· Dairy, small goods manufacturing, shop keeping, transport are some of non-farming
activities.
48
Practice Questions
1. Rampur comes under this physical division ( )
A) Coastal area B) Riverine plain C) plateau D) Hill region
2. In India the following farmers are in big number ( )
A) Large farmers B) Medium farmers
C) Small farmers D) Large and medium
3. The capital that is used to purchase raw material ( )
A) Working capital B) Fixed capital
C) Physical Capital D) Capital on machines
4. Shop keeping comes under this sector ( )
A) Agricultural sector B) Service sector
C) Industrial sector D) Modern sector

1. Mention some of non-farming activities of your village?
2. What is multiple cropping?
3. How many cropping seasons are there in India?
4. What are the factors of production?
5. Name some natural resources.

1. Why agricultural productivity is high in plain areas than the plateau areas?
2. Define physical capital and working capital.
3. How technology and entrepreneurship will be a factor of production?
4. What suggestions do you give for small farmers to make agriculture profitable?
5. Draw the outline map of India and locate Uttar Pradesh State.
6. In same piece of land how can we improve productivity, explain with examples.
7. In what way people are using land in rural area and in a urban area?

1. Explain the reasons for the depletion of ground water tables and mention the
activities to increase ground water levels.
49
9. GLOBALISATION
I) Globalisation
• Globalisation is the process of rapid integration of countries.
• Globalisation is a major change that has increased tremendously across the globe
in the late 20th century
• Globalisation has political, cultural and economic dimensions.
II) Three types of flows within international economic exchanges.
• The flow of trade in goods as well as services.
• The flow of labour -the migration of people in search of employment.
• The flow of capital -for short-term or long-term investments over long distances.
III)Arab Spring
• several nations in Western Asia and Northern Africa like Tunisia, Egypt were
influenced by each other’s revolutions and uprooting of dictators. This was
called ‘Arab Spring’ in the media.
IV) Multinational Company (MNC)
• An MNC is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation.
• Some examples of MNCs are Ford Motors, Cargill Foods, Nike, Coca-Cola,
Pepsi, Honda, Nokia
• MNCs set up offices and factories for production in regions where they can get
cheap labour and other resources.
• The main aim of the MNCs is to reduce production cost and earn greater profits.
V) The criteria for selecting a site for operations of MNCs are:
• Proximity to the markets
• Availability of skilled and unskilled labour at low costs
• Assured availability of other factors of production
• Government policies that protect their interests.
VI) Foreign investment
• The money that MNCs spend to buy assets such as land, building, machines and
other equipment is called foreign investment.
• It connects production between countries
50
• At times, MNCs set up production jointly with the local companies in those
countries.
• The local company benefits by the additional investments and the latest
technology that the MNCs bring.
• Most common route for MNC investments is to buy these local companies and
then to expand production.
• Ex: Cargil foods, an American MNC, has bought a smaller Indian company
such as Parakh Foods.
• Sometimes large MNCs in developed countries place orders for production with
small producers.
VII) Foreign trade
• The trade between countries through exports and imports are called Foreign
trade.
• It connects the markets in different countries.
Factors that have enabled Globalisation
• Technology
• Liberalisation of foreign trade and foreign investment policy
Trade barrier
• Some restrictions imposed by the government to regulate foreign trade is called
Trade barrier
• Tax on imports is an example of trade barrier.
• Governments can use trade barriers to increase or decrease (regulate) foreign
trade.
VIII) Liberalisation
• Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is known as
liberalisation.
• With liberalisation of trade, businesses are allowed to make decisions freely
about what they wish to import or export.
World Trade Organisation (WTO)
• WTO is one such organisation whose aim is to liberalise international trade.
• WTO establishes rules regarding international trade, and sees that these rules
are obeyed.
• Nearly 150 countries of the world are currently members of the WTO
51
IX) Impact of Globalisation in India
• MNCs have increased their investments in India, which means investing in India
has been beneficial for them.
• MNCs have been interested in industries such as cell phones, automobiles,
electronics, soft drinks, fast food or services such as banking in urban areas.
• In these industries and services, new jobs have been created.
• Local companies supplying raw materials etc. to these industries have also prospered.
• several top Indian companies have been able to benefit from the increased
competition.
• They have invested in newer technology and production methods and raised
their production standards.
• Globalisation has enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as MNCs
themselves Ex:TATA Motors,Infosys,Ranbaxy,Asian Paints Sundaram Fasteners
• Globalisation has also created new opportunities for companies providing
services, particularly those involving IT.
• Small producers are perished
• Small workers and producers may lose their employment and rights.
• The rich western countries have undue influence on policy matters
X) Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
• In recent years, the central and state governments in India have been taking
special steps to attract foreign companies to invest in India. These Industrial
zones, called Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
• SEZs are to have world class facilities: electricity, water, roads, transport, storage,
recreational and educational facilities.
• Companies who set up production units in the SEZs do not have to pay taxes for
an initial period of five years
XI) World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the
International Development Association (IDA) are referred as World Bank.
• Both these Institutions have more than 170 member countries each.
• Countries like United States of America control the functioning of these
institutions
• World Bank is able to advice and impact the way governments frame their policies
and guide them
52
Practice Questions

1. What is an MNC? Give two examples.
2. Write the differences between foreign trade and foreign investment.
3. What is the main aim of World trade organisation?

1. How do the MNCs control production?
2. What is the impact of globalisation on small producers?

1. What is the impact of globalisation on India?
2. What are the factors that have enabled globalisation?

1. This is NOT related to Globalization [ ]
A) Multinational Companies B) Foreign Investments
C) Information Technology D) Public welfare schemes
2. Globalisation has created new jobs in this sector in India [ ]
A) Agriculture B) Industrial sector C) Service sector D) Above all
3. Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is known as [ ]
A) Liberalisation B) Privatisation C) Industrialisation D) Nationalism
4. It is not one of the international economic exchanges [ ]
A) Flow of goods and services B) Flow of Labour
C) Flow of Capital D) Flow of Profits
5. A company that produces in more than one nation [ ]
A) Joint venture B) MNC
C) Special Economic Zone D) World Trade Organisation
6. Which of the following is not a multinational company? [ ]
A) Ford Motors B)Pepsi C) Honda D) Parakh foods
7. An organization established with the main aim to liberalise international trade.
A) World Bank B) International Monetary Fund
C) UNICEF D) World Trade Organization (WTO)
53
8. This is not the result of Globalization [ ]
A) It has advantage to consumers of well of sections.
B) Availability of goods has increased.
C) The condition of industrial workers has improved.
D) The quality of goods has increased at the lower price
9. Match the following [ ]
1) Globalisation a) Owns or controls production more than one nation
2) Foreign investment b) Rapid integration of countries
3) Foreign trade c) The money that spend to buy assists such as
land,building,machines,and other equipment
4) Multinational company d) the trade between countries through exports and
Imports
A) 1a,2b,3c,4d B) 1b,2c,3d,4a C) 1c,2d,3a,4b D) 1a,2c,3b,4d
10. The following Indian company is not a Multinational Company [ ]
A) Cargill B) Tata Motors C) Infosys D) Ranbaxy
11. Globalization has benefited most of the following. [ ]
A) IT Services B) Textile company
C) Farmers D) Telecom Companies
Read the following paragraph and give answer for 12th question.
Globalisation has-been of advantage to consumers, particularly the well- of sec-
tions in the urban areas. There is greater choice before these consumers who now enjoy
improved quality and lower price products.
12. Globalisation has been advantage to these [ ]
A) Well-of sections in urban areas B) Factory workers
C) Poor people in villages D) Poor people in urban area
54
10. FOOD SECURITY
I) Famine
· The situation of extreme scarcity of food is called a famine.
· Scarcity of food was a common cause of large scale starvation deaths.
· The Bengal famine in 1943-45 is an example.
II) Food security of the country
· Increasing food production.
· Availability of food grains.
· Access to food can give food security.
III) Increasing food production
· Producing sufficient amount of food grains is an important requirement for
food security.
· Government should create such conditions so that farmers are able to produce
increasing amount of food grains.
· To increase the production of crops, farmers should implement, plant drought
resistant crops as per the local conditions, water harvesting and crop rotation.
IV) Availability of food grains
· Availability of food grains means that per person (or per capita) availability of
food grains in the country should be sufficient and also increasing over the
years.
· Availability of food grains for the year = production of food grains during the
year + net imports - change in the stocks with the government.
V) What falls under food grains?
Food Grains
EDIBLE OIL CEREALS PULSES
COARSE CEREALS FINE CEREALS
Ex: "JOWAR, RAGI, Ex: RICE, WHEAT

BAJRA and other
millets"
55
· Coarse cereals are also called "Nutri-Cereals".
· Coarse cereals are highly nutritious and while some grains.
VI) Availability of other food items
· Consumers need a diverse food Basket and a balanced diet.
· Farmers producing food grains can go for crop diversification in order to
increase their incomes.
· Farmers should pay attention to agricultural allied activities such as a) poultry
b) fishing c) dairy will provide new opportunities to farmers.
· Nutritionists suggest that every person in India should eat 300 gms of
vegetables, 100 gms of fruits in a day. But the availability is 180 gms and 58
gms respectively.
· Agricultural diversification may impact food grain production.
VII) Access to Food
· Important aspect of food security is the access to food. It is not sufficient to
produce food grains, everyone should be able to buy them for consumption.
· The recommended food intake per day is 2100 kilo calories in urban area and
2400 kilo calories in rural area.
· 80% of people in rural areas in India consume food that is below the calories
standard.
· The major reason for low calories intake is the lack of purchasing power of
the people
VIII) Public Distribution System (PDS)
· Ration shops are important means for people to access food grains in India.
· Survey 2019-10 indicate that Southern states of India have a good record in
PDS.
· Antyodaya card holder are entitled to get 35 kgs of food grains per month per
family.
VIX) Buffer Stock
· The stock of food grains procured and maintained by the government through
Food Corporation of India [FCI] is called Buffer Stock.
· The FCI purchases wheat and rice from the farmers in States where there is
surplus production.
· The farmers are paid a pre announced price for their crops, this price is called
Minimum Support Price [MSP].
· The MSP is declared by a government agency every year
56
X) National food security act 2013
· 2013 National food security act to legalize peoples' Right to food.
· This act applies to approximately 2/3rd of in India population.
· As per this law every person of low income families is entitled to 5 kg of food
grains per month at subsidised rates.
· Central government will supply rice, wheat and millets for Rs.3, Rs.2 and
Rs.1 respectively.
· This law also envisages providing free cooked meal for pregnant women,
lactating mothers, children aged 1-6 coming to Anganwadis and mid-day meals
for children aged 6-14 in schools.
XI) Nutrition Status
· The food that we consume is normally classified as :
Carbohydrates : That provide energy through wheat, rice, jowar, oils, sugar,
fats etc.
Proteins : That help growth and regeneration of body tissues, through beans,
dals, meat, eggs, rice, wheat etc.
Vitamins : That provide protection and ensure the working of many vital
systems of the body through food such as fruits, leafy vegetables, sprouts,
unpolished rice etc.
Minerals : That are required in small quantities for many important
functions such as iron for blood formation, this is provided through green
leafy vegetables, ragi etc
XII) National Institute of Nutrition
· Survey confirms that in the country the overall alarming status of
Nutrition in the country.
· Out of 7000 children in the age group 1-5 years 45% of children are under
weight.
· The overall prevalence of underweight was about 45% and it was
significantly higher among 3-5 years as compared to 1-3 years children.
· The prevalence was more than 50% in the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh
and Uttar Pradesh.
· The nutritional status among adult men and women is measured using Body
Mass Index [BMI].
Weight in kgs
· BMI =
Height in metres squared
· This index is compared with a range to show if the individual is underweight,

within normal range or overweight.
57
Practice Questions
1. In the process of increasing food grain production, following one is very important
to ensure. ( )
A) Prices B) Not to damage natural resources
C) Wastage of food grains D) Imports
2. This not followed to increase the yield in food grains ( )
A) Planting drought resistant crops as per local conditions
B) Later - harvesting C) Crop rotation D) Crop insurance
3. One of the following is not a coarse cereal ( )
A) Jowar B) Wheat C) Bajra D) Ragi
4. Recommended food intake per day in urban areas and in rural areas is ( )
A) 2100, 2400 kilo calories respectively
B) 2400, 2100 kilo calories respectively
C) 2200, 2300 kilo calories respectively
D) 2300, 2400 kilo calories respectively
5. The are important means for people to access food grains in India ( )
A) Corporate agencies B) Kirana shops
C) Ration shops D) Industries
6. This is done by food corporation of India. ( )
A) Procurement of food grains
B) Declaration of minimum support file
C) Supply of seeds to the farmers
D) Allocation of funds to agriculture
7. The Indian government came out with a new law that legalises peoples right
( )
A) Right to Information B) Right to Education
C) Right to Food Security D) Right to Work
58
8. These are for the protection and ensure the working of many ( )
vital systems of the body.
A) vitamins B) minerals C) proteins D) carbohydrates
9. To examine the nutritional status of children, the measurements of these are
needed ( )
A) height and weight B) colour
C) IQ D) vocabulary

1. Why is Public Distribution System beneficial?

2. Write important points of the "National Food Secutiry Act - 2013".

3. Describe the relationship between underweight and access to food.
4. Suggest measures to increase food grains production in India.
5. How does the present government ensure food security to the people?
59
11. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
WITH EQUITY
I) Development means ..
· Growth in per capita income
· Growth in GDP
· Growth in education Facilities
· Growth in medical facilities
II) Distribution of households in India based on annual income as per 2010
survey
· Rich : Annual income is over 17 lakhs. A total of 30 lakh families.
· Middle class families : Annual income between 3.4 and 17 lakhs. A total of 3
crore 10 lakh families.
· Aspirers : Annual income between 1.5 and 3.4 lakhs. A total of 7 crore 10
lakh families.
· Deprived : Have an annual income of less than Rs 1.5 lakh. A total of 13 crore
50 lakh families.
III) Significant environmental problems

· Deforestation
· Soil erosion
· Decline of groundwater level
· Increasing pollution
· Pressure on pastures
· Dependence on fossil fuels
· Industrial waste
· Use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture
· Climate change
IV) Role of environment in development
· Natural resources like land, water, minerals and ores, products from trees and
animals are central to the production process.
· In primary sector activities - agriculture, mining, quarrying - and in the manu-
facturing and energy sector.
· Production is hugely dependent on natural resources
· All sectors of the economy are dependent on environment.
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· Unwanted by-products of production and consumption like exhaust gases from
combustion, water that is used to clean products, discarded packaging and
goods that are no longer wanted are absorbed by the environment.
V) Environment's source function

· The environment provides us with many natural resources. This is called the
Environment's source function.
VI) The Environment's sink function :
· The Environment's ability to absorb and render harmless waste and pollution.
This is Sink Function.
VII) Characteristics of the traditional farming
· Less usage of ground water
· Agriculture was limited to rainy season
· Organic farming
· Less usage of machines
· Less area under cultivation
VIII) Characteristics of modern farming
· Usage of new energy resources
· Usage of motor pump sets.
· Relief from drudgery
· Overuse of groundwater
· Usage of chemical fertilizers
· Usage of machines
· Large area under cultivation
IX) Excessive use of groundwater - Problems

· Depletion of Groundwater
· Decrease the quality of groundwater
· Unavailability of groundwater in future
· Unavailability of water for agriculture
· Decreases agricultural productivity
X) Sustainable development with equity

· Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
· Environmental protection
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· Development in industrial production
· Minimising the environmental destruction
· Protection from the pollution
· Economic development
· Better environment for future generations
· Poor people not to be the victims of environment
XI) Silent spring
· Writer : Rachel Carson
· The impact of spraying DDT for mosquito control on birds and human beings
· The poison in DDT gets deposited in the body of the fishes in the lakes where
the water containing DDT flows. The poison is too small in quantity to kill the
fishes. But if one bird eats several fishes, the combined dose of the chemical
inside the fishes is lethal enough for the bird.
· Showed that insects like mosquitoes quickly develop resistance to DDT sprays.
· Her findings are a clear example of how human action irreversibly destroys
nature and human beings themselves.
XII) Usage of chemical fertilizers - Results
· Health problems
· Soil Degradation
· Children Birth Defects
· Impact on the Environment
· Water, Environmental Infection human beings
· Air, Water, Atmospheric Pollution
· Loss of Employment for the poor
· Extinction of Biodiversity
XIII) Organic farming

· The practice of farming through natural methods such as crop rotation, ma-
nure, and pest control.
· No usage of chemical fertilizers and pesticides
· Usage of local resources
· On farm biological processes such as availability of pest predators
· Soil microorganisms Rhizobium and Azotobacter
· Multiple cropping
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XIV) Narmada Valley Development Project
· It is one of the largest hydroelectric projects in the world.

· Supposed to generate power, provide irrigation and help with flood control.
· 3000 small to large dams.
· The largest of the dams constructed is the Sardar Sarovar, which floods more
than 37,000 hectares of forest and agricultural land displacing more than half
a million people.
· Destroying some of India's most fertile land.
· Biodiversity, human lives are destroyed.
· Tribals, Dalits are being displaced.
· Availability of electricity and irrigated land but the expatriates are being pushed
into poverty.
XV) Chipko movement
· In Uttarakhand Garhwal Himalayas in 1970 by Sunderlal Bahuguna
· This is environmental movement,
· Chipko means Embrace
· Direct provision of food, fuel and fodder
· These forests were being increasingly felled for commerce and industry,
villagers sought to protect their livelihoods through non-violent resistance,
the villagers hugged the trees.
· Saving them by interposing their bodies between them and the contractors'
axes.
· Village women were the main force of this movement.
Practice Questions

1. This is the Social indicator of development ( )
A) Per capita income B) GDP
C) Education D) GNP
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2. Book written by Rachel Carson is ( )
A) Summer Spring B) Winter spring
C) Silent Spring D) Horror Spring
3. First state to adopt organic farming ( )
A) Rajasthan B) Sikkim
C) Maharashtra D) Arunachal Pradesh
4. This is not the characteristic of feature of traditional farming ( )
A) Crop rotation B) Not usage of chemical fertilizers
C) Only one crop D) Pest control

1. What is meant by the Sink function of the environment?
2. What are the characteristics of traditional agriculture?

3. What are the risks of using chemical fertilizers?
4. How does the modern agriculture harm the environment?
5. Prepare a pamphlet outlining the importance of environmental protection.

6. Describe the Chipko movement?
7. What are the steps to be taken to achieve sustainable development with equity?
64
12. WORLD BETWEEN THE WORLD WARS
I) Triple Alliance / Central powers

• The Secret Alliance of three countries Germany, Austro - Hungary and Italy was
called the Triple Alliance during the first world war.
II) The Triple Entente / Allied powers
It was the alliance formed on 05th September 1914 among Great Britain, France and the
Russian Empire, those countries allied in opposition to the Central Powers (Germany,
Austria-Hungary, and Turkey) in World War I or to the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and
Japan) in World War
III) Axis powers
A coalition headed by Germany, Italy, and Japan that opposed the Allied powers in the
second World War.
IV) Immediate cause of first world war
• The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria Hungary by a Bosnian Serb in
1914.
V) Reason for the US entry into first world war
• Because the German troops sank the US commercial ship, Lusitania in 1917.
VI) Reason for Russia to call as Euro-Asian power
• Because it is a vast area spread over two continents, Europe and Asia that is why
we called as Euro-Asian power
VII) Ideology of Fascism
• Unquestioned power
• Hatred for other Nations
• Worshiping of the state
VIII) Immediate cause of Second world war
• Hitler’s invasion of Poland as a punishment for refusing the handover of the port of
Danzig to Germany.
IX) Examples for new countries that formed after the first world war
• Turkey, Austria, Hungary, Estonia, Latvia, Finland and Czechoslovakia were some
countries formed after the first world war.
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X) Reason for March revolution that took place in Russia
• Because there was a food shortage in the towns due to the supply of the food to the
war front.
XI) Important features of militarism
• It is the belief that military power is the best way to ensure security and to solve
problems.
• European countries built massive standing armies for their defense.
• They competed with each other in increasing their military weapons.
• They established arms industries and went on to promote war to solve all diplomatic
problems.
XII) Terms and conditions imposed on Germany in the Treaty of Versailles
• Germany had to return its colonies in Africa to Allied powers.
• It had to handover Alsace and Lorraine to France.
• It’s army strength was restricted to one lakh from nine lakhs.
• It’s naval strength was restricted to six battle ships without submarines.
XIII) "Economic Depression" and it’s effect on various countries
• The situation of world wide economic decline during 1929-39 because of a decline
in demand and fall in prices was called Economic Depression.
• With its effect, stock market collapsed in America and unemployment increased to
25%.
• Poverty and unemployment increased in Germany. On the streets of Germany people
stood with placards around their neck saying “Willing to do any work”.
• There was increasing poverty, desolation, homelessness etc due to the shutdown of
industries.
XIV) Slogans to prevent the wars and promote the peace
• War destructs - Peace constructs.
• Prevent Wars - Protect Human Life
• No War - Know peace.
• Peace is cheaper - War is costly
XV) Causes of the first world war
• Aggressive nationalism: Literally, the ideology of nationalism was a positive
impulse. But Italian Fascism and German Nazism promoted aggressive nationalism.
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• Imperialism: Imperialism is the competition between European countries for
colonies. This often led to stress and wars.
• Secret alliances : Europe was divided into two hostile groups. They were Triple
Alliance and Triple Entente. These groups created fear and armed peace in Europe.
• Militarism : Militarism is the belief that military power is the best way to ensure
security and to solve problems.
• Balkan politics : Tension between European nationals over domination of the
Balkan Peninsula led to the first World War.
• Immediate cause : The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austro - Hungary
by Bosnian Serb in 1914.
XVI) Main reasons of Second World War
• The Treaty of Versailles - Intensity of the sanctions: At the Versailles conference
held after World War-I, Germany considered the sanctions imposed to weaken
Germany an insult.
• Failure of the League of Nations : The League of Nations could not prevent
Germany and Italy from invading other countries.
• German revenge : Germany sought revenge for the territories it had lost through
the Treaty of Versailles.
• Fear from socialism and Russia : Britain and France encouragement of Hitler’s
strengthening against Soviet Russia also contributed to the war.
• Immediate cause : Hitler’s invasion of Poland was a punishment for refusing to
hand over the port of Danzig to Germany.
XVII) Conditions that led to the rise of Nazism in Germany
• Germany has been hit hard by the economic depression.
• Industrial production fell by 40% and unemployment reached 60 lakhs.
• You could see men with placards around their necks saying “Willing to do any
work”.
• Often governments collapsed without a stable regime.
• Women who could not feed their children’s stomachs suffered from severe
depression.
• Hitler promised to build a strong nation by his powerful speeches.
• Undo the injustice of the Versailles treaty.
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• He promised employment for those looking for work.
• With the above promises Hitler came to power.
Graph analysis :
• The given graph shows the military expenditure of six European powers(countries).
• Military expenditure increased every ten years due to the armament race.
• Between 1880 and 1914, military expenditure tripled.
• Germany, Britain, Russia, Italy and France split into two alliances and raised
weapons.
• The respective countries established arms Industries.
• Those countries mentally prepared their people for the war.
• This Armament race led to World Wars.
• Measures must be taken to avoid similar consequences in the future.
• War is never a solution for the problems.
• No war - Know peace.
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Practice Questions

1. The following called the 20th century as the "Age of Extremes". ( )
A) Adam Smith B) J.M. Keynes
C) Roosevelt D) Eric Hobsbawm
2. The country that followed the aggressive nationalism was ( )
A) England B) Italy C) France D) America
3. France was not a member of ( )
A) Triple Alliance B) Treaty of Versailles
C) League of Nations D) Allied powers
4. The councils which were called as soviets in Russia were formed by ( )
A) Aristocrats B) Democrats
C) Revolutionaries D) Liberals
5. The country that was invited to the treaty of Versailles was ( )
A) Russia B) Italy C) Turkey D) Germany
6. The result of “March revolution” that took place in Russia was ( )
A) End of first world war B) Women empowerment
C) End of second world war D) Flee of Tsar
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7. Effect of Economic Depression was ( )
A) Increase in employment B) Increase in industrial production
C) Decrease in industrial production D) Decrease in poverty
8. Reason for Britain and its allies to follow the “Policy of appeasement of Hitler”
was ( )
A) Terms of the treaty of Versailles B) Failure of League of Nations
C) Fear from Socialism and Russia D) Economic depression
9. The following action of Hitler led to the second world war was ( )
A) Removal of all democratic institutions
B) Arrest of political opponents
C) Organizing public meetings
D) Attack on Poland
10. The two superpowers that emerged after the second world war ( )
A) Britain France B) America Russia
C) Germany Italy D) Japan Turkey
11. Which ideals given to the world by Russian Revolution ( )
A) Equality and National liberalism
B) Fraternity and equality
C) Liberty and Fraternity
D) Freedom and Liberty
12. Who is secretary general of UNO ( )
A) Joe Biden B) Kim Jong - un
C) David Malpas D) Kristalina Georgieva
13. Which country is saved from Great Depression ( )
A) England B) Russia C) France D) America
14. Match the following
i) Animal Farm [ ] a) Japan
ii) Concentration camps [ ] b) George Orwell
iii) Hardly hit by Great Depression [ ] c) Germany
iv) Diet [ ] d) Hitler
A) i - a, ii - b, iii - c, iv - d B) i - d, ii - c, iii - b, iv - a
C) i - b, ii - d, iii - c, iv - a D) i - b, ii - c, iii - a, iv - d
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Very short answer questions
1. List out the main reasons for World Wars.
2. What was the reason for Russia to be called a Euro-Asian power?
3. What is meant by economic depression?
4. What were the consequences for the Versailles treaty?
Short answer type questions

5. Explain the terms and conditions imposed on Germany in the “Treaty of Versailles”.
6. What were the important features in militarism?
7. What are the ideas that promote the ‘Welfare State’?
8. What were the consequences of the ‘New Deal’?
Essay type questions

9. Explain the causes of the first world war.
10. Explain the conditions that led to the rise of Nazism in Germany.
11. Locate the following in the world map
A) Germany B) America C) Germany D) Balkan Sea
E) Poland F) Italy G) India E) Russia
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13. NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENTS IN
THE COLONIES
I. Crises faced by rural China
· Ecological, with soil exhaustion, deforestation and floods
· A socio-economic one caused by exploitation through land-tenure system,
indebtedness, primitive technology and poor communications.
II. Warlord’s
· Regional military powers of China were called warlords. China came to be
controlled by them.
III. Three principles
· The programme of Sun-yat-sen was called three principles.
1. San (Nationalism overthrowing foreign dynasty)
2. Min (Democracy establishing democratic government)
3. Chui (Socialism controlling industries and land reforms)
IV. Evil practices against women in China
· Practice of foot-binding
· The subordination of women
· Inequality in marriage
· Length of hemlines were also prescribed
V. Long March
· In 1934 Mao Zedong conducted Long March. About 6000 miles were covered in
this historic Long March. It took one year. The march was in protest of “Kuomintang
blockade of communist soviet.
VI. Different regions and tribal groups in Nigeria
· Northern Nigeria- dominated by Hausa-Fulani people
· South eastern part- dominated by Igbo tribes.
· South western part- dominated by Yoruba tribes.
VII. Pan-Africanism
· Pan-Africanism is an idea which promoted the Unity of all African people
irrespective of country or tribe.
· One key person in this regard was Kwame Nkrumah.
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VIII. Twin tasks of Nigerian nationalists
· Fighting against the British.
· Unifying the diverse and conflicting ethnic groups of Nigeria.
IX. Reasons for civil war in Nigeria
· Nigeria became independent on 1st October, 1963.
· Unfortunately, a just and democratic balance could not happen.
· Soon civil war started in Nigeria and military rule started.
X. Impact of over extraction of oil in Nigeria
· Destruction of mangrove ecosystems and deforestation.
· The ground water and soil were highly contaminated.
· The off-shore spills effected local fish production.
· Effect on the crops, aqua culture and also on drinking water.
XI. Qualities of Sun-yat-Sen
· He established a Republic in China by overthrowing the Manchu empire.
· He formulated a programme of action with three principles called San, Min, Chui,
i.e. Nationalism, Democracy and Socialism.
· With this, he wanted to control industries, bring land reforms and distribute land
to landless peasants.
· He is greatly concerned about the fate of China.
· He is regarded as the founder of modern China.
XII. May 4th movement
· It was held in on 4th May, 1919 in the city of Beijing.
· It was the protest movement against the Versailles Treaty.
· It demanded that China had to get back the territories seized from it by Japan.
· A whole generation of people came together to attack the old traditions and save
China through modern science, democracy and nationalism.
· Revolutionaries wanted the foreigners to leave China.
· They also wanted to remove inequalities and reduce poverty from the Chinese
Society.
XIII. Reasons for the failure of Guomindang party in china
· The Guomindang, despite its attempts to unite the country, failed because of its
narrow social base and limited political vision.
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· A major plan in Sun-Yat-Sen’s programme- regulating capital and equalising land
was never carried out.
· The party ignored the peasantry and raising the social inequalities.
· It sought to impose military order rather than address the problems faced by the
people.
Mapping skills
1. The country in which Yoruba tribes live.
2. The country that was ruled by Manchu dynasty.
3. The country that created Nigeria.
4. One Asian country.
5. Capital of China
6. Nigeria
Practice Questions

1. In China, the Republic was formed based on the principle of ( )
A) Capitalism B) New democracy
C) Presidential system D) Parliamentary system
2. May fourth movement took place against the ( )
A) First world war B) Treaty of Versailles
C) Second world war D) Democracy
3. Guomindang party established it’s government on the island of ( )
A) Japan B) Taiwan C) Philippines D) Indonesia
4. The area that was dominated by the Hausa Fulani people in Nigeria was ( )
A) Northern Nigeria B) Southern Nigeria
C) South eastern Nigeria D) South western Nigeria
5. Manchu empire was overthrown and a Republic was established in China by ( )
A) Mao Zedong B) Sun-Yat-sen
C) Chiang-Kai-Shek D) Nnamdi Azikiwe
6. From the 16th century this was a major source of Slaves for America ( )
A) Asia B) North America C) South America D) Africa
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7. The following launched military campaign to control the warlords in China ( )
A) Chiang-Kai-Shek B) Mao Zedong
C) Sun-yat-sen D) Chow-en-Lai
8. The party that implemented land reforms in China was ( )
A) Guomindang B) CCP C) NCNC D) Republican party
9. The country that was created by the British was ( )
A) China B) Vietnam C) Nigeria D) India
10. The regional military powers in China were called as ( )
A) Landlords B) Warlords C) Kings D) Soviets
1. Explain the ‘Pan Africanism’.
2. Who were called warlords?
3. What are the reasons for civil war that took place in Nigeria?
1. Explain the programme of Sun-yat-sen.
2. Explain the evil practices against the women in China.
1. Explain the movement that took place in China against the Treaty of Versailles?
2. Why couldn’t the Guomindang party get success in China?
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14. NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN INDIA -
PARTITION & INDEPENDENCE 1939-1947
I) Dominion status
• The British were willing to give the Dominion status to India.
• Dominion status means that India was part of the commonwealth realm.
Independent, but still under certain restrictions from the British Empire.
II) Divide and Rule
• The policy followed by the British to divide the unified Hindu - Muslim and weaken
the national movement
III) The Muslim League
• Muslim League was formed in 1906.
• Till the 1930’s it mainly represented the interests of Muslim land lords of Uttar
Pradesh who did not have much more support.
• It had demanded that British should create separate seats in all councils for which
only Muslims would vote.
• The league was able to establish itself as the dominant party among Muslims voters
only around 1946.
IV) The Hindu Mahasabha and the RSS
• These organisation wished to unite all the Hindus and overcome the division of
caste and sect to reform their social Life.
• They also gave the message that India was the land of the Hindus who were in a
majority.
• Many Congressmen were also impressed with the activities of these organisations.
V) The Pakistan Resolutions
• The name Pakistan or Pak-stan was coined by a Punjabi Muslim student at
Cambridge, Choudari Rahmat Ali.
• On 23rd March 1940 the Muslim League moved a resolution and demanded
autonomy for the parts of the sub-continent where Muslim were in majority.
• This is called the Pakistan Resolution.
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VI) Cripps Mission
• The British wanted Indian people to support in the war against Japan in World War-
II.
• In March 1942, Prime Minister Churchill was persuaded to send one of his ministers,
Sir Stafford Cripps to India to try and make a compromise with Gandhi and the
Congress.
• But these talks failed as the congress insisted that the Viceroy should first appoint
an Indian as the Defense Member of his Executive Council.
VII) Quit India movement
• After the failure of the Cripps Mission Mahatma Gandhi decided to launch his
third major movement against British rule.
• This was the “Quit India’’ campaign. This campaign began in August 1942.
• Although Gandhi was sent to jail other younger activists organised activities and
acts of sabotage all over the country
• The young men and women left their colleges to go to jail in very large numbers.
• Socialist members of the Congress such as Jayaprakash Narayan were particularly
active in the underground resistance movement.
• In several districts, such as Satara in the west and Medinipur in the east, independent
governments were declared.
• The British responded with a lot of force.
• Yes, it took them more than a year to suppress this rebellion.
VIII) Subhash Chandra Bose / Indian National Army
• Subhash Chandra Bose wanted to take up the opportunity created by the difficulties
of the British.
• He said that India’s independence was of utmost importance and we should take
the help of the Japanese to throw out the British.
• He went secretly to Germany and Japan and collected an army of Indian soldiers in
1942.
• He fought alongside his Indian National Army and Japanese army against the British
for almost three years.
• Subhash Chandra Bose’s INA was defeated by the British army.
• After this, it is not certain whether Bose disappeared or died.
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IX) Naval Central Strike Committee
• A Naval Central Strike Committee was elected with MS. Khan as its head
Demands :
1. The strike committee demanded better food.
2. Equal pay for white soldiers and Indian sepoys.
3. They also demanded for the release of INA war prisoners and other political
prisoners.
4. Withdrawal of Indian troops from Indonesia.
X) Peasant movements
a) Tebhaga movement :
• An Agitation was started in Bengal by small peasants who took land from the
landlords to cultivate.
• They demanded that their share of harvest should be increased to two portions out
of three instead of half or even less.
• This was eventually given to them at that time.
• This was called the Tebhaga movement and was led by the provincial Kisan Sabha.
b) Telangana Peasants Movements :
• In Hyderabad the Communist party led a massive movement of farmers of the
Telangana region.
• In Telangana, farmers opposed the large landowners.
• The peasants took up arms to fight against the Nizam government and their armies.
• Almost 3,000 villages were part of the movement.
Demands:
1. Demanded the debts of farmers be canceled.
2. They also demanded that bonded labour should be eradicated.
3. Land redistribution to those who tilled on it.
4. The peasantry took up an armed struggle against the Nizam’s government and their
soldiers.
XI) Direct Action Day
• The Muslim League decided that its demands cannot be met through discussions
and it must ask the people to come out of the streets and do riots.
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• It decided on direct action to win its demand for Pakistan and announced 16th
August 1946 as “Direct Action Day”.
• As a result 4000 people were killed in Calcutta, hence the day is also known as
‘Calcutta killing day’
XII) Partition of India
• In February 1947, Mountbatten replaced Wavell and became viceroy.
• Mountbatten started one last round of talks to find a solution to give independence.
• When these talks also failed he announced that British India would become freed
but also would be divided.
• Muslim majority areas of Punjab, NWFP, Sind, Baluchistan and East Bengal would
be made part of a new state of Pakistan.
• The formal transfer of power from the British Government to Pakistan would be
done on 14th and to India, it would be done on the 15th of August, 1947.
XIII) Consequences of the Partition of India
• People from both sides i.e. - India and Pakistan felt anger and hatred against each
other for being forced to move out of their houses, villages and cities.
• Around 1.5 crore people both Hindus and Muslims were displaced.
• They killed, looted and burnt each other.
• Between two to five lakh people, both Muslims and Hindus were killed.
• Some became refugees, and lived in relief camps.
• Traveled on trains to find shelters.
• Mahatma Gandhi moved amongst the riot hit people in camps and Hospitals.
• He was trying to spread the message of peace and brotherhood.
• The father of the Nation fasted and did not celebrate on the first Independence Day.
XIV) Resolution of the rights of minorities
• At the initiative of Gandhi and Nehru, Congress now passed a resolution on “the
rights of minorities”.
• It still believed that “India is a land of many religions and many races, and must
remain so.”
• Whatever be the situation in Pakistan, India would be a ‘Democratic Secular State”.
• All citizens have full rights.
• They have an equal right to get the protection of the state, irrespective of their caste
and religion.
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XV) Integration of states - Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
• The Congress supported the movements of the people of princely states and declared
that they should join India in making a new constitution of the country.
• Sardar Patel was given charge of this matter in July 1947
• He began discussions with the princess about the necessity to join India.
• He even made it clear that if they did not do so, the army would be sent to complete
the process of unification.
• By 15th August 1947, all states except Kashmir, Hyderabad and Junagadh had
agreed to sign the Instrument of Accession with India.
• These three states were also made to join in the next two years.
XVI) Privacy - Purse
• The governments of the Princely States were taken over by the Government of
India and the Princes were given a pension fund called privy - purse to meet their
personal expenses.
Practice Questions

1. Who led the Tebhaga Movement? ( )
A) Naval Central Strike Committee B) Provincial Kisan Sabha
C) Indian National Army D) Communist Party of India
2. The movement undertaken by Gandhiji after the failure of the
Cripps Mission is ( )
A) Non-Cooperation Movement B) Salt Satyagraha Movement
C) Quit India Movement D) Civil Disobedience Movement
3. An organization that was wished to unite the country across castes and
communities ( )
A) Congress B) Muslim League
C) RSS D) Communist parties
4. The organisation responsible for the partition of the country ( )
A) Congress B) Muslim League C) RSS D) Communist parties
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5. Main objective of the day of direct action ( )
A) Achieving independence for India B) Achieving a separate Pakistan
C) To achieve Hindu Muslim unity D) To achieve international peace
6. Match the following
i. Subhash Chandra Bose ( ) a) Quit India Movement
ii. Vallabhbhai Patel ( ) b) Indian National Army
iii. Tebhaga Movement ( ) c) Merger of States
iv. Gandhiji ( ) d) Peasant movement
A) i - a, ii - b, iii - c, iv - d B) i - d, ii - c, iii - b, iv - a
C) i - b, ii - c, iii - d, iv - a D) i - b, ii - c, iii - a, iv - d
7. Subject related to the Telangana Farmers Movement under the leadership of the
Communist Party ( )
1. Cancellation of Farmers’ Loans 3. Land to the tillers
2. Stopping usurpation 4. Opposing feudal system
A) 3 only B) 3 and 4 C) 2, 3, 4 D) 1, 2, 3, 4
8. Resolution passed by Congress at the initiative of Gandhiji and Nehru ( )
A) Two nation theory B) Minority rights
C) Complete Independence D) Non-Cooperation Movement
9. Which of the following is the reason for the change in Muslim mindset between
1937-1947? ( )
1. Congress showing indifference towards meet the needs of Muslims
2. Prohibition of membership of Congress party and Muslim League party members
3. Congress Party and Muslim League Party portraying it as a pro-Hindu party
4. Banned the Muslim League by Congress Party
A) 1 and 2 B) 1,2 and 3 C) 1, 2 and 4 D) 1, 2, 3 and 4
10. Give the correct sentence in the following regarding the partition of
the country. ( )
1. Around 1.5 crore Hindu and Muslim people were displaced.
2. Around 5 lakh Hindu and Muslim people were killed.
3. Many have become refugees.
4. Gandhi sat on hunger strike after celebrating Independence Day.
A) 4 only B) 1, 2 and 3 C) 1 and 2 D) All of the above
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Very Short Answer questions
1. Why did the British implement the principle of ‘divide and rule’? What are its
consequences?
2. Why did the 3 Princely States not join India by 15 August 1947?
3. What are the privy - purse? Why were they abolished?
4. What are the consequences of ‘Direct Action Day’?

5. What were the demands of the Naval Central Strike Committee?
6. What is the role of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in merging princely states into the
Indian Union?

7. Describe the Quit India Movement?
8. Analyze the consequences of partition.
9. Read the following paragraph and comment.
In Hyderabad, the communist party led a massive movement of farmers of the

Telangana region. The Telangana farmers opposed the large landowners and demanded
that debts of farmers be canceled. They also demanded that bonded labour should be
stopped and land be distributed to those who worked on it. The peasants took up arms to
fight against the rulers and their armies.
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15. THE MAKING OF INDEPENDENT INDIA’S
CONSTITUTION
I) Constitution
• The Constitution is a volume of rules & regulations which determine the nature of
the state and system of government that implements its policies to achieve the
basic aims and objectives of the state and its duties.
• It means..... “A constitution is a set of rules and how the country should be governed,
how the laws that run it would be made or changed, how the government should be
informed, what would be the role of the citizens, what would be their rights etc...
II) The Major Functions (purposes) of the Constitution
• Outlining the role and rights the citizens, as well as defining the structure and
powers of the Government and its organs like Executive, Legislative and Judiciary
etc...
• Including the nature of the future society which has to be built by the joint efforts
of the state and society.
III) The objects of the Constituent Assembly
• To protect Independence and freedom.
• To achieve Social Revolution i.e. freedom from all sorts of suppression.
• To achieve modern, scientific and planned mode of development.
• To achieve social equality
• Provide equal opportunities to all people.
IV) Significant Contributors to the Indian Constitution
• Dr. Babu Rajendra Prasad • Dr. Surveypalli Radha Krishna

• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar • Sarojini Naidu
• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad • Vijayalakshmi Pandit
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel • Hasrat mohani
• K. M. Munshi • Domodar Swarup Seth etc...
V) The basic ideas of constitution reflected the preamble are
• Democracy : Power rests in the hands of the citizens.
• Socialist : Wealth of the country is to be shared equally by all people.
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• Secular : The government will not run by any religion. It is neutral in religious
matters. It neither favors nor is against any religion.
• Republic : The head of the state is elected by people but not hereditary.
• Sovereign : Government behaves independently in internal and external affairs.
• Justice : There are no discrimination on birth, caste, community or belief in
imparting justice to people. All are equal before the law.
• Liberty and Equality : There will be no unreasonable restrictions, all citizens are
treated equally.
• Fraternity : Promoting brotherhood among citizens.
VI) Basic principles of Indian Constitution (or) Unique and outstanding features of
Indian Constitution
• Parliamentary System
• Federal System
• Independent Judiciary
• Fundamental Rights
• Directive Principles
• Fundamental Duties
• Single Citizenship
• Universal Adult Franchise
• Secular System
VII) Difference between British King and President of India
British King President of the India
• The British King comes in • The President of India is elected.

successor hereditary power. • By the members of parliament
• He has the power for a lifetime. andlegislatives of the states.
• He is the head of the state. • He serves for a period of 5 years.
• He is the symbol of the nation. • He is the head of the state.
• He is the first citizen of the country.
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VIII) Unitary features of Indian constitution
• Single constitution
• Single citizenship
• Single Election Commission
• Integrated and independent judiciary
• Strong Central Government
• All India services such as IAS and IPS are kept under the control of the union
government etc...
IX) Federal features of Indian constitution
‘Federation’ means the establishment of the ‘Dual Polity’ - dual system of Gov-
ernment - Central and State. These two governments are endowed with sovereign powers
to be exercised in the field assigned to them respectively by the constitution.
X) Major difference between Indian federalism and American federalism
Indian Federalism American Federalism
• These is only single citizenship • This has dual citizenship i.e Federal and
i.e. Federal citizenship. state citizenship.
• Single judiciary. • A separate Judiciary for each state.
• Uniformity of fundamental • No uniformity in any types of laws.
civil and criminal laws. • USA is a true federation with strong
• India is a highly centralised governments at central level as well as
Federation. at state level.
XI) Constitutional arrangements - to strengthen the unity of our country
• A single judiciary
• Uniformity - in fundamental laws, civil and criminal.
• A common All-India Civil Services to man important posts.
XII) It was a good idea to undefine the term ‘untouchability’ in the constitution
• The system and term of ‘untouchability’ had no significant status in the world as it
was defined by man for his selfish profits.
• The definition of untouchability changes from place to place and situation to
situation.
• Social development mainly depends upon education and economic development
of the nation.
• So, it was a good idea to undefine the term untouchability by constitution writers.
XIII) Provisions for Social Change or Social Engineering or Social Justice
85
• The Indian Constitution has many provisions facilitating social charge. They are ...
• Abolition of untouchability under Article-17.
• Reservations to weaker sections (SC, ST and OBC) in Education, Employment and
even in legislature.
• Directive Principles of State Policy in directing the governments to provide free
and compulsory Prime Education to all and also liquor ban, Decentralization,
establishing of cottage industries etc...
• Implementation of Land Reforms.
• Laws implementing to safeguard tribals and minorities etc...
• Programmes and schemes implemented to eradicate poverty and unemployment.
XIV) Procedure of Constitution Amendment
• The constitution of India can be amended from time to time.
• It’s amendments in the constitution can be initiated only by the parliament.
• It needs the approval of 2/3rd members in both the houses of Parliament - Rajya
Sabha and Lok Sabha.
• Some articles can be amended only with the acceptance from the state legislature
as well.
• However, the president has to approve the new amendment bill like other bills.
XV) The Kesavananda Bharati Case
The Kesavananda Bharati Vs. Kerala Government case. The supreme court ar-
gued that certain provision in the India constitution upon which the nation continues to
exist cannot be changed under any circumstances :
As per the verdict of Supreme Court; the principles includes :
• Fundamental Rights • Form of the Government
• Federal Character • Supremacy of Constitution
• Sovereignty of the Nation • Provision for justice and welfare state etc…
Practice Questions
1. The type of government system in America is ( )
A) Parliamentary System B) Presidential type of Democracy
C) Monarchy System D) Unitary type of Democracy
86
2. Secular state means ( )
A) A country which has official religion
B) A country which is neutral in religion matters
C) A country which has religion tolerance
D) A country that ban all the religion
3. Which among the following is not a feature of the Indian Constitution? ( )
A) Parliamentary form of Government
B) Federal form of Government
C) Dual Citizenship
D) Written Constitution
4. The Preamble of the Constitution of India declares India to be a ( )
A) Sovereign Democratic Republic
B) Sovereign, Society, Democratic Republic
C) Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic
5. Which of the following emphasised that ‘too much centralisation of power leads
to Dictatorship? ( )
A) Nehru B) D.S. Seth C) Gandhiji D) Dr. B.R.Ambedkar
6. Which of the following is not correct related to parliamentary
type of democracy? ( )
i) President enjoys real powers
ii) President does not enjoy real powers
iii) President rules the nation
iv) President appoints the Prime Minister
A) i, ii, iv B) ii, iii, iv C) i, iii D) i, ii, iii
7. It is one of the main features of the True Federal State. ( )
A) Supreme Court can overrule the judgment of state level courts
B) Supreme Court can not overrule the judgment of the state level courts
C) Uniformity in civil and criminal laws
D) B and C
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8. The importance of 26th November, 1949 ....... ( )
A) The constitution work has began
B) The constitution assembly first meeting was held
C) The constitution was approved
D) The constitution came into force
Very short answer type questions

1. What are the objectives of the constituent assembly?
2. What is meant by division of powers?
3. Mention the constituent arrangements that are incorporated in our constitution to
strengthen the units of our Nation.
4. What was the main criticism of the D.S.Seth on the Draft Constitution?
5. Which topic would you like to speak if you were given a chance to participate on
Draft Constitution?

6. What is the constitution? Is the constitution needed for every country? Give reasons.
7. How do you say that the Indian Federal System is different from American Federal
System?
8. Design a pamphlet on ‘Social Justice’ to create awareness among people.
9. Who should be involved if a constitution is needed to be written in your school?
Essay answer type questions

10. How do you say that our India is a Federal State with Unitary Features?
11. Read the following para and comment on it.
“As you can see, the Constituent Assembly (CA) was not elected through univer-
sal adult franchise, but indirectly and as such did not represent all sections of Indian
society. Only about 10% of the population could vote in the provincial elections then. In
fact, the members from the princely states were not elected at all and were decided through
consultation with the concerned princely states. Such a decision was taken keeping in
view the special situation that had arisen due to intense political activity on the eve of
freedom and mounting tensions among the people.
88
12. Read the following para and comment on it.
I do not understand how you can abolish untouchability without abolishing the
very caste system. Untouchability is nothing but the symptom of the disease, namely, the
caste system... Unless we can do away with the caste system altogether there is no use
tinkering with the problem of untouchability superficially.
13. Analyse the graph.
Graph 1 : Since the Constitution was Came into force

on 26th January 1950 till 2013 nearly 99
amendments were made.
14. Locate the following on the given outline world map

a) United States of America
b) Australia
c) Africa
d) The country that doesn’t have written constitution
89
16. ELECTION PROCESS IN INDIA
I) Election system in India
• Elections are considered essential in modern representative democracies.

• India is a vast country with enormous population, it is difficult for all the people to
gather and make decisions. So the need for elections arises.
II) Election Commission of India
• The Election Commission of India conducts elections in our country.

• The Election Commission of India came into existence on 25th January, 1950.
• It is an autonomous constitutional body.
• It prepares electoral rolls and conducts election to Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State
Legislative Bodies, The President and Vice President.
• It frames code of conduct to the political parties.
• To conduct the elections, Election Commission utilizes the service of central and
state government employees [Article 324(6)].
• It declares the results of the elections and submits it to the central and state
governments.
III) The Chief Election Commissioner
• The President appoints the Chief Election Commissioner, who has tenure of 6 years
or up to the age 65 years, whichever is earlier.
• The Election Commission of India consists of a Chief Election Commissioner and
two other Election Commissioners.
• They enjoy the same status, and receive salary and perks as available to judges of
the Supreme Court.
• They take decisions either unanimously or by a majority vote.
• T.N.Seshan was appointed as Chief Election Commissioner (1990-1996) and
initiated many electoral reforms. He redefined the status and visibility of the Election
Commission of India.
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IV) Functions of the Election Commission
The Election Commission can be categorised into
• Administrative Functions : Election Commission prepares electoral rolls, receives
them within stipulated time, demarcate the constituencies and their territorial limits,
announces the schedule of elections, receives nominations, scrutinises, finalises
the polling dates, registers and recognises the political parties and allots the symbols.
Frames and implements code of conduct.
• Advisory Functions : Advises the president and the governors of the state regarding
the disqualification of members of parliament and the state legislatures.
• Quasi Judicial Functions : Solves the disputes between political parties.
V) Political Parties in Elections
• Every person who is a citizen of India not less than 18 years of age is entitled to
vote, without any discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, region, religion, gender,
language, economic status etc... is called Universal Adult Franchise .
• The body of voters is called the ‘Electorate’.
• A party that secures 3% valid votes or 3 assembly seats in any of the states is called
a regional party. A party can be recognised in more than one state.
• If a party is recognised in 4 states, with 6% of valid votes or 11 Lok Sabha M.P.
seats from 4 different states. It is called a National Party.
• The model code of conduct is a set of guidelines and instructions to be followed by
candidates and political parties on campaigning, general conduct and meeting etc...
during elections.
• Voters Verified Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) is an independent system attached to
EVM that allows the voters to verify their votes are cast as intended. It can be seen
through a transparent window for 7 seconds.
• NOTA (None of the above) is an option that is being used in Elections after the
Supreme Court judgment that citizens can choose not to vote for any candidates
who are contesting the elections.
• Contesting candidates for parliament and state legislature bodies must declare the
details regarding his / her crime record, spouse, children’s assists / liabilities,
education qualifications etc... in their nomination papers.
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• To conduct elections in a free and fair manner, the Election Commission has laid
down some rules and regulations for the ruling party at the time of elections.
VI) Conduct of elections at various levels
• Chief Electoral Officer (CEO) at the state level assists the Election Commission of
India.
• At the district level, the District Collector acts as the Chief Election Officer.
• “Returning Officer” (RO) is an officer who conducts and monitors elections at
constituency level.
• If a contesting candidate is sponsored by a registered party, he/she is called the
party candidate and the others are called the ‘independents’.
VII) Voting Mechanism
• Polling booth is a specific room where voters cast their votes. Presiding officer is
in-charge of the booth, assisted by other polling officers and polling agents.
• In case, EVM is not there, Swastik Mark ( ) shall be applied on the ballot paper
folded in the proper manner and put in the ballot box.
• General Elections : Conducted for every 5 years at National / State level.
• Midterm Elections : If the central or state government loses its majority before the
completion of its term, midterm elections are held.
• Bye Elections : If an elected member resigns, or dies before completing term.
Election held to fill that vacant seat is known as the Bye Election.
• Electoral reforms refers to the introduction of the best practices in ensuring better
democracy, good politics, fair elections, ideal members of legislative house, true
representation and so on ...
• Postal Ballot : A system of voting in which people send their votes by post as they
are unable to vote directly in polling booths due to election duty.

1. How many members are there in the Election Commission? ( )
A) Four B) Two C) Three D) One
2. The Election Commission of India came into existence on ( )
A) 15th August 1947 B) 2nd June 2014
C) 26th January 1950 D) 25th January 1950
92
3. Elections Commissioner is appointed by ( )
A) Prime Minister B) President C) Vice President D) Speaker
4. The Tenure of Chief Election Commissioner is ( )
A) 6 years or 65 years B) 5 years or 65 years
C) 5 years or 60 years D) 5 years are 61 years
5. Postal Ballot is issued by ( )
A) District Collector B) Police Department
C) Returning Officer D) Route Officer
6. NOTA was first introduced in the state assembly elections of ( )
A) Telangana B) Punjab C) Tamil Nadu D) Delhi
7. EVM means ( )
A) Electrical Voting Machine B) Electronic Voting Machine
C) Enlarged Voting Machine D) Evergreen Voting Machine
8. Find out the odd one ( )
A) Control Unit B) Ballot Unit C) EVM D) Swastik Mark
9. Person who redefined the election commission’s status ( )
A) Narendra Modi B) Rajiv Gandhi C) T.N.Seshan D) None of the above
10. Tenure of present Lok sabha and in the year of ( )
A) 2023 B) 2024 C) 2020 D) 2022
Very short answer type questions

1. What is the Universal Adult Franchise?
2. What is meant by VVPAT ?
3. When are ‘bye elections’ conducted?
4. What are the recommendations of T.N.Seshan?
5. Differentiate general elections and midterm elections?
6. Why was the NOTA option introduced in the elections? Mention the reasons.
7. Suggest some measures to curb election malpractices.
Essay type answer questions
8. What is the model code of conduct in the elections? Mention a few of them.
9. List the functions of the Election Commission and explain.
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17. INDEPENDENT INDIA
(The First 30 years : 1947-77)
I) First General Elections

· The first general elections to be held under the new Constitution were
immensely significant for Indian democracy.
· The first elections were difficult because of the social dimensions also. A
large section of the population did not know how to read and write.
· To overcome the problem of illiteracy, the Election Commission came up with
a novel idea of having Symbols from everyday life to represent political
parties and candidates.
II) One party domination in political system
· In Independent India's first three general elections in 1952, 1957 and 1962,
the Indian National Congress won leaving other participants to almost
nothing.
· The Congress consistently won over 70% of the seats by obtaining about 45%
of the total votes cast. No other party was anyway near the Congress.
· The Congress party formed the government in many of the states as well.
· The groups originated on the basis of personal competition between the
congress leaders made the Congress appear as if it was a party representing
diverse interests and positions.
· At times, these groups also tied up with other political parties to pressurise the
leadership. This also acted as an inbuilt corrective mechanism within the
ruling party.
· The other parties contested but were not able to win enough seats to challenge
the Congress.
III) State reorganization
· Among the first challenges that the new nation faced was the demand for
reorganization of states on the basis of language.
· The partition of the country on the basis of religion had created doubts and
fears about the security and stability of India in the minds of the leadership.
There was a fear that language re-organization would lead to break down of
the country.
· In the Telugu speaking areas in the first elections, these seats went to parties
who supported the linguistic movement.
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IV) State reorganization Act 1956
· Potti Sriramulu who demanded the formation of a separate Telugu speaking
state began a hunger strike, in 15th December 1952. He died after 58 days of
fasting.Consequently, the states of AndhraState and Tamil Nadu were created.
· In August 1953, the States Re-organisation Commission (SRC) was appointed,
with Fazl Ali, K. M. Panikkar and Hridaynath Kunzru as members, to address
the issue of formation of states on the basis of the linguistic principle.
· On the basis of its report in 1956, the States Re-organisation Act was passed
in parliament.
· This led to the creation of 14 states and six union territories.
· In the formation of linguistic states, only languages like Tamil or Telugu
spoken by dominant or powerful populations were considered.
V) Social and economic change
· The Constituent Assembly put social and economic change at the top of the
agenda of modern India.
· The Planning Commission was set up after the inauguration of the new
Constitution.
· Nehru hoped that planned development would dissolve the divisions of caste
and religion, community and region as well as other disruptive and disintegra-
tive tendencies and help India to emerge as a strong and modern nation.
· The First Five Year Plan focused on agriculture and stressed on the need for
increasing food production, development of transport and communications
and the provision of social services. The emphasis of second five year plan
shifted to industries.
· For Nehru, agricultural transformation was not simply an economic issue, but
a political, social and economic transformation of the rural sector.
· The strategy favoured by Nehru and finally adopted included three
components: land reforms, agricultural cooperatives and local self-govern-
ment.
· Three types of land reforms were contemplated: abolition of Zamindari
system, tenancy reform and land ceilings.
· The primary aim of all these was to ensure that the land went to the hands of
the actual tiller and this was to be an incentive for them to produce more.
VI) Foreign Policy
· When India became independent, it followed a policy of not joining in US
camp or USSR camp and tried to maintain an equidistant and independent
position in foreign policy which is called Non Aligned Movement.
95
· As for the immediate neighbours, India formulated the Panchsheel policy of
non-interference in each other's internal affairs.
VII) Wars
· India had wars with Pakistan over Kashmir in 1948, 1965, over Bangladesh
issue in 1971.
· With China over border issue in 1962.
VIII) Anti Hindi Agitation
· When the Official Languages Act was passed in 1963, The DMK party began
a state-wide campaign protesting the imposition of Hindi. These included
strikes, dharnas, hartals and burning of effigies, Hindi books as well pages of
the Constitution.
· Finally, when things seemed to be going out of hand, Shastri made a series of
concessions to assuage the feelings of theanti-Hindi camp.
· These included
a) the right of each state to have a language of its own,
b) communication could be in regional languages with English translations,
c) English would continue to be the communication language between the
centre and the states and
d) that the civil service exams would be conducted in English rather than
Hindi alone.
IX) Bangladesh war
· In the early 1970s, trouble was brewing in East Pakistan (what is now
Bangladesh) as a movement for the assertion of Bengali identity and protest
against ill treatment of west Pakistan.
· Lakhs of refugees streamed to India which had to feed and house them a
liberation movement started in Bangladesh and India was asked to assist in it.
· In1971, a war broke out between India and Pakistan and India decisively
intervened to ensure the liberation of Bangladesh and its establishment as an
independent country.
X) The left turn
· Indira Gandhi went to early elections in 1971 instead of 1972 using popular
slogan "GaribiHatao".
· The congress party also promised radical restructuring of the system to
benefit the poor and marginalised.
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· Among the important legislations that were passed by Indira Gandhi
government to achieve the goal of social and economic transformation were
the nationalisation of many private banks and abolishing of princely pensions.
XI) J.P. Movement
· The 1973, Arab-Israeli war raised the oil prices to an all time high and put
huge pressure on the government.
· Inflation and the rise in prices of essential items, scarcity of food and unem-
ployment began to have an effect.
· There was a general unhappiness among large sections of the population.
· The opposition, united under Jaya Prakash Narayan, ran a series of campaigns
in different parts of the country against the Congress and especially against
Indira Gandhi.
· This was the JP movement and it was very prominent in Bihar and Gujarat.
XII) Emergency
· The government reacted harshly towards J.P. movement by coming up with a
series of laws which violated civil rights in the name of maintaining order.
· A few days later, with the JP movement gaining more strength, the
government imposed Emergency.
· Government justified it as necessary to preserve order, save democracy,
protect the social and economic transformation and preserve national
integrity.
· With this, democracy was put on hold.
· The government began a series of repressive measures,
· Many of the fundamental rights were suspended.
· There were also instances of arbitrary detention, torture and other violations
of civil liberties.
· in Emergency while people welcomed control over price rise and the
campaign against black marketing and bonded labour.
· Many programmes undertaken by the emergency government such as
demolition of slums and forced sterilisation in the name of population control
became very unpopular.
· The major highlight of this period was the 42nd Constitutional Amendment.
97
Practice Questions
1. To overcome the one of the following problem, the Election Commission came up
with a noble idea of having symbols to represent political parties and candidates.
( )
A) poverty B) illiteracy
C) untouchability D) economic inequalities
2. One of the first challenges that the nation faced was the demand for ( )
A) re organisation of states on the basis of language
B) construction of new dams
C) separate Khalistan
D) ban of Hindi in southern states
3. The main aim of co-operatives are ( )
A) collective farming
B) to sell hand made goods
C) to bring economies of scale and also provide valuable inputs
D) to bring all banks together
4. Big dams were first constructed during this five year plan ( )
A) first B) second C) third D) fourth
5. A policy of not joining either camp (USA or USSR) and tried to maintain an
equidistant and independent position in foreign policy is called ( )
A) panchasheel B) league of nations
C) Non Aligned Movement D) UNO
6. The party which started anti Hindi agitation in Tamilnadu was ( )
A) AIADMK B) congress C) BJP D) DMK
7. Panchasheel pact was signed by ( )
A) India - USA B) India- England
C) Telangana D) India -China
8. Many of the SVD governments were however short-lived. Because ….( )
A) They are basically coalition against congress
B) Their life was marked by defections and corruption
C) Power seemed to be the only thing that united them
D) all the above
98
9. The major reason for the defeat of Congress party in 1967. ( )
A) Old promises of social and economic development were not fulfilled
B) people want a new leader ship
C) Emergency
D) taking a sharp left turn
10. The aims of 42nd constitutional amendment were ( )
1. Excluding the courts from election disputes;
2. Strengthening the central government vis-àvis the state governments;
3. Providing maximum protection from judicial challenges to social and economic
transformation legislation;
4. Making the judiciary subservient to parliament.
A) 1 and 2 B) 2 and 3 C) 1, 2 and 3 D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

1. What were the problems faced by Election Commission in first general elections?

2. Write a brief note on Indian Foreign Policy.
3. How can you say that a single party dominated the Indian politics in first 30 years of
independent.

4. Explain the socio and economic changes that came during the first 30 years of
independent India.
5. Write the situations of Emergency period.
6. Write the role of Nehru in bringing the socio and economic changes in the country.
99
18. EMERGING POLITICAL TRENDS
1977 TO 2000
I) 1977 General Elections

· Emergency ended in 1977. First time congress was defeated in elections at
center.
· The Congress (O), Swatantra Party, Bharatiya Jan Sangh, the Bharatiya Lok
Dal and the Socialist party decided to merge together and form the Janata
(peoples) Party. Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister of India.
· Mr. Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy was unanimously elected as speaker of the 6th
Lok Sabha on 26th March, 1977. Later, he was elected as the 6th President of
India.
· The victorious Janata Party dismissed nine Congress ruled governments in
the states.
· The Janata Government lost power due to internal conflicts within the party.
II) 1980 General Elections

· The Congress returned to power in 1980.
· The Congress immediately dismissed the Janata and non-Congress govern-
ments in nine States.
· The Congress was victorious in all the States except Tamil Nadu and West
Bengal.
III) President's Rule

· As per the provision of the Constitution (article 356), the governor of a State
can recommend to the President the dismissal of a State government and even
dissolution of a State assembly if he or she is convinced that the government
is not able to administer the State as per the Constitution.
IV) Emergence of Regional Aspirations
1. Andhra Pradesh :
· Causes :
® In combined Andhra Pradesh, the frequent change of Chief Ministers by
the central Congress leadership and the imposition of leaders from above
created a wrong notion.
® There was a feeling that the Andhra Pradesh leadership was not given
resepect by the national Congress leadership. This was perceived as an
insult to the pride of the Telugu people.
100
® N T Rama Rao (NTR), popular film actor, began the Telugu Desam
Party (TDP) .
· Popular schemes announced by NTR :
® Midday meal scheme in government schools.
® Sale of rice at Rs.2 per Kg to the poor.
® Liquor prohibition.
2. Assom Movement
· Causes :
® Disputes between Assamese and Bengalis.
® Migrations from Bangladesh.
® Establishment of All Assom Students Union (AASU).
· Main Demands :
® The local people should be given greater preference in employment,
® The "outsiders" should be removed.
® The resources should be used for the benefit of the locals.
® The All Assam Students Union (AASU) was at the forefront of the
agitation.
® The Assam Gana Parishad (AGP - an offshoot of AASU) came to power.
® The Bodos, Khasis, Mizos and Karbis are the tribes of Assom.
3. Punjab Agitation :
· Causes :
® The difference in language and religion of the dominant population
became a point of mobilisation.
® The contribution of the State was being ignored.
® They also believed that the State had received an unfair bargain when it
was created.
· Demands :
® Chandigarh to be made capital city of Punjab instead of Union
Territory.
® More water from Bhakra Nangal dam
® Greater recruitment of Sikhs in the army.
101
® The Akali Dal had passed a set of resolutions. Its most significant
demand was to amend the Constitution to give more powers to the states
and ensure greater decentralisation of powers.
® The dismissal of the Akali government and the restore the Congress
Government in 1980.
® Bhindranwale, the leader of the group of militant Sikhs, began to preach
separatism and also demanded the formation of a Sikh State- Khalistan.
® The Golden Temple was captured by the Sikh separatist groups and the
army had to intervene to vacate the premises.
® The assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1984.
V) New initiatives in the Rajiv Gandhi Era
· The Congress, led by Rajiv Gandhi, won an unprecedented victory in the elec-
tions of 1984.
· Rajiv Gandhi began a peace initiative in Punjab, Assam and Mizoram and
also in the neighbouring country of Sri Lanka.
· The participation of the mass of people in governance by activating the
Panchayati Raj Institutions.
· His government's first budget in 1985 moved towards a more liberalised sys-
tem by removing some of the checks and controls that were in place.
· The Initiation of 'telecom revolution' in India.
VI) Religion the case of Shah Bano

· In 1985, the Supreme Court passed a judgement on a case filed by Shah Bano
who had been divorced by her husband ordering that she should be paid
maintenance by her ex-husband.
· The government enacted a new law in 1986 against this case.
VII) Ayodhya-Babri Masjid dispute
· Some sections of the Hindus had begun a campaign for building a temple for
Lord Rama in Ayodhya, in the place of the controversial construction, Babri
Masjid.
· Farmers of UP and Haryana agitated under the leadership of Mahendra Singh
Tikait, while farmers of Maharashtra were fighting under the leadership of
Sharad Joshi.
VIII) Bribes of Guns
· Charges began to be levied against several leaders that they had directly or
indirectly received bribes from the Swedish manufacturers of guns that were
being supplied to the Indian army.
· A powerful campaign was led by former minister of cabinet V P Singh.
102
IX) The Mandal Commission report
· The National Front government resurrected the Mandal Commission report
which had recommended reservations for other backward castes (OBC) in
government employment and educational facilities.
· The V P Singh government announced that it was implementing the core rec-
ommendation of the Commission by reserving 27% of the seats in govern-
ment employment for candidates from the socially and educationally back-
ward castes that were identified by the Commission.
Panchayati Raj & 73rd, 74th amendment
· In 1992 the government led by P.V. Narsimha Rao passed an important amend-
ment to the constitution to provide local self governments a Constitutional
Status.
· The 73rd Constitutional Amendment created institutions of local self govern-
ment at the village level while the 74th Constitutional Amendment did the
same in towns and cities.
X) Use of religion and politics
· The political tendency that seeks to build our nation based on nationalism, is
led by Bharatiya Janata Party.
· In 1990, L K Advani, the leader of BJP led a "Rath Yatra" from Somnath to
Ayodhya in support of these demands.
· During this election campaign, Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by LTTE, a
Tamil separatist group of Sri Lanka, as a retaliation for his role in sending
Indian army to Sri Lanka. The
· In 1991, when the V P Singh government fell, India was facing very serious
economic crises.
XI) Ecomomic Liberalization
· In 1992, when the new Congress government under P V Narasimha Rao was
formed, it negotiated with the International Monetary Fund for loans to tide
over the crises. The IMF laid down certain stringent conditions (called 'struc-
tural adjustment programme'), forcing India to accept a policy of
liberalisation. This meant
a. drastic reduction of government expenditure - including cuts in subsi-
dies to farmers, expenditure on public services, health, etc.
b. reducing restrictions and taxes on import of foreign goods
c. reducing restrictions on foreign investments in India
d. opening of many sectors of the economy (like telephone, banking, air-
lines, etc) to private investors (these were government monopolies ear-
lier.
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XII) The Era of Coalition politics
· The first coalition government led by V P Singh's Janata Dal was formed.
· Coalition government means the formation of a government by more than

one party.
· A number of national and regional parties had come together to form govern-
ments at the centre.
· more sensitive to multiple viewpoints in politics and policy matters, it also

caused considerable instability.
· 'Policy paralysis' - as the coalition could not implement any policy which
called for serious change for fear of withdrawal of support by one or the other
partners.
· The early coalition governments were highly unstable and did not last their
full terms.
· Later coalitions like the BJP led National Democratic Alliance and the Con-
gress led United Progressive Alliance have completed their terms.
XIII) The 'Left Front Government' in West Bengal
· The Left wing political parties like the Communist Party of India (CPI), For-
ward Block, Revolutionary Socialist Party, Communist Party of India Marxist
(CPM) won the elections in the State of West Bengal in 1977 and formed the
Left Front Government led by Jyoti Basu from CPM.
· Reforms
® Land reforms-The West Bengal government launched Operation Barga

to record the names of the sharecroppers (Bargadars who tilled the
land belonging to landlords and paid a large share of the produce as
rent to them), who formed a major part of the agrarian population in
West Bengal and to secure their rights.
® Implementation of Panchayati Raj.
· Results
® The agriculture production in West Bengal had increased almost by

30% and rural poverty declined.
104
XIV) Locate the following on India map.
· Estern states (Assom, · Andhra Pradesh

Mizoram….) · Ayodhya
· Punjab · Delhi
· Tamilnadu · Haryana
· Madhya Pradesh · Maharashtra
· Rajasthan · West Bengal
· Bihar
XV) Locate the following on World Map.

1. China 2. Mayanmar
3. Bangladesh 4. Sri Lanka
Practice Questions

1. The first Non-Congress prime minister. ( )
A) Morarji Desai B) V.P. Singh C) Charan Singh D) A.B. Vajpayee
2. The state that being treated as an "internal colony". ( )
A) Punjab B) Andhra Pradesh
C) Assom D) Bihar
3. A non-causal dimension to the Assom movement. ( )
A) Culture B) Transport C) Population D) Trade
4. The seats reserved for women in local self government and urban self government.
( )
A) 2/3 B) 1/2 C) 1/4 D) 1/3
5. The speaker who was unanimously elected to the 6th Lok Sabha. ( )
A) Om Prakash Birla B) Sumitra Mahajan
C) Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy D) Mira Kumar
6. This is not a tribe in Assom. ( )
A) Gonds B) Bodos C) Khasis D) Karbis
7. The first coalition government in India was of ( )
A) UPA B) NDA C) United Front D) National Front
105
8. The Shiromani Akali Dal is the regional party of this state. ( )
A) Tamil Nadu B) Punjab C) Uttar Pradesh D) Assom

1. What were the reforms initiated by Leftwing political parties?
2. Give examples of India's achievements in technology during the 1970's and 1980's.

3. What is coalition government? What are the challenges faced by coalition
government?
4. What are the key elements of Economic Liberalisation.

5. How can you say that the period between 1975 to 1985 was a testing period for
Indian democracy?
6. Write the similarities and differences between the Assom movement and punjab
Agitation.
Interpretation
Read the each given text and comment.
1. Out of every Rupee spent on the poor, barely 15 paise reaches them! It high-
lighted the fact that despite huge increase in development expenditure, the
benefit was not reaching the poor due to widespread corruptions and other
problems. (Page No.267)
2. It also led to the setting up of industries and business by foreign companies in
India. However, it also meant a lot of hardship for the common people as the
government was forced to cut subsidies to the people and as many factories
closed down due to influx of cheap foreign goods. (Page No.274)
3. This was a decade of violence and conflict in Punjab. The period of insur-
gency saw clashes of the Sikh militants with the police, as well as with other
religious groups. Journalists, politicians, artists and activists who did not con-
form to militant-approved behaviour were killed.(Page No.266)
4. They had especially benefited from land reforms and the green revolution, but
found that they did not have adequate representation in education, govern-
ment service and even in politics. They now began to demand for their share
in these spheres. (Page No.272)
106
19. POST-WAR WORLD AND INDIA
I) After the World War II

After World War II, three important new processes came into existence.
1) Establishment of the United Nations: The United Nations was formed in 1945 to
establish world peace.
2) Cold War: After World War II, the world was divided into two camps. There was a long
Cold War between USA and USSR.
3) Decolonisation: After World War II, many countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America
gained independence.
II) United Nations Organisation (UNO)
· The United Nations started with a twin objective of ensuring lasting peace and
human development.
· At the time of its establishment, United Nations had members of 51 countries
and today (2022). There are 193 Countries.
· The United Nations functions through six different organs.
· The General Assembly is the main body whereas discussions between nations
take place.
· However, decisions relating to war and peace are taken in the Security Council
and 05 nations have Special Status within it.
· The Permanent Members of the Security Council are China, France, United
Kingdom, USSR (now Russia) and USA.
· Any decision taken by the Council can be vetoed (made invalid or rejected) by the
intervention of even any one of these countries.
Some specialized agencies of the United Nations
· International Court of Justice - Hague (Nederland)
· World Health Organisation - Geneva (Switzerland)
· United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation - Paris (France)
· United Nations Children’s Fund - New York (USA)
III) The Two Camps and the Cold War (1945-1991)
· For more than forty-five years after the Second World War, a rather strange war
was fought between the USA and USSR.
· It was a war in which the principal contenders did not physically attack each other
or fight each other directly and hence, there was no ‘hot’ war.
107
· Instead, a war was fought behind closed doors through propaganda and words.
· It is called the Cold War simply because of the absence of a real fight as in traditional
wars.
· Some main tactics used during the Cold War included proxy wars, military alliances
and arms rack.
IV) Military Alliances
· The West formalised its alliances in an organisation known as North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation (NATO) in 1949.
· To counter this communist nations made similar alliance and signed the Warsaw
Pact.
· In addition to this, US established regional military and strategic alliances like
South East Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO) and Central Treaty Organisation
(CETO)
· The alliances helped the super powers which wanted to expand their influence to
gain access to:
1) The vital resources like oil and minerals
2) Markets for their products and places to safely invest the capital.
3) Military bases to launch their troops and weapons
4) Spread their ideology
5) Gain economic support to pay huge military expenses.
V) Arms and Space Race
· Both the USSR and USA spent huge amounts of money to conduct research into
weapons and build arsenals of devastating nuclear arms and missles which
could strike across content.
· The competition now also extended to the space as satellites helped in spying
and in directing missiles.
· USSR put the first satellite Sputnik and the first human Yuri Gagerin in space.
· These was followed by intense competition between the two blocks to put more
and more satellites.
· Eventually led to the US sending Neil Armstrong and others to the Moon in
1969.
VI) Non Alignment (NAM)
· Not joining in any powerful block either the USA block or the USSR block.
· Maintaining equal distance and behave independently
108
Objectives:
1. Maintain the world peace
2. Maintain the cooperation among the member nation
3. To prevent any of the newly decolonised independently countries from
joining any of the military blocks.
4. Estimate the growing cold war tensions and its impact on the world at large.
VII) West Asian Crisis
· The conflicts that developed between Arabs and Jews are often described as the
West Asian Crisis.
VIII) Zionist Movement
· A movement had emerged among the Jews the Zionist Movement which called
for uniting Jews spread across the world and reclaim Palestine as their home
land and build a separate state for Jews.
IX) Panchsheel
· Peace, non-violence and co-existence are the Principle of our Foreign Policy.
· The principle of peaceful co-existence was spelled out in the 1954 India-China
pact over Tibet. This is called Panchsheel.
1) Respect for each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.
2) Non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries.
3) Non-aggression and settlement of disputes which mutual understanding.
4) Endeavour to achieve cooperation and mutual respect in international
relationships.
5) Promoting peaceful coexistence.
X) India’s Relationship with China
· After a long struggle and a violent revolution, China became a Communist republic
in 1947.
· India was one of the first countries to recognise China’s communist government.
· During the colonial rule Mc Mahon Line was drawn as the border between the
countries.
· China tried to invade Indian territories in October 1962, violating the peace treaties
it had signed with India.
· India was not prepared for this surprise attack and suffered great losses in the war.
109
· Now, both countries have strategic as well as economic advantage as they are
recognised as rising Powers of Asia.
· At the borders both the governments have taken measures to maintain peace and
tranquillity despite occasional actions to the contrary.
XI) India’s Relation with Pakistan
· India and Pakistan became independent nations by bifurcating the erstwhile British
India.
· After partition, the conflicts between India and Pakistan became perpetual, the
main bone of contention between the two countries being Kashmir.
· Three wars were fought between India and Pakistan in the years 1947-48, 1965
and 1971.
· Since the 1971 war, there has been no open war, but innumerable border skirmishes
and battles over respective positions across the border.
· You may have heard ‘Kargil War’ in which anti-Indian militants had occupied
portions of Indian territory with backing of Pakistan army and had to be repelled
through a major military operation in 1999.
XII) India’s relations with Bangladesh
· Bangladesh was liberated from Pakistan with the help of Indian troops in 1971.
· It signed a 25 years peace treating immediately after its independence.
· However, they have had differences over several issues like sharing of river waters
of Ganga and Brahmaputra.
· It feels that India behaves like in this region.
XIII) India’s relation with Sri Lanka
· Sri Lanka is an island country situated in the Indian Ocean towards the South of
India.
· It got its freedom in 1948.
· Since times immemorial, India and Sri Lanka have cultural, ethnic and economic
relations.
· Both were decolourised almost at the same time and remain democratic till today.
110
Practice Questions

1) What was called the Zionist Movement?
2) What is meant by Veto power?

3) Explain the important processes that took place after the Second World War.
4) Why should India be a permanent member of Security Council?
5) Analyse the role of NAM during the cold war.

6) Explain the relations between India and any two bordering countries in present day.
7) Locate the following in World Map.
i) UN headquarter city
ii. Holy city for Jews, Christians, Muslims
iii. WHO Headquarters
iv. The first meeting city of the NAM
1. This is not a process of post World War ( )

A) Establishment of UNO B) Cold war
C) Decolonisation D) Colonialism
2. Permanent member countries of the Security Council are ( )
A) USA, Britain, USSR, Germany, China
B) USA, Brittan, France, Germany, Russia
C) USA, Brittan, France, China, Russia
D) USA, Brittan, France, Russia, Italy
3. Identify the correct pair ( )
i) WHO a) Hague
ii) UNESCO b) UNICEF
iii) Geneva c) Geneva
iv) ICJ d) New York
A) i-d, ii-c, iii-b, iv-a B) i-c, ii-d, iii-b, iv-a
C) i-c, ii-b, iii-d, iv-a D) i-a, ii-b, iii-c, iv-d
111
4. West Asian crisis is related to these ( )
A) Nazis-Jews B) Arabs-Jews
C) Fascists-Jews D) Arabs-Nazis
5. This is not related to the US ( )
A) NATO B) SEATO C) CENTO D) Warsa pact
6. Decisions relating to war and peace taken in UNO at ( )
A) General Assembly
B) International Court of Justice
C) Security Council
D) UNESCO
7. Match the following ( )
i) Yuri Gegarin a) USA
ii) Neil Armstrong b) USSR
iii) Fidel Castro c) Palestine
iv) Yaser Araath d) Cuba
A) i-a, ii-b, iii-c, iv-d B) i-c, ii-b, iii-a, iv-d
C) i-b, ii-a, iii-d, iv-c D) i-c, ii-d, iii-a, iv-b
112
20. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN OUR TIMES
I) Historical Background of Social Movements

· Social movements are mostly the outcome of dissatisfaction in society.
· The ruling governments are not able to fulfill the expectation of people.
· Some sections in the society are suffering with denial of Human Rights or
Social Justice.
· When the people are discriminated the revolt against administration.
· Movements mobilize people from across the globe to protest on various
issues.
· Social movement arise when people feel that their expectations were unmet
by political systems.
II) American Civil Rights Movement
· The American civil rights movements fought for equal treatment of Afro
Americans or Black Americans and against the rules that segregated blocks
from whites.
· Civil rights movement was largely non-violent and took the form of massive
demonstrations, Marches, civil disobedience and boycott of discriminatory
services.
· On 28th August 1963, more than two lakh people marched to washington
demanding program for generation of employment, full and fair employment,
decent housing, the right to vote and integrated education system.
· Dr. Martin Lutherking addressed this gathering and made a historic speech
"I have a dream".
· All these laws were subsequently passed and after a long struggle many of
them got efficiently implemented.
· This movement became an inspiration all over the world for leading non-
violent social movements for reform and change.
III) Human Rights Movement in USSR
· USSR and the countries of Eastern Europe which were within the spear of
influence of the USSR had a Government which did not allow free
multi-party elections, free uncensored press or media or even freedom of
expression or moment for ordinary people.
· As people grew tried of such restrictions, many moments of Human Rights,
freedoms of expression, movement and free press took place in different parts
of USSR and Eastern Europe.
113
· The movements for Human Rights had many shades of differences. Some of
these Trends called for greater freedom for common people, while others sought
to dismantle the socialist system.
· Some of these movements in USSR and other Eastern European countries
received support from the anti - communist countries including the USA and
UK.
· Alexander solzhenistyn, the famous writer, and Andui Sakharov, the nuclear
scientist were important leaders of this movements.
· A new leadership emerged in the USSR under President Gorbachev
initiated a process of reform called Glasnost to bring greater freedom for the
people.
IV) Anti-nuclear and Anti-war moments
· Nuclear arms race intensified after the end of Vietnam war in 1975.
· Thousands of scientists and intellectuals from across the world compaigned
for abolishing all nuclear weapons and insisted that USA and USSR come to
an agreement to end the arms race.
· Massive protests took place against the governments weaponisation policies
and demanded them to reduce nuclear arms and work towards peace on a long
term.
· As a result of these moments the USA and USSR began talks to cut down their
nuclear assenal Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) were unsuccessful.
· Finally a treaty was signed in 1991 called Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
(START).
· After this (START) treaty in 2001, nearly 80% of all the strategic weapons
then in existence were removed.
V) Impact of Globalisation
· The economic and political changes happening world wide since 1990s are
termed as "globalisation" or "neo liberalism".
· The globalisation has a deep impact on the lives of the under previlleged and
poor.
· Tribal and marginal farmers are being threatened by commercial farmers,
mining corporations, dam projects etc.
· As large companies find rare resources in remote rural areas, there has been a
rapid increase in the outstanding of the farming and tribal population.
· This resulted in the distruction of tribal cultures. They have been reduced to
being the most vulnerable sections of the society.
· The descent of the people gave rise to many environmental movements.
· Tribal people, poor families, landless workers women, industrial workers and
workers in the unorganised sector have been worst hit.
114
VI) Green Peace Movement
· The Greenpeace movement intially started as the protest in 1971 against the
America under water nuclear tests near Alaska.
· The volunteers set out in a small ship to the test area to protest. This ship was
named "Greenpeace" and eventually became the name of the movement.
· Today the Greenpeace movement is spread over forty countries with its
headquarters in Amsterdam (Holland).
· Greenpeace has taken up the impact of climate change across many countries.
It aims at "ensuring the ability of the earth to nature life in all its diversity".
VII) Bhopal Gas Disaster related movement
· The Bhopal gas disaster happened in 1984. A poisonous gas leaked out of the
Union Carbide factory.
· Thousands of people lost their lives and many more are still suffering from ill
effects till date.
· The people of Bhopal have been fighting for four main demands :
a) Proper medical treatment of the victims.
b) Adequate compensation for them based on international standards as the
company was multinational company.
c) Fixing criminal responsibility for the disaster on the management of the
company.
d) Steps to prevent such disasters in the future.
· The government has failed to prosecute and punish the management of the
company for its negligence which led to the accident.
VIII) Movement against dams on Narmada river
· Building of large multi-propose dams was an integral part of India's planned
development from 1950s.
· Thousands of trees, animals and acres of fertile fields and people who had
been displaced to build these dams were completely ignored.
· The government proposed to build a series of major and minor dams across
the Narmada river in one of the most ambitious river valley projects in India's
history.
· People who stood displaced from the project demanded a fair compensation
not just to those who owned land but also those who lived there.
· The people also demanded proper rehabilitation with land in return for the
land lost and also afforestation to compensate for the loss of the forest under
dam.
115
· The leaders like Medha Patkar decided to oppose the very construction of the
dams under the name of Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) that organised people
movements in Narmada river valley against the Sardar Sarvor Dam.
· The Sardar Sarovar project was expected to be built with the money borrowed
from World Bank. After intense protests, mobilization, marches, hunger fasts
and an international campaign World Bank decided to withdraw its funding.
· The movement like Narmada Bachao Andolon (NBA) forced governments to
consider giving adequate and respectable compensation for such
'development including displacement' of people.
IX) Movement of Women for Social Justice and Human Rights
· Women have been at the fore front of many important social movements in
the recent past like Anti-Arrack movement of Andhra Pradesh.
· In 1992, the women from Nellore district of the Andhra Pradesh demanded to
put on the end of the sale of Arrack in their villages.
· In some areas women led marches against liquor shops and picketed and tried
to close down the shops.
· After innumerable meetings and protests by women across the state, arrack
was officially banned in October 1993 and total prohibition was imposed in
1995.
X) Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AF SPA) 1958
· The AFSPA has been imposed in the state of Manipur to maintain law and
order by the Government of India in 1958.
· The Act gives to the security force the right to arrest or shoot people simply
under suspicion of being involved in anti-national activities.
· The provision of the law have been abused and often there has been torture
killing and harassment of innocent individuals including women who have
been exploded and violated by security forces.
· As women and mothers (Ima) they are worried about their sons or husbands
being pickedup and tortured under the suspicion of being against the nation
and daughters and mothers themselves being sexually abused.
XI) Meira Paibi Moment
· Meira Paibi (in Meitei language) literally means "torch bearers".
· Meira Paibi originated as a movement to prevent public disorder due to
alcohol abuse in the late 1970s.
· But, it soon became a movement for human rights with the massive
development of Indian army in the early 1980s.
116
· This resulted in frequent military operations and human rights violations. The
Meira Paibi responded instantly with protests and demonstrations.
· The woman activists of Meira Paibi movement took patrolling in every leikai
or ward of every town and village at night.
· Women bearing no weapons but only the bamboo and rag kerosene torches.
· The main demand of Meira Paibi movement is to revoke the AFSPA and re-
treat of Indian Army.
· The movement against the AFSPA has grown in strength and women have
expressed their struggle in different forms from boycott of elections to sitting
on relay hunger strikes.
· There has been many attempts to resolve the problem but final solution has
not yet been arrived at till now.
XII) Slogans on Environment Protection
· "Save environment - Save Nature"
· "No chemical - Go organic"
· "Grow trees - Save earth"
· "Conserve environment - Conserve life"
Practice Questions
1. The movement that developed the idea of sustainable development is ( )
A) Green peace movement
B) Chipko movement
C) Meira Paibi moment
D) Narmada Bacho Andolam

2. Meira Paibi movement is related to this state ( )
A) Punjab B) Assam C) Andhra Pradesh D) Manipur
3. The dream of Dr. Martin Luther king was ..... ( )
A) people should be respected by their colour
B) people should be respected by their wealth
C) people should be respected by their character
D) people should be respected by the religion
117
4. Meira Paibi means ( )
A) Factory workers B) Torch bearers
C) Reformers D) Farmers
5. Across many countries Green peace movement has taken up ( )
the impact of .....
A) Employment B) Climate change
C) Education D) Migrations
6. World wide economic and political changes since 1990s are known as ( )
A) Urbanization B) Globalisation C) Mobilization D) Socialization
7. This is not a cause for American Civil Rights movement ( )
A) Segregation of blacks and whites
B) Blacks were given voting rights
C) Black were discriminated
D) Blacks were not treated equally with whites
8. The reforms introduced in USSR under president Gorbachev are ( )
A) Glasnost B) Maltov plan C) Marshall plan D) New Deal Policy
9. The Anti Arrack movement was started in the State of ( )
A) Manipur B) Andhra Pradesh C) Assam D) Punjab
10. This is not an advantage of multipurpose dams ( )
A) Generation of power B) Flood of drought control
C) Provision of Irrigation D) Submerge of fertile fields

1. Why did the black American began the Civil Rights movement?
2. Name the movements launched for environment protection.

3. Prepare a pamphlet on Environment Protection.
4. What were the main demands of Bhopal gas tragedy victims?

5. Explain the Meira Paibi Movement.
6. Explain the basic features of a Social Movement.
118
21. THE MOVEMENT FOR THE FORMATION
OF TELANGANA STATE
I) The merger of Hyderabad state with India

· The Nizam was thinking about the formation of an independent state under
his rule when the British left India.
· The nationalists of Hyderabad state were against this.
· 8 districts out of 16 districts of Hyderabad state consisted of Telugu speaking
people. These parts are called Telangana.
· The Government of India, under Jawaharlal Nehru’s Prime Ministership,
undertook police action and ensured the merger of Hyderabad state with the
Union of India.
· This operation was named as operation Polo.
II) Back ground of the Telangana and the Coastal regions
· There were three distinct regions speaking Telugu language. These
included Telangana, Coastal Andhra and Rayalseema.
· The three regions had different dialects, cultures and identities.
· The Coastal regions had a greater influence of Sanskrit language.
· They were also under the direct rule of the British and had access to English
education from the begining of nineteenth century.
· Therefore the Coastal region had undergone a rapid modernisation process.
· Coastal Andhra was mainly a plain region consisting of deltas with well
developed canal irrigation system.
· Telangana was a dry plateau region which depended upon rainfed agriculture,
animal herding, hunting and gathering from forest.
· Telangana had a larger proportion of tribal people, backward castes and
Muslims as compared to the other regions.
· The Telangana language was drawn from an inclusive folk tradition which
included tribal languages, Deccani Urdu, Kannada and Marathi
· The culture of Telangana was however, a composite one and was drawn from
Muslim, Dalit, artisanal, tribal, and migrant communities.
119
· Telangana, under the Nizams, enforced Urdu as the medium of instruction.
The same process was slow in promoting modern education. in 1948 Telangana
literacy rate was only 9% specially women literacy was only 4%.
· Telangana was a dry plateau region which depended upon rainfed agriculture,
animal herding and hunting and gathering from forests
· The undulating terrain was used to build tanks and this water was used to
cultivate a variety of crops. During the British period, Coastal Andhra was
more developed in terms of its agriculture, trade and industry.
· Telangana had great potential for development it had important rivers that
flow through it and it has very rich mineral deposits and forests.
· The rich people of the coastal areas were keen to invest in Telangana to make
use of its resources. Therefore, the demand for Vishalandhra came from Andhra
· After its merger with India, Hyderabad state became a democratic state in
1952 and Burugula Ramakrishana Rao became its first elected Chief Minster.
III) The Gentlemen’s Agreement and the Formation of the State of Andhra
Pradesh
· Andhra region was separated from Madras Presidency in 1953 and Tanguturi
Prakasham became its Chief Minister. Andhra Assembly passed a unanimous
resolution favouring merger.
· A large number of Hyderabad State Assembly members worried that the more
wealthy and developed Coastal Andhra elite would dominate the future state,
and that the people of Telangana would lose control over the resources of
their region without gaining anything.
· On the initiative of the Union Government, the leaders of both sides met in
Delhi and reached what was called “Gentlemen’s Agreement” on 20th
February 1956.
· The agreement was signed by Bezawada Gopala Reddy, Neelam Sanjeeva
Reddy, Gouthu Latchanna, Alluri Satyanarayana Raju from Andhra
· From Telangana Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, Marri Chenna Reddy, J.V. Narsinga
Rao and K.V. Ranga Reddy signed the agreement.
· They basically agreed on 14 points. Thus, the new state of Andhra Pradesh
with its capital in Hyderabad was formed.
120
IV) The most important points in the agreement were
· Expenditure on Adminstration was to be borne proportionately by the two
regions and surplus revenue from Telangana region would be spent only for
the development of Telangana.
· The existing educational facilities in Telangana would be reserved for the
students from the region only.
· It was agreed to continue the Mulki rules under which only those with a
minimum of 12 years of residence in Telangana were eligible for jobs and
admission to educational institutions in Telangana.
· It was agreed to set up a Regional Council, a statutary body consisting of 20
members from the Legislative Assembly to oversee the needs and
development of Telangana.
· Sale of agricultural land in Telangana would be controlled by the Regional
Council.
· The Andhra Pradesh ministry will consist of 40 percent members from
Telangana and 60% from Andhra.
· If the Chief Minster was from Andhra, the Deputy Chief Minister would be
from Telangana and vice versa.
· The agreement recognized the distinct identity of Telangana within the new state
of Andhra Pradesh.Therefore, it came to be known as “State within the State”.
V) 1969 Agitation
· There were three main causes for this agitation was (i) diversion of surplus
revenue from Telangana to other regions of the state; (ii) discrimination in
employment in government sector; (iii) and granting of domicile status to Coastal
Andhra persons working in Telangana region in violation of the mulki rules.
· As a result of negotiation the central government came up with an Eight Point
Plan which basically consisted of setting up several committees.
· In response to the 1969 Telangana agitation, a counter movement started in
1972 in the Seemandhra regions called “Jai Andhra Movement” demanding
not only greater development of the coastal districts but also the removal of
Mulki rules relating to domicile status.
· Mulki rules were provided by Nizam which enabled 12 years permanent
resident of Hyderabad eligible for education and employment opurtunities in
local status.
121
VI) Six point formula
· A six point formula was formulated by the Central Government in 1973. It
assured all the regions that priority in government employment would be given
to local people.
VII) Formation of Telugu Desam Party
· A new wave of political activity started against repeated intervention of
Central Government and central leadership of the ruling congress party. This
led to the formation of Telugu Desam Party and the regional agitations
subsided for the moment.
VIII) Growing discontent in Telangana
· Many key points of Gentlemen’s Agreement, like the constitution of a
Regional Council were not implemented.
· After 1990, the state saw a boom in the information technology industry,
especially in Hyderabad. However the people of Telangana felt that the
development was very uneven, its real benefits was going to other regions of
the state.
· They also felt that the resources of the Telangana region were not being used
for the benefit of the local people. The youth also felt that most of the new
employment opportunities created in the state were being cornered by people
of the other regions.
· Agricultural labour increased from 38% to 47% of the population in Telangana
but in Andhra, it increased only by 1%. This implies a greater agricultural
distress and land selling by farmers in Telangana and the conversion of
farmers into labourers.
· Due to drought, failure of crops and loss of livelihood among people between
May 2004 and November 2005, Telangana reported 663 suicides out of 1068
reported in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Thus about sixty three percent of the
distress suicides in the state took place in the Telangana region.
· Even in the overall educational attainment, Telangana remained behind Coastal
Andhra. After the merger, the language and culture of Coastal Andhra was
promoted as the ideal language and culture and those of Telangana were treated
as being backward. The history, culture and leaders of Telangana were not
adequately represented in the school textbooks.
122
· The folk dieties and festivals of Telangana were being ignored while the
festivals and Sanskritised cultural practices of the Coastal regions were given
prominence. The films too depicted the people of Telangana as backward and
crude.
· Rich people from the Coastal Andhra and outside the state began investing in
a big way in purchasing land in Telangana, especially in and around Hyderabad
city. While this brought investment into the region, the local people did not
benefit much from this development and were in fact losing control over their
own land to real estate developers.
· The poor farmers of dry lands faced the limitations of agricultural production
with little and depleting water resources.
· The artisans faced the problem of decline in demand for their produce and
depletion of sources of raw materials like bamboo or wood.
IX) Movements in 1990s

· In Telangana, the depletion of ground water resources further intensified the
crises as farmers had made huge investments in boring deeper wells. This led
to a sudden rush of farmer suicides in the region as mentioned above.
· In Telangana, this also took the form of rapid sale of farmlands to outsiders.
Similarly, artisans and traditional service providers found themselves without
any jobs or capacity to find new employment.
· These segments of the population began to develop their own distinct

organizations and movements around their demands.
· Tribal/caste organizations like Tudumdebba, Lambadi Nangarabheri and

Yerukala Kurru among others, came up for protecting their existential
needs - Jal, Jungle, Zameen - in view of the attack on their conventional forms
of life. Madiga Dandora, Kurmagolla Doludebba and Mokudebba were formed.
· The caste professions toddy-tapping(kallu geetha), sheep rearing, weaving,

fishing-were increasingly becoming irrelevant to the artisans and the caste
professions were threatened. Therefore, even smaller communities associated
with the Telangana movement expecting it to solve their problems.
· A Telangana Information Trust was set up in 1989 by the intellectuals to bring

out information on injustices done to Telangana.
123
· On November 1, 1996, Telangana Vidroha dinam was observed in Warangal
by a group of intellectuals headed by Prof. Jayashankar sir.
· Telangana Jana Sabha (1997) and Telangana Mahasabha (1997) facilitated
the merger of the movements of the weaker sections with movement for state.
· Telangana employees including teachers, Non-Gazetted and Gazetted

Officers formed their organizations.
· The Telangana intelligentia came together to hold a seminar in Osmania

University in 1997 and helped to conceptualise the issues from various angles.
· Between Jagityala Jaitrayatra in 1978 and Warangal Rytukuli Sangham

public meeting in 1990, a new activism gave new direction to the youth and
through them to the rural masses.
X) The Telangana Rashtra Samithi

· Telangana Rashtra Samiti was formed in April 2001.
· Meanwhile Telangana movement was getting expressed in different protest

forms like dhoom-dhams, garjanas, padayatras. People also tried to express
the popular demand of Telangana through traditional Bonalu and Batukamma
festivals.
· Between December 2009 and April 2010. Students spearheaded this

movement. At this juncture, students formed a Joint Action Committee (JAC),
and then the flings of JACs spread to all organizations springing up Hundreds
of JACs in Telangana.
· Hundreds of youngsters committed suicides, shattering their families and

Telangana is a sad saga. Sabbanda varnas (all castes) like Chakalis
(washermen), Nayibrahmins (barbers), toddy-tappers, Katikaparlu (caste bur-
ies the dead), Vamsarajulu,Lambadas, Yerukalas and the Madigas formed their
own JACs and joined the protest movement.
· In many Mandal headquarters, a relay fast was organized in which one

particular caste group gathered with all its traditional implements and practice
their craft in the public places. Such protests were not confined to traditional
professions or castes.
· People from modern professions like teachers, industrial workers, mining

workers, trade unions and women’s organizations held similar protests.
124
XI) K. Chandrashekar Rao’s Fast-2009
· To give a decisive expression to this momentum, K. Chandrashekara Rao, the
leader of Telangana Rashtra Samiti, announced an indefinite fast to begin on
29th November 2009 at Siddipet.
· He was arrested and lodged in a jail even before he started his fast. He
continued the fast in Khammam Jail and subsequently in hospital too.
· The students of Osmania University formed a Telangana Students Joint
Action Committee on 16th November to expressed solidarity with him. The
spree of people forming Joint Action Committees (JACs) spread to Kakatiya
University, and then to Palamur, Satavahana, and Mahatma Gandhi
Universities of Telangana. Then the Employees JACs, Lawyers JACs, JACs
of caste or communities and the District level JACs sprang up.
· The Telangana Rashtra Samithi leader, K. Chandrashekara Rao’s fast became
a massive people’s movement. He was fasting for about ten days between 29
November and 9 December 2009.
XII) In the process of achieving Telangana
· The students from different universities and colleges announced assembly
muttadi (attack on assembly) on 10th December 2009 and rushed towards
Assembly having been hidden in friends’ and relatives’ houses around
Assembly to participate in Assembly muttadi.
· Spreading the movement among the communities at grass roots,
K. Chandrashekara Rao’s fast and the proposed Assembly muttadi –
eventually persuaded the central government to announce the formation of
Telangana.
· This took place despite severe opposition from the MLAs and MPs from
Seemandhra region. The Union Home Minister announced on 9 December
2009 that “the process for formation of a separation of Telangana State would
be initiated”. Chandrashekara Rao ended his fast.
XIII) Withdrawal of the Announcement
The announcement was withdrawn on 23rd December 2009 due to the
pressure from Andhra political leaders, and a commission headed by Justice Sri
Krishna was formed to enquire into the developments in Andhra Pradesh and report
to the centre.
125
Let us see some possible reasons for the withdrawl of the announcement.
· Hyderabad had become the hub of development and gained global significance.
· Many people from coastal regions had invested in properties in Hyderabad
and a large number of them had migrated to Hyderabad in search of employment
and education.
· The investors from other regions were worried about their future. The farmers
of coastal areas were also feared about getting irrigation water in the canals
and regular electric supply if the new state was formed.
· Many of Seemandhra people felt that it will be unfortunate if a state united by
Telugu language was demerged to form two states.
XIV) Formationof JAC (Joint Action Committee)
· In order to unify the people, all parties and organizations came together to
form Telangana Joint Action Committee.
· Under its leadership, six major agitations were launched: Non-cooperation
Movement, Million March, Sakala Janula Samme a forty two day general
strike, Sagara Haram (human chain around Hussain sagar lake in Hyderabad),
Sansad Yatra (march to the Parliament) and Chalo Assembly.
XV) Telangana is Achieved
· The Congress Core Committee heard the presentations from Andhra side and
Telangana side and finally took a decision in favour of bifurcation.
· Accordingly, the bill was passed on 18th february in Lok sabha, on 20th february
in Rajya sabha, and President signed on 1st March of 2014.
· Parliament bifurcated the State of Andhra Pradesh June 2, 2014 as the
appointed day. In the parliament, the bill was supported by BJP, BSP, CPI and
the other opposition parties.
Practice Questions
1. The members of Hyderabad state assembly were against merger with Andhra
keeping in view the following aspects ( )
a) Telangana would loose control over the resources
b) Educational and employment oppurtunities for the Telangana Youth
c) Coastal Andhra elite would dominate the future state
d) Control of irrigation facilities and electric supply to Andhra state
A) a,b B ) a,b,c C) c,d D) b,c,d
126
2. What are the main causes that led to 1969 Agitation ( )
a) Diversion of surplus revenue from Telangana to other regions
b) Discrimination in employment in government sector
c) Voilation of Mulki rules
d) Addressing the needs and development of the Telangana
A) a,b,c B) a,b C) a,c,d D) b,c,d
3. The circumstances that led to the farmers suicides in Telangana region were
( )
a) Dependence of canal irrigation
b) Increase in prices of fertilisers and pesticides
c) Depletion of ground water resources
d) Huge investments in boring deeper wells
A) a,b,c B) b,c,d C) a,b,d D) a,c,d
4. Assembly muttadi was announced by ( )
A) Student JAC B) Employees JAC
C) Lawyers JAC D) JACs of castes
5. After 1990s the boom in Information technology industry was seen in this state
( )
A) Warangal B) Karimnagar C) Hyderabad D) Siddipet
6. Arrange the following events of Telangana Movement in chronological order
( )
a) Jai Andhra
b) Jagityala jaitrayatra
c) Sagara haram
d) Assembly Muttadi
A) a,b,c,d B) a,b,d,c C) a,d,b,c D) a,c,d,b
7. Major demand of Jai Andhra Movement ( )
A) Removal of Mulki rules
B) Inmplement Eight point plan
C) Expansion of irrigation facilities in Telangana
D) To ensure equitable expenditure of state resources
127
8. The proposal of Regional Council for Telangana was expected to look into these
issues ( )
A) Issues related to planning and development
B) Irrigation and industrial development
C) Recruitment to services in the Telangana region
D) To secure all round development of the Telangana
9. The main reasson for increase in agricultural labour in the Telangana was due to
( )
A) Land selling by farmers of the Telangana
B) Decline in demand for their produce
C) Depletion of sources of raw material
D) Loss of livelihoods
10. This university was set up as per the assurance of six point formula ( )
A) Kakatiya university
B) Mahatma Gandhi University of Telangana
C) Palamur University
D) Hyderabad Central University

1. Why did people of Telangana protest for a long while ?
2. Why did the demand for Vishalandhra came from Andhra region ?
3. What were the reasons for growing discontent in Telangana ?
4. List out different forms of protests in Telangana Movement and explain any two
5. Explain the causes that led to the announcement and withdrawal of seperate
Telangana State
6. Observe the following table and analyse it
128
Writers
Sri Gaddameedi Rathanga Pani Reddy, ZPHS, Janampet, Moosapet, Mahabubnagar.
Smt. B. Lalitha, ZPHS(G), Manchal, Rangareddy.
Sri M. Rajendra Kumar, TSMS, Kethepally, Nalgonda.
Sri N. Muralidhar, ZPHS, Yanampally, Nizamabad.
Sri Velpur Srinivas, ZPHS, Balkonda, Nizamabad.
Sri V. Sateesh Prakash, ZPHS, Duggondi, Warangal Rural.
Smt. P. Sunitha Khanna, ZPGHS, Narayankhed, Sangareddy.
Sri K. Narender, ZPHS, Mir Darpally, Nizamabad.
Sri V. Chandra Shekar, GHS, Madhira, Khammam.
Sri B. Tirupathi, ZPHS, Jangapally, Karimnagar.
Sri T. Subba Rao, ZPHS, Kamanchikal, Khammam.
Sri Noone Kriran Kumar, TSMS, Rukmapur, Choppadandi, Karimnagar.
Sri C. Jagadeeshwar, ZPHS, Jakranpally, Nizamabad.
Sri M. Ramesh, ZPHS, Kunaram, Peddapally.
Sri D. Naveen Kumar, ZPHS, Madhannapet, Warangal (R).
Sri P. Dasharath, TSMS, Navipet, Nizamabad.
Smt. H. Hiranya, Government Boys High School, Trimulgherry, Hyderabad.
Sri G. Venkateshwarlu, ZPHS, Champapet, Rangareddy.
Sri A. Srinivas Goud, ZPHS, Nasurllabad, Mahabubnagar.
Sri T. Prabhakar Reddy, ZPHS(B), Shabad, Rangareddy.
Team Assistance
Smt. G. Usha, SCERT, Telangana, Hyderabad.
Smt. R. Vasavi, SCERT, Telangana, Hyderabad.
Smt. V. Latha Madhavi, SCERT, Telangana, Hyderabad.
Cover page design

Sri Md. Ayyub Ahmed, SA, SCERT, Telangana, Hyderabad.
Layout and Design

Smt. Prathima Paturi, SCERT, Telangana, Hyderabad.
129
Chief Advisor
Smt. Vakati Karuna, IAS
Secretary, Education Department,
Telangana.
Advisor
Smt. A. Sridevasena, IAS
Director of School Education,
Telangana.
Chief Co-ordinator
Smt. M. Radha Reddy,
Director, SCERT,
Telangana.
Co-ordinator
Smt. Tahseen Sultana, Professor & HoD,
Department of Curriculum & Textbooks, SCERT,
Telangana, Hyderabad.
Asst. Co-ordinator
Smt. I. Karunasree
Department of Curriculum & Textbooks, SCERT,
Telangana.
Subject Incharge
Sri Gaddameedi Rathanga Pani Reddy, SA (Social Studies),
Zilla Parishad High School, Janampet, Moosapet, Mahabubnagar.
130

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SOCIAL STUDIES

State Council of Educational Research & Training

Further, SCERT expresses profound thanks to Faculty of SCERT, subject experts

January, 2023 M. Radha Reddy

1 India: Relief Features 1

· Focus on 21 chapters meant for evaluation in public examination .

· Provide practice on variety of questions given in the material.

· Focus on Map pointing, Map drawing and Map reading.

· Correlate with text book to clarify doubts in the Abhyasa Deepika.

· Understand the concepts lesson-wise to answer various types of questions

II) 'India is a Peninsula'

IV) IST and GMT

V) Geological background and Major Relief Divisions of India

Multiple Choice Questions

Very Short Answer Questions

Essay Type Questions

I) Development Promises - Different People, Different Goals

Very Short Answer Questions

1. Do all people of a country have the same notion of development?

2. Explain the steps taken to improve schooling in the country.

4. Distinguish between developed and less developed countries.

Essay Type Questions

I) Gross Domestic Product :

Tremondous changes occured in the Gross Domestic Product during 40 years

Organised Sector Unorganised Sector

Short Answer Questions

6. Observe the pie graphs and analyse it.

Essay Type Questions

8. Classify the sectors of Economy. Explain it.

Very Short Answer Questions

Short Answer Questions

Essay Type Questions

I) The drainage system in India evolved based on three physiographic units.

1. Based on how many physiographic units India drainage system evolved?

Short Answer Questions

3. Differentiate Himalayas and Peninsular rivers.

Short Answer Questions

5. Read the given text and comment.

Area Haryana Punjab Telangana Kerala USA

• Population is always 1210

changing due to the three 1200.00

deaths and (3)

• Population change in a 800.00

– (number of deaths + 439

number of out-migrants). 400.00

numbers or (2) as 1901

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

India Population (in millions) : 1901-2011

the steep rise in the 1200.00

population change. 400.00 361

10. Problems of urbanization

Multiple Choice Questions

Very Short Answer Questions

I) The story of Rampur village in India

Very Short Answer Questions

Short Answer Questions

Essay Type Questions

Very Short Answer Questions

Short Answer Questions

Essay Type Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

EDIBLE OIL CEREALS PULSES

COARSE CEREALS FINE CEREALS

Ex: "JOWAR, RAGI, Ex: RICE, WHEAT