1. What is the importance of carbon brushes on DC motors?

Carbon brushes on DC motors switch the direction of current in a rotating armature.

2. What are the disadvantage of DC motors?
It has short lifespans and suffer from very specific losses that are a product of their design.
3. How does AC motors work?
AC motors are powered and controlled by AC input voltage. They rely on an outside stator with
coils that produce a rotating magnetic field and inside rotor attached to the outside shaft and
producing a second rotating magnetic field. The interaction between these rotating fields inducers the
rotation of the motor.
4. What are the disadvantages of AC motors?
AC motors are less efficient than DC motors because they have to create their own magnetic
field.
5. What is an electronically commutated motor and how these motors work?
These are brushless DC motors controlled by external electronics. The rotor contains
permanent magnetics and the stator has fixed windings. Electronic circuitry switches the phases in the
windings to make the motor turn. EC motors are the most efficient of the three and deliver exceptional
control but they are expensive and current technology limits them to lower power output applications.
6. Why are three phase induction motors used to power large industrial machines?
Because they have the ability to produce a lot of torque. Three-phased induction motor
typically power large industrial machines used for product manufacturing, processing, and other
applications. Their simple construction and relatively low cost and low maintenance are the main
reasons for their popularity.
7. What are the components of a squirrel cage motor discussed on the video? Explain each.
Stator - is made up of a series stacked insulated and compressed iron slices with cutouts or slots
through which we run the stator windings. We use stacked metal slices to reduce electrical losses in
the system. Centrally located within the stator is the rotor.
The Rotor - is basically a cylinder with an iron core which is made up of laminated slices just like the
stator. The rotor has conducting end caps on each end and conducting bars running through the slots
in the laminated slices that connected to the end caps. The rotor is attached to the motor shaft.
Bearings support the motor shaft allowing the shaft and rotor to rotate as it remains centrally
positioned within the stator enclosure.
The Shaft - transports the mechanical energy created from the rotor to the load and an air gap
between the stator and rotor eliminates any physical contact between the two components.
The Enclosure - which consists of the motor frame and the end valves. The end valves contain bearings
which allow the rotor shaft to turn freely on its axis. The type of enclosure can vary depending on the
motors application.
8. What are the two major components of an induction motor? Why?
Stator and the Rotor. These components work together to convert electrical energy to
mechanical energy.
9. What is the role of the stator in a three-phase induction motor?
 The stator creates a rotating magnetic field, which induces a voltage in the rotor bars, which
are shorted on the ends. That allows current to flow in the rotor, which then creates its own opposing
magnetic field to the stator field.

10. What is relative motion?

Relative motion is a calculation between the speed of one moving object relative to the speed of
another moving object.

11. What is the difference between synchronous speed and rated speed?
Synchronous Speed is the speed of the rotating magnetic field in the stator. While the
mechanical speed of a rotor is called Rated Speed. A rated speed is based off a motor’s rated load. You
can usually find the value for the rated speed on the motor’s template indicating the general speed of
the rotor at rated load. With AC induction motors, the rotors always rotates slower than ng magnetic
field of the stator.
12. How does the number of poles affect the stator and rotor?
You can increase or decrease torque by adding or subtracting the number of poles in the
stator. The more poles, the slower the magnetic field rotates. Sync speed decreases as the number of
poles increases. High torque induction motors have slower sync speeds and lower torque motors of the
same size have less torque and higher synchronous speeds. The pole count increases, the higher the
cost of manufacturing.
13. Discuss the relationship of speed and torque curves of a motor.
A Speed Torque Curve shows you how the torque produced by an induction motor varies throughout
the different phases of its operation.
Starting Torque (150%) is the amount of torque an induction motor produces as its ramps up
from a standstill. Pull Up Torque (125%) is the amount of motor torque available as the motor
accelerates towards its rated speed. If the motor’s Pull Up Torque is less than the amount required to
accelerate the load, the motor will never reach its rated speed. As the motor’s continuous to
accelerate towards its rated speed, it encounters its Breakdown Torque. Breakdown Torque (200-
250%) is the greatest amount of torque a motor can generate. When the motor has accelerated itself
to its rated speeds, the motor should be producing between 80-100% of its rated torque.
As the load is increased and the motor speed decreases, the amount of torque produced by the
motor increase the load. As the load increases, it increases the amount of current that the motor
draws and consequently the amount of motor torque produced.
When the motor slips beyond its Breakdown Torque, it begins to produce less torque which then
causes the motor speed to decrease even more, or worse, stall. This situation usually results in a
damage to the motor if left in this state, due to overheating of the stator.

14. What are the NEMA design standards for induction motors? Explain each.
National Electrical Manufacturer’s Association (NEMA)-establishes technical standards for the
manufacturing of electronic products. NEMA has established standards for four different designs of
electrical Induction motors which are A, B, C, and D respectively. Each standardized design has unique
speed, torque, and slip capabilities depending on the work they perform.
 NEMA Design A motors are allowed a maximum slip of 0.5-5%. Similar to Design B in terms of
Torque Output. However, they are not limited on their starting current. This allows for lowering
winding impedance which in turn our state or resistance making Design A one of the most efficient
motors from an energy standpoint. Design A motors often offer greater breakdown torque than Design
B. Centrifugal fans and pumps are typical Design A applications.
NEMA Design B Motors are the most commonly used induction motors in the industry. They have a
maximum slip of 0.5-5% and speed torque characteristics that are similar to Design A motors but with
NEMA mandated limit to their starting current. Because they can provide good Pull Up Torque, Design
B motors are used in a wide variety of applications. Design B motors can also take impact or burst loads
at full speed without stalling.
NEMA Design C motor has also a maximum of 1-5% slip. Design C motors are built to power
equipment requiring high breakaway torque like positive-displacement pumps and conveyors.
Similar to the Design C motor, a NEMA Design D motor is squirrel cage motor design with a
maximum slip of 5-13%. Low starting current to withstand full voltage starting and very high locked
rotor torque. Like Design C motors, you’ll find Design D motors powering equipment with high starting
torque requirements like cranes or hoists. Design D motors are also well suited to high impact load
applications like stamping presses.
15. What specifications can we found on a motor nameplate. Explain each.
North America NEMA establishes the standards for the information provided on the nameplate. This
information is vital to determining the motors characteristics.
Horsepower (HP) - A measure of the motor’s mechanical output rating.
HP = (RPM x Torque(ft-lb))/5252
Torque – A measure of the turning of twisting force supplied by the motor to the load.
Torque (ft-lb) = (HP x 5252)/RPM
Motor Rated Voltage – the optimal performing voltage of the motor. Motors are rated with 10%
tolerance above and below the rated voltage shown on nameplate.
Motor Rated Current (FLA) – the amount of amperage the motor needs when it is operating at full-load
torque and horsepower. FLA means Full Load Amps.
Motor Rated Frequency (HZ) – The frequency at which the motor is designed to operate. Some motors
are designed to work with a variable frequency drive (VFD). They are rated at different frequencies.
Motor Rated Speed (RPM) – The approximate RPM at which the rotor is rotating when the motor is
operating under full load.
Motor Poles – The number of poles inside the stator of a three-phase motor.
Motor Phase – The number of AC power lines supplying the motor. With the three-phase motor there
are three power lines.
NEMA Design Letter – The motor’s NEMA design type, either A, B, C, or D. The letter designation
describers the motor’s torque and current characteristics.
 Insulation Class (INS) – insulation is crucial in an induction motor, the insulation class describes the
thermal tolerance of the motor windings. The letter indicates the motor windings ability to withstand
operating temperatures for specific length of time. Motors controlled with a variable frequency drive
and/or motors that run at lower speeds usually have a higher insulation class.
Service Factor (SF) – The percentage of overloading a motor can handle over short periods when
operating at rated voltage and frequency.
Frame size – The mounting dimensions, including the foot hole mounting pattern and shaft dimensions.
16. What are the different types of induction motor enclosures? Explain each.
Standards have been established by NEMA for the types of Induction Motor Enclosures. The standards
are based on the motors used and designated on the nameplate as ENCL.
Open Drip-Proof (ODP) – Typically used for indoor applications. ODP enclosures allow outside air to
circulate over the windings while preventing any liquid from entering the enclosure with fifteen
degrees from vertical.
Totally Enclosed Non-Ventilated (TENV) – Uses cooling fins to dissipate heat instead of a fan or vent
opening. TENV enclosures are designed for installation indoor or outdoor in dirty and/ or slightly damp
conditions.
Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled (TEFC) – Cooled by a motor shaft connected to an exterior fan. TEFC
enclosures are not waterproof, but they are used outdoors in dirty locations.
Totally Enclosed Blower Cooled (TEBC) – Cooled through forced convection by a rear-mounted blower.
TEBC enclosures are used in both indoor and outdoor applications.
Other types of Induction Motor Enclosures:
- Totally Enclosed Air Over
- Totally Enclosed Wash Down
- Explosion Proof
- Hazardous Location
17. Write all the chapter review questions and the answers on the video

Chapter 1 Review Questions and Answers:

What are the two major components of an induction motor?
Stator and the Rotor. These components work together to convert electrical energy to
mechanical energy.
Chapter 2 Review Questions and Answers:
Is the rotor connected to the three-phase incoming power?
No. The stator creates a rotating magnetic field, which induces a voltage in the rotor bars,
which are shorted on the ends. That allows current to flow in the rotor, which then creates its own
opposing magnetic field to the stator field
Chapter 3 Review Questions and Answers:
Is the rotor’s speed the same as the rotating magnetic field speed?
No. the rotor’s speed is always slower than the rotating magnetic field of the stator in a
positive torque application. If both were at the same speed there would be no conduction and the
rotor would not be able to create a magnetic field.
Chapter 4 Review Questions and Answers:
If we have a motor with rated speed of 1774 rpm, how many poles does it have?
4 poles. We know that our rated speed is going to be a little bit less than our sync speed.
Chapter 5 Review Questions and Answers:
If we look at the speed torque curve, at what point is the torque at its maximum?
Breakdown Torque. Breakdown Torque is the greatest amount of torque a motor can generate.
Chapter 6 Review Questions and Answers:
Which NEMA design motor will be the best for a fan or pump application?
Design A and Design B are both suitable for this application due to their low amount if slip and
high breakdown torque.
Chapter 7 Review Questions and Answers:
What is usually given on the motor nameplate – Synchronous speed or the rated speed?
Rated Speed is usually given for a motor. With this we know how fast the shaft is spinning at
the rated load and can easily figure out the synchronous speed if needed.
Chapter 8 Review Questions and Answers:
What does TENV stand for?
TENV stands for Totally Enclosed Non-Ventilated. TENV enclosures are designed for installation
indoor or outdoor in dirty and/ or slightly damp environment.