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Creep
Definition:
Creep is defined as time-dependent plastic
deformation (elongation) of the metal at a constant
tensile load. It is also defined as high temperature
progressive deformation at constant stress.

➢ "High temperature“ (at T > 0.4 Tm ) is a relative term

dependent upon the materials involved.

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Creep
Creep rates are used in evaluating materials for boilers, gas turbines, jet engines, ovens,
or any application that involves high temperatures under load.

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Creep
➢ Understanding high temperature behavior of metals is useful in designing failure
resistant systems.
➢ A creep test can be studied by measuring the permanent extension, after various
time intervals, of test-pieces maintained at a constant temperature.

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Classical Creep Curve
The rate of deformation is called the creep rate. It is the slope of the
line in a Creep Strain vs. Time curve.

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Creep Stages
➢ Primary Creep:
starts at a rapid rate and slows with time.

➢ Secondary Creep:
has a relatively uniform rate.

➢ Tertiary Creep:
has an accelerated creep rate and terminates when the
material breaks or ruptures. It is associated with both
necking and formation of grain boundary voids.

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Effect of Temperature & Stress

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Effect of Individual Variable

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Steady-state creep

➢ Empirical relationships have been developed in which the steady-state creep

rate as a function of stress and temperature is expressed.
➢ Its dependence on stress can be written:

where and n are material constants.

A plot of the logarithm of versus the logarithm of yields a straight line
with slope of n.

Dr. Eng. Sherif Ali Abd El Rahman

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Steady-state creep

Stress (logarithmic scale) versus

steady-state creep rate (logarithmic scale) for a low carbon–nickel alloy at three temperatures.

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Steady-state creep

Stress (logarithmic scale) versus rupture lifetime (logarithmic scale) for a low
carbon–nickel alloy at three temperatures.

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Larson Miller Parameter
The Larson-Miller parameter describes the equivalence of time
at temperature for a steel under the thermally activated creep
process of stress rupture.

T(C+log tr)
LMP =
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Where:
T = temperature (K or ºC)
tr = time before failure (hours)
C= material specific constant.

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Larson Miller Parameter

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Steady-state creep
➢ The influence of temperature

where K2 and Qc are constants;

Qc is termed the activation energy for creep
T is the Temperature.
R is the gas constant.

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Creep Fracture at elevated temperature

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Creep Fracture at elevated temperature

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Dr. Eng. Sherif Ali Abd El Rahman

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Dr. Eng. Sherif Ali Abd El Rahman

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• The unloaded specimen is first heated to the required T

and the gage length is measured.

• The predetermined load is applied quickly without shock.

• Measurement of the extension are observed at frequent

interval.
• Average of about 50 readings should be taken.

Dr. Eng. Sherif Ali Abd El Rahm

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Design Considerations to avoid Creep

• Reduce the effect of grain boundaries:

➢ Use single crystal material with large grains.
➢ Addition of solid solutions to eliminate vacancies.
• Employ materials of high melting temperatures.
• Consult Creep Test Data during materials Selection
➢ Type of service application
➢ Set adequate inspection intervals according to life expectancy.

Dr. Eng. Sherif Ali Abd El Rahm