Cairo University

Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Department – Second year

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
EPE 2131
 Lecture (1): Basic Concepts & Laws

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Introduction To Electronics
Elementary Circuit Theory
Engineering

Basic Quantities:
1. Charge (𝒒):
a. Measured in coulombs (𝐶).
2. Current (𝒊):
a. Measured in amperes (𝐴).
𝑑𝑞
b. 𝑖 =
𝑑𝑡
c. Described by its magnitude and direction.
d. There is 2 types of current (AC) & (DC).
3. Voltage (emf or potential difference) between 2 points (𝑽):
a. Measured in volts (𝑉).
𝑤 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
b. 𝑉 = =
𝑞 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
c. Described by its magnitude and polarity.
d. In figure number (1): A is bigger than B by 2 volts.
e. In figure number (2): A is smaller than B by 2 volts.

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 4. Power (𝒑):
a. Measured in watts (𝑊).
𝑑𝑤
b. 𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖 =
𝑑𝑡
c. In figure (1): power suppled is (𝑣𝑖) & power absorbed
is (−𝑣𝑖).
d. In figure (2): power suppled is (−𝑣𝑖) & power absorbed
is (𝑣𝑖).

Circuit Elements:

Circuit Elements

Active Elements Passive Elements

Active Elements:
 Generates power (generators & batteries).
Passive elements:
 Absorbs power and can store it to be used when needed
(Resistance, Inductors & Capacitors).

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Ideal Energy Sources:

Ideal energy Sources

Ideal Voltage Sources Ideal Current Sources

Ideal voltage sources:

 An ideal voltage source is a device that can generate a

prescribed voltage irrespective the current through it.
Ideal current sources:

 An ideal current source is a device that can generate a prescribed

current that is independent on the circuit.

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Pure Resistance:
 Resistance (𝑅): is the resistance measured in Ohms (𝛺).
𝑣
 𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅 (𝑂ℎ𝑚𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤) ∴ 𝑖 = = 𝐺𝑣
𝑅
o 𝐺 Is the conductivity measured in mhos.
 Converts the electrical energy into heat energy.
 Characterized with what is called power rating.
𝑣2
 𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖 = = 𝑖2𝑅
𝑅

Pure Inductors:
 It consists of:
o Coil of wire.
o Core of (insulating or Ferro-magnetic material).
 Can store energy in its magnetic field.
 Under DC conditions, it behaves as a short circuit (Δ𝑉 = 0).
 Under AC conditions:
𝑑𝑖𝐿 1
o 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐿 ∴ 𝑖𝐿 = ∫ 𝑉𝐿 . 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖𝐿 (0)
𝑑𝑡 𝐿
 Energy stored:
1
o 𝑤𝐿 = 𝐿𝑖𝐿2 + 𝑤(0)
2

 𝐿 Is the inductance coefficient measured in henry (𝐻 ).

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