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Methods of Research:
How to Write Chapter 1: Introduction?

MARK LESTER T. BALASA, CPA, MBA

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Introduction
THE 'INTRODUCTION' CHAPTER IS MOST
IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT LAYS OUT WHAT YOU
PLAN TO DO, WHY YOU WANT TO DO IT, THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY AND THE
LIMITATIONS.

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CHAPTER 1: Introduction
1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
3. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
4. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
5. HYPOTHESIS
6. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
7. SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
8. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

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1: Background of the Study

Start with sentences that are simple enough to understand even for those
who are not exactly experts in the topic.
4 to 5 paragraphs
Ideal Citations: 3 to 4 references
Avoid Plagiarism

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2: Theoretical Framework
- a basic structure or
frame of reference
designed to support a

concept

formulated to
explain, predict and
understand a
phenomena

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Theoretical
Framework
The researcher cites and
discusses related theories
that serve as the foundation
of the variables and their
relationship, to make the
study more understandable
to readers.
Importance:
Permits the reader to
evaluate your topic or
the research problem
critically.
Connects the researcher
to the existing
knowledge.

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Theoretical Framework :

1. State the Theory (Title &

Author / Proponent
2. Explain the Theory
(Theoretical Principle)
3. Discuss and link the Theory
to your study (Relationship /
Relevance to Present Study)

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Quick Tips:
1. Examine the research
problem and consider the key
variables in your research.
2. Review your related literature
and choose the theory applicable
to your study.

3. Discuss the theory and its

relation to your present study.

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3: Conceptual Framework
Illustrates what the researcher expects to find in the research it
guides the researcher by giving clear directions to the research.

It explains the major variables in the study. It is a diagram

representing the relationship or connections of the variables.

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THE 'CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK' WILL BE CREATED BY YOU

SHOWING THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE CONCEPTS,
VARIABLES AND FACTORS YOU WILL BE INVESITGATING IN
YOUR STUDY.

ONE-DIRECTIONAL RELATIONSHIP

TWO-DIRECTIONAL RELATIONSHIP

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RESEARCH PARADIGM

COMPLETION / STUDENT'S
SYLLABUS NON- PERFORMANCE
IN INTAC COMPLETION IN AUDITING

MOTIVATION,
COGNITIVE
ABILITY,
PERSONAL
FACTORS
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4: Statement of the Problem

A) General Problem
Purpose of the study
Respondents
Environment and its general
address
Timeframe
Output

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 b) Specific Problem
Profile of the respondents
Assessment of the independent
variable (IV)
Assessment of the dependent
variable (DV)
Hypothesis testing on the
relationship of the variable

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5: Hypothesis

A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for the

occurrence of a specified phenomenon.

A tentative prediction about the relationship between two or more

variables under study.

Translate the research questions in to a prediction of expected

outcomes

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6. Scope and Limitations of the

Study
THE 'LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY' IS THE SECTION
IN WHICH YOU TELL THE READER THE
SHORTCOMINGS, CONDITIONS OR INFLUENCES
THAT YOU COULD NOT CONTROL. YOU HAVE TO
MENTION THEM BECAUSE THEY MAY INFLUENCE
THE RESULTS OF YOUR STUDY.

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General Purpose of the Study

Important details of the study
Population/target respondents, sample size
Geographical location / setting
Duration / research timeline or limit
Instrument to be used, sampling method, research
design, financial limitation of the study
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 THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME POSSIBLE LIMITATIONS IN A STUDY:

YOU DID NOT USE RANDOM SAMPLING AND INSTEAD OF INTACT CLASSES
WHICH MAY SIGNIFICANTLY LIMIT YOUR ABILITY TO MAKE BROADER
GENERALISATIONS FROM THE RESULTS. HOWEVER, THE DEGREE TO WHICH
THIS REDUCES THE QUALITY OF OUR FINDINGS IS A MATTER OF DEBATE.

THE STUDY WAS RESTRICTED TO A RURAL AREA AND THE FINDINGS MAY NOT
BE GENERALISABLE TO AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT BECAUSE THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION MAY BE DIFFERENT.
 INSTRUMENTS USED - SOME RESPONDENTS MAY HAVE DIFFICULTY IN UNDERSTANDING THE
ITEMS IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE AND ITS FORMAT AND MAY LEAD THEM TO FILL IN INCORRECTLY. 
IT IS POSSIBLE THAT THERE IS LACK OF PREVIOUS STUDIES ON THE TOPIC -
HOWEVER YOU MUST BE SURE THERE IS LITTLE PRIOR RESEARCH IN YOUR TOPIC -
CHECK WITH YOUR LIBRARIAN.  BUT DISCOVERING A LIMITATION CAN SERVE AS AN
IMPORTANT OPPORTUNITY TO IDENTIFY NEW GAPS IN THE LITERATURE AND TO
DESCRIBE THE NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH.

NOT INCLUDING CERTAIN VARIABLES - "THERE MIGHT BE SOME

RELEVANT FACTORS WHICH SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCE .....................
HOW THESE FACTORS ARE BEYOND THE SCOPE OF THIS STUDY AND
MAY BE IDEAS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH".
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7. Significance of the Study

INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT

IDEAL NUMBER OF BENEFICIARIES: 5

DISCUSS THE BENEFIT

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8. Operational
Definition of Terms
'OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS' IS A BRIEF SECTION CONSISTING
OF DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS OR CONCEPTS USED IN THE STUDY. FOR
EXAMPLE, THE TERM 'SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS' MAY HAVE VARIOUS
MEANINGS, SO IT IS IMPORTANT TO CLARIFY TO THE READER THE WAY
YOU OPERATIONALISED THE TERM AS USED IN YOUR STUDY UNFAMILIAR
OR TECHNICAL WORDS MAY ALSO REQUIRE AN EXACT DEFINITION.

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THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME GUIDELINES:

ONLY INCLUDE TERMS THAT MAY NOT BE WELL UNDERSTOOD

OR OPEN TO DIFFERENT INTERPRETATIONS.

THE LIST FORMAT IS SUGGESTED BECAUSE IT IS EASIER TO

READ AND USE ONE PARAGRAPH FOR EACH TERM.

THE LENGTH OF YOUR DEFINITION PARAGRAPH DEPENDS ON

THE NUMBER OF DEFINITIONS YOU WANT TO PROVIDE, SO
MAKE SURE TO SELECT THE KEY TERMS.

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Thank you and Happy

Research! :)