THE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

 Introduces the general facets that establish the general context where study revolves
 May include the description of the subjects or history involved
4 COMPONENTS OF THE BOTS  Development of new perspective or
knowledge
The The The Contribution 1.
current current Research of the REMINDERS:
state of and gap present
the field conventio
study in  Avoid making biased or negative remarks
addressing
nal the research
 Define terms of concepts that are mentioned
practices gap the first time
 Formally – use a separate sentence
 Informally – inside parenthesis
THE CURRENT STATE
BACKGROUND SHOULD INCLUDE:
 explain that the field you have chosen is still a
significant area of research  Discussion of the problem in general and
 Point out that it continues to interest the specific situations observed and experienced
researchers  Concepts and ideas related to the problem
including clarification of terminologies;
2. CURRENT AND CONVENTIONAL PRACTICES
 Discussion of existing or present conditions
 Discuss current practices being used and what is aimed to be the future or the gap
 Explain merits of these practices and to be filled-in by the researcher
contribution in the field of study
OTHER REMINDERS IN WRITING THE BOTS
3. DETERMINE RESEARCH GAP
1. Direct quotations must not be written as the first
 Explain that there are aspects not addressed paragraph, instead this can be rephrased to add
by the current practices or these practices substance to the details of the problem.
failed to provide conclusive findings in
2. The succeeding paragraph must come from
investigating the topic
researchers, not copied from any article.
RESEARCH GAP
3. Describe the problem situation by considering
 An issue not addressed by previous studies global, national and local forces. Discussions from
 Or there are very few studies that have macro to micro. Use facts and statistics.
explored the area of interest
4. Cite observations, local studies. Emphasize local
 Make sure the research gap remains relevant
scenario to warrant existence of research.
and not addressed yet
5. Make a clinching statement that emphasizes
4. CONTRIBUTION
situational analysis.
 Discuss how study will fill the gap in the form
6. End with the main objective of the study.
of
 New methodology

THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
 A foundation review of existing theories that
serves as a roadmap for developing the
arguments you will use in your own work.
Theories are developed by researchers to
explain phenomena, draw connections and
make predictions.
Why is theoretical framework important?
The theoretical framework is vital to all researches
to clarify the implicit theory in a manner that is
more clearly defined. It may also provide
researchers to consider their limitations and
alternative theories that challenge their perspective.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 Illustrates the expected relationship between
the variables in the study. It is a
representation of the relationship you expect
to see between your variables, or the
characteristics or properties that you want to
study.
 Conceptual frameworks can be written or
visual and are generally developed based on a
literature review of existing studies about your
topic.
 WRITING THE SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Scope and Delimitation
 Describes parameters
 Sets the boundaries of your research
Scope
 Describes the coverage of the study
 Concept
 Number of subjects
 Population
 timeline
Delimit by:
 Citing factors or variables not included
 Boundary in terms of time frame, no. of
subjects who are excluded
 Specify that which you will not deal with in the
study
What to Discuss:
 What – the topic of investigation and the
variables included
 Where – the venue or the setting of the
research
 When – the time frame by which the study
was conducted
 Why – the general objective of the research
 Who – the subject of the study, the population
and sampling
 How – the methodology of the research which
may include the research design, methodology
and the research instrument
WRITING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
details the contribution or benefit that
your study provides to different people and
organizations, including the academe and other
sectors of society.
 Can be written topically
 Enumeration format
1. Topical Arrangement
 done in paragraphs and based on the weight
of the individual contributions.
 based on how you sequence your specific
research questions
 If you will use this format, there should be one
paragraph corresponding to each of the
contributions or research questions
2. Enumeration Format
 Details must be arranged according to the
beneficiaries
You may use this phrases…
 This study covers…
 This study focuses on…
 The coverage of this study…
 This study is limited to…
 This study does not cover…
You may use this format…
 Inclusions and their Justification
 Exclusions and their Justification
EXAMPLE:
The main purpose of the study is to
provide information regarding metro-sexuality
and how being a metrosexual affects the lifestyle
of the student. The study considers the students’
personal information such as their name
(optional) gender, age, and section.
The researchers limited the study to 80
male and female secondary education students
enrolled in the second semester of school year
2015-2016 of Technological Institute of the
Philippines. Each of the respondents was given a
questionnaire to answer. The students selected
came from four different sections to prevent bias
and get objective perceptions.
 If you will use this format, there should be one
paragraph corresponding to each of the
contributions or research questions
PARTIES THAT MAY BENEFIT FROM YOUR
STUDY
 Field of Study (education)
 Government agencies
 Private organizations
 Organization/Company involved in the study
 Staff, heads, administrators of a specific
organization or company
 Population the participants belong to
 Other researchers
USEFUL PHRASES YOU CAN USE:
 The findings of this study will be useful to the
following entities…
 This study will contribute to…
 This study will benefit the following group of
people…
TIPS IN WRITING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY
 Refer to the statement of the problem
Your problem statement can guide you in
identifying the specific contribution of your
study. You can do this by observing a one-to-
one correspondence between the statement of
the problem and the significance of the study.
WRITING THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
•Gives the basic difficulty
•the issue, area of concern
•what is but should not be
•Exposes anything that is wrong with the
situation or condition or circumstance which is
being described
Elements of the Statement of the Problem
a. Objective/Purpose of the Study
 It is introduced by:
“The main objective of this study is to…”
Ex.
The main objective of this study is to determine if
there is an existing relationship between
academic achievement and reading
comprehension skills of…
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following
questions… (state your research questions)
b. The Research Questions
 important components of your research which
help define the research problem of your
study.
 They indicate specific concerns related to your
research problem that your study also intends
to answer.
TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
General Research Questions
-Derived from the main problem of the study
-Must contain words related to quantitative
research such as effects or relationship
-Who, when, or where shall not be placed in the
research question as these elicit factual questions
that may not require extensive investigation
 Write from general to specific
Write the significance of the study by looking
into the general contribution of your study,
such as its importance to society as a whole,
then to individuals which may include yourself
as a researcher.
Specific Research Questions
-anchored on the general research question.
-They are helpful in developing tools for collecting
data, gathering related references, organizing
your paper, and drawing valid conclusions from
findings.
-How you write the specific research questions
depends on the type of quantitative research you
are doing.
- However, they must always include the
significant variables in the study and the subject
being analyzed.
WRITING THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
For Descriptive Research
•The focus is to observe and report on the
measurable aspects of a phenomenon Can begin
with phrases such as
•How often
•How frequently
•How many
•How much
•What is/are
•To what extent
•What proportion
•What percentage
In a study involving a group of employees’ usage
of Facebook, the following can be used as
specific research questions:
•How often do employees use Facebook in one
week?
•How many hours do employees spend on
Facebook in one week?
•What proportion of Filipino male and female
employees uses Facebook?
For Correlational Research…
•interested in finding out the relationships among
two or more variables. However, it only
establishes mere association and not causal
relationships
•Usually begins with
•Is there a relationship?
•What is the relationship?
Ex.
In a study about the length of preparation for
examinations and the scores obtained by test-
takers, the following can be utilized:
• What is the relationship between the length of
the review and examination scores?
• Is there a relationship between the IQ of a test
taker and his/her performance in review sessions?
• Is there a relationship between the performance
of a test-taker in a previous examination and the
length of review he/she takes for a new one?
For Causal-Comparative
•Attempts to discover the cause/s of a
phenomenon
Ex. Digital literacy and the type of information
technology education that students obtain, the ff
research questions can be used:
• Are information technology education students
and vocational education students digitally
literate?
• Using the four components of digital literacy,
what can be identified as the strengths and
weaknesses of information technology students
and vocational students?
• Is there a significant difference between the
digital literacy scores of information technology
education students and vocational education
students?
For Experimental…
•Suggest a stronger causal relationship among
the variables in the study
•Linked to the manipulation of a variable
Ex. An experimental study on tutorial sessions
and academic performance may have the ff
questions:
•Is there a significant posttest gain on student’s
academic performance?
•Is there a difference between the posttest gains
of the control group and the treatment group?
•How do students rate their experiences in one-
on-one tutorial sessions?
MORE SAMPLE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Preferred Story Genres of SHS Wattpad
Readers
• What are the preferred Wattpad story genres of
SHS Wattpad readers when grouped
according to sex and age?
• How often do SHS Wattpad Readers read
stories in a week?
• What is the rate of
Violent Video Games and Students Level of
Aggressive Behavior
1.What is the violence level of personal computer
games played by PNHS students?
2.What is the level of aggressive behavior of Passi
NHS Students?
3.Is there a significant relationship between the
violence level of personal computer games played
by students of PNHS and the level of their
aggressive behavior?