Research Project Reviewer
 Provides clarity and focus
The word research is derived from the
French word "recherche", meaning
"to go about seeking".
Capstone/Research Project title -
summarizes the main idea of the
study.
 One way to come up with a good
title is to write down the
research problem as a question
then craft your title in response to
that question.
 You should also try to make the
title as intriguing as possible to
get your readers interested in what
you have to say.
Characteristics of a research title
 It should predict the content of the
research paper
 It should be interesting to the
reader
 It should reflect the tone of the
writing
 It should contain important
keywords that will make easier to
be located during a keyword
search
Importance of a research title
 Attracts audience and readers
 Establishes relevance
 Forms first impression
 Increases discoverability
Tips for the impact of your
manuscript title:
1. Ensure that the title is clear,
interesting, and attracts the
reader’s attention.
2. The title should be around 10-15
words
3. Avoid unnecessary words and
technical jargons
CHAPTER I
Chapter 1 should include the
following:
 Introduction
 Objective of the study
 Statement of the problem
 Hypothesis
 Scope and delimitation
 Significance of the study
 Definition of terms
Introduction
Discuss the 4 relevant ideas:
1. Topic or subject matter
2. Importance of the topic
3. Reason for choosing the topic
4. Purpose of the study
Tips:
 Keep it short
 Define the problem
 Make it well-organized
 Include citations
 Use funneling technique
 AVOID making it preachy
 AVOID including opinionated
statements
Objective of the study
 Statement of a long-term
objective expected to be achieved
by the study
 It is usually prefixed by this
introductory phrase: “The main
objective of this study is to…”
Statement of the problem
 Specific questions which are to
be answered in the study
 It can be a general statement of
the whole problem followed by
specific questions or sub-problems
into which the general problem is
broken up.
(Additional Info): Statement of the
Problem/Problem Statement
 A problem statement is the
description of an issue
currently existing which needs
to be addressed.
 problem statement is the
backbone of the proposal and
the research study.
Hypothesis
 A tentative answer to a research
problem
Null hypothesis
is the one that states NO relationship
between variables. Its function is to
let the research test the hypothesis
statistically; denoted by Ho
Alternative hypothesis
is usually taken to show that the
observations are the result of a real
effect; denoted by Ha
Scope and Delimitation
The SCOPE describes the coverage
of the study;
 Specifies what is covered in
terms of concept, number of
subjects, and timeline when the
study was conducted.
DELIMITATION refers to factors or
variables that are not included in
the study and the boundary in terms
of time frame, number of subjects
who are excluded;
 Specify those that you will not
deal within the study.
 WHAT - the topic and the
variables included
 WHERE – the venue or
setting of the research
 WHEN – time frame by which
the study was conducted
 WHO – participants or
respondents, population, and
sampling
 WHY – general purpose of
the study
 HOW – the methodology of
the research (research design,
methods, research instrument)
Significance of the study
In this part, the researchers defines
who will benefit out of the findings of
the study and how they will benefit
from it.
Usual beneficiaries of a research:
 Experts concerned about the
problem
 Administrators who make
decisions or implement
programs
 The subjects themselves
 Future researchers
 Those who are directly and
indirectly affected by the
problem
 Field of specialization or
discipline that will gain
contribution of knowledge
 Specific sectors who will also
benefit from the study
Definition of Terms
 Only terms, words, or phrases
which have special or unique
meanings or roles in the study
are defined.
 Terms should be arranged
alphabetically.
 Terms should be defined
operationally and
conceptually.
Tips in writing your D.O.T.:
1. Include the variables involve in
your study (IV, DV, sub-
variables).
2. Include words and concepts
related to your main variable.
3. Include terms that may be
considered as jargons.
Research Question
A research question is the question CHAPTER II
around which you center your
Scientific Literature
research. It should be:
A paraphrase restates another’s idea
(or your own previously published
 Clear: it provides enough specifics idea) in your own words.
that one’s audience can easily Paraphrasing allows you to
understand its purpose without summarize and synthesize
needing additional explanation. information from one or more
 Focused: it is narrow enough that it sources.
can be answered thoroughly in the
space the writing task allows.
 Concise: it is expressed in the Chicago Manual Style
fewest possible words.
 For students, using “Chicago
 Complex: it is not answerable with
style” usually means putting
a simple “yes” or “no,” but rather
notes and bibliographies into
requires synthesis and analysis of
the formats laid out in The
ideas and sources prior to
Chicago Manual of Style or in
composition of an answer.
Kate Turabian’s Manual for
 Arguable: its potential answers are
Writers.
open to debate rather than accepted
facts.
 a different citation system called
“author-date” style. In author-
date style, note citations appear in
Steps to developing a research the text of your paper like this
question: (Chou 2013). Full citations are
then listed together in an
1. Choose an interesting topic
alphabetical “reference list” at the
2. Do some preliminary research on
end of the paper.
your general topic
 The author-date system of
3. Consider your audience
Chicago Manual of Style is more
4. Start asking questions
common in the sciences and
5. Evaluate your question
social sciences.
6. Begin your research
 it does not put a comma between
the name and year.
Reference list citations
 A reference list (sometimes titled
“Works Cited”) is similar to a
bibliography.
 For the reference list, put your
sources in alphabetical order by
the author’s last name. The
author’s last name comes first to
make alphabetizing easier, and the
year of the work comes
immediately after the author.
Use a period after the author,
after the date, and after the title.
Review of Related Literatures
 The “literature” of a literature
review refers to any collection of
materials on a topic, not
necessarily the great literary texts
of the world.
 A literature review discusses
published information in a
particular subject area, and
sometimes information in a
particular subject area within a
certain time period.
 A literature review can be just a
simple summary of the sources,
but it usually has an
organizational pattern and
combines both summary and
synthesis.
How about Scientific Literature
Review?
A scientific literature review is a
critical account of what has been
published on a topic by accredited
researchers. It may be:
 A stand-alone assignment
 An introduction to an essay,
report, thesis, etc.
 Part of research/grant proposal
research
How to Write a Scientific Literature
Review?
Reviewing the literature requires four
stages:
1. Problem formulation - Which
topic is being examined and why?
2. Literature search - Identifying
relevant research.
A. Online Research (basic) –
Background Information
• Wikipedia
• Relevant “background” websites (ex.
university websites, company
websites, associations ex. American
Heart Association)
• YouTube, TED Talks
• Google Scholar/Books
• PubMed …find other relevant
literature reviews in the area to see
what has been done/what is needed
C. Specific Literature Search – The
Detail
• Library databases ex. Web of Science
• “Advanced search” tool in Google
Scholar/PubMed
• Identify key references for each topic
of your review
3. Critical analysis – Criticize the
experts; identify conflicting evidence,
assumptions, errors and
misconceptions. This involves
CRITICAL THINKING.
• Provenance - Author's credentials?
Are the author's arguments supported
by evidence?
• Objectivity - Is the author's
perspective fair? Is contrary data
considered? Is information ignored to
prove the author's point? (bias)
• Persuasiveness – Is the author’s data
convincing?
• Value - Does the work contribute in
a significant way to an understanding
of the field?
4. Evaluation and Interpretation –
which authors are most convincing and
provide the most significant scientific
contribution?
CHAPTER III
Research Methodology
 covers the methods of the
research, the variety of
procedures made, and the entire
preparation of the study.
 It is written with 2 purposes in
mind: Replicate and Evaluate
Research Methodology should include
the following:
 Research Design
 Research Setting
 Research Subjects
 Research Ethics
 Research Instruments
 Validation of Instruments
 Data Gathering Procedure
Research Design
 Discusses the approach
(qualitative/quantitative) and
design (phenomenology,
experimental, descriptive,
etc.) use in the study.
 In this part, the reason(s) why
the design was chosen must be
justified.
Qualitative Approach:
 Historical
 Ethnographic
 Case Study
 Narrative Analysis
 Grounded Theory
Quantitative approach:
 Non-experimental – The
association or connection
between variables without
manipulation of variables.
1. Survey Research
2. Correlational Research
3. Comparative Research
 Experimental – Establishes
causality and often used when
an intervention is being
studied with manipulation of
variables.
1. Quasi-experimental
2. True Experimental
Research Setting/Locale
 Description of the
geographical
characteristic of the
place of study
 State the reasons why the
specific locale was chosen
 In special cases,
anonymity (UNKNOWN)
must always be observed
Research Subject
 Description of the
demographic
characteristics of the
participants in the study
 Explanation of the
population and sampling
procedures should also be
discussed:
 Number of respondents
 Profile of the respondents
Sampling – process of
selecting the sample or a
portion of the population
Population – consists of all
the members of the group
about which the researchers
want to draw a conclusion.
Sample – a portion or part of
the population of interest
selected for analysis; subset
of the population elements
Types of Probability
Sampling:
1. Simple random sampling
– most basic probability
sampling technique.
Ex: Fishbowl Technique
2. Systematic sampling – a
process of selecting the kth
element in the population
until the desired number of
samples is attained.
SAMPLING INTERVAL –
standard distance between
element chosen for the
sample.
3. Stratified sampling – the
population is divided into
subgroups or strata.
4. Cluster Sampling – is a
method of selecting cluster
from a population that is
large and widely dispersed
over a wide geographical
area.
Types of Non-probability
sampling:
1. Convenience Sampling –
selection of the sample
based on the convenience
of the researcher.
Also called as “accidental
sampling”
2. Purposive Sampling – the
selection of the sample
based on the selective
judgement of the
researcher.
Also called as
“judgmental sampling”
3. Quota Sampling – the
researcher identifies
population section or strata
and decides how many
participants are required
from each section.
4. Snowball Sampling – a
technique wherein sample
members are asked to refer
other people who meet the  Number and types of
criteria required by the questionnaire used;
researcher.  Number of items
 Permission must be
- based on the assumption obtained, whether the
that people who share the instrument used is
same traits or experiences borrowed/standardized,
knows each other. adapted, or self-made

Research Ethics Validation of Instrument

The section where the
Reliability – consistency of
researcher can attest that
the test/instruments
the study was conducted
with the consideration to Validity – accuracy the
the rights of the human test/instruments
subjects they will involve
in the study

Data Gathering
Research Ethical
Procedure
Considerations:
The step-by-step process
1. Intellectual Property
must be explained
2. Informed-consent comprehensively by the
researchers
3. Respect for
confidentiality

Research Instrument
Each questionnaire used in
the study must be
described in detail here: