LAYERS OF THE EARTH 

Crust - thinnest layer of the earth

Mantle - thickest

Outer core - only layer na liquid

Inner core - solid 

CRUST - where organisms live

mostly silicon and sodium 
Continental - around 70 km
Oceanic - 5-10 km 

MANTLE - upper and lowerr mantle

silicon and iron

OUTER CORE - nickel and iron 

convection currecnts produce magnetic field 
3000 km
-

INNER CORE - nickel iron, trace gold and platinum 

immense pressure and high density 
provides HEAT to the outer core

Lithosphere - forms the plate 

Asthenosphere - below Lithosphere 

cause of movement is CONVECTION CURRENTS 

DISCONTINUITIES 
(boundary between 2 layers) 

Mohorovicic - crust and mantle

Gutenberg - mantle and outer core
Lehmann - outer and inner core

FAULT

fracture in crust
where earthquakes mostly occur
Diastrophism are forces that deform the earth
it is divided into two types 
ACTIVE and INACTIVE

Active 
evidence of seismic activity 
near plate boundaries 

Inactive 
no evidenve of seismic activity 
could produce strong activity 
FAULTS 

generates earthquake 
causes plate movements 
stretched or compressed 

KINETIC ENERGY - ELASTIC ENERGY

Seismic Energy - special type of energy released to rocks

Seismic waves - energy that pass through rocks

3 TYPES IF FAULT

Dip-Slip
Strike-Slip
Oblique-Slip

Dip-Slip
vertical movement

Strike-Slip
horizontal movement

DIP-SLIP FAULTS
has a hanging wall and foot wall

2 subtypes
NORMAL and REVERSE

Dip-Slip Normal
-footwall moves up
-hanging moves down
-rock takes more space
-elevates areas

Dip-Slip Reverse
-footwall moves down
-hanging moves up
-elevated areas
-rock takes less space
 Thrust  - incline is less than 45 deg.

Strike-Slip
rocks slides past each other
violent earthquakes
sinistral, dexral

Oblique-Slip
combination of dip and strike slip
most destructive fault type

STRESS

Kinds of Stress

-Tensional Stress
-Compressional Stress
Shear Stress

Tensional Stress
directed away from each other

Compressional Stress
directed force towards each other

Shear Stress
directed each other but not the same axis

EARTHQUAKE

result of different seismic activities deep within earth

the sudden release of energy

Focus
release point of energy

Seismic Waves
waves produced by an earthquake 

Seismology 
study of earthquakes and seismic waves 

Seismograph (instrument)
records strength and duration of seismic waves

Seismogram 
zigzag pattern

Convection Currents 
currents that can move plates

TROPICAL CYCLONE

Types of Clouds

Cirrus Clouds - thin, feathery clouds 

fair weather
approaching weather front
many clouds

Cumulus Clouds - gray at the base and white on top 

Cirrocumulus Clouds - most likely to bring afternoon shower

Stratocumulus Clouds - low lying lumpy clouds, no rain within 20-24 hrs

Nimbus - dark, heavy clouds, expect rain

No clouds - clear sky

TROPICAL CYCLONE 
a storm system which forms over warm tropical oceans characterized by a rapidly
rotating air mass, low atmospheric pressure, strong winds and heavy rain

Meteorology - study of weather

Nephology - study of clouds

"tropical" geometrical term hot and humid

"cyclone" meteorological term circular movement

Tropical Cyclone

Different names
Hurricane = North Atlantic Ocean
Typhoon = Northwest Pacific Ocean
Severe Tropical Cyclone = Southeast 
Indian Ocean, Southwest Pacific Ocean
Severe Cyclonic Storm = North Indian 
Ocean
Tropical Cyclone = Southwest Indian 
Ocean

Although different names ssme info

TYPHOON DEVELOPMENT

Evaporation of water at ocean surface temperature of 26.5℃ or higher

Warm, moist air rises from the ocean surface,creating a low-pressure area (LPA) near
the ocean surface.

Air from surrounding high pressure areas (HPA) rushes toward the low-pressure area.
This air is initially dry and cooler, but the ocean near the surface, the air 
is heated and carries more water vapor from continuous evaporation

As the warm air rises toward the cooler parts of the upper atmosphere, it cools off and
the water vapor begins to condense to form clouds.

More clouds form and wind speed picks up as the Coriolis effect causes the air to spiral
as it rises

Other Members of the Solar System

two other members

• Asteroids
• Comets

Asteroids
•Irregularly shaped rocks
•vary in form
•orbit the Sun
•aka “planetoids”
• planet - like
Asteroids
•less massive than 
planets
• not enough gravity to 
form a ball
•Some are large
• even have moons
•Ida - asteroid which has 
1 moon

Comets
•heavenly bodies with large orbits
•have a cloudy appearance
•three basic parts
• nucleus
• coma
•tail

Comets
•Nucleus
•solid
• chunk of dust and ice
•Coma
• cloud-like structure
• composed of gas

Comets
•Tail
• gas and dust particles
• can more than one tail
• e.g. Hale-Bopp comet
• only Near the Sun due to heat

Halley's Comet

Meteors
•chunks of comets or asteroids
• broken off
•Three stages
• meteoroids
• meteors
• meteorites