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Adapting Software Pipelining for

Reconfigurable Computing

Timothy J. Callahan and John Wawrzynek


University of California at Berkeley

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4. PIPELINED APPROACH
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trigger cycles... cycle 0
x M1
0,2,4,6... cycle 1
y
1,3,5,7... R2 M2 cycle 2
2,4,6,8... M3 cycle 3
3,5,7,9...
exit cycle 4
4,6,8,10...
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sequencer
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