Huling Talsik para sa Huling Laban

By: Sir JM Dionisio

1. 3 schools of thought

Classical – founders: Cesare Beccaria & Jeremy Bentham

Cause of crime / basis of criminal liability: FREEWILL /

autonomy, self rule

other term for classical - choice theory / juristic theory

*assumption – “all criminals are rational thinker” ; freewill is

ABSOLUTE"

*purpose of penalty – retribution / personal vengeance

*prevention strategy: deterrence

*2 types of deterrence

- specific / special – inflicted upon the doer – prevent

recidivism

- general deterrence – inflicted upon the general public –

prevent future crimes; exemplarity

2. Neo classical – freewill is affected by other factors such as insanity,

minority and physical disability

Purpose of penalty in neo classical = exemption or mitigation

Founder: Gabriel Tarde

3. Positivism – scientific factors; rejected the idea of freewill; pushed
by scientific factors (founder: August Comte)

4. What is the Assumption of positivist school – criminals are assumed

to be SICK

5. what is the purpose of penalty in positivism? Treatment,

rehabilitation, reformation (best answer: non -punitive solution to crime)

6. what school of thought is being followed by the criminal law of the

Philippines? → eclectic (mixed)

Classical = “heinous crimes”

Neoclassical = insane / imbecile

Petty crimes / less grave crimes = positivism

7. in what theory we can see the idea of ID, Ego and Superego =
Psychoanalysis / Psychoanalytical theory

8. who is the founder of psychoanalytical theory? Sigmund Freud (father

of psychoanalysis)

9. it is also called as the pleasure principle? ID

10. it is otherwise known as the controller or gateway to action? EGO

11. otherwise known as conscience / “held in check”? superego

12. What is the science of measuring the lifespan of a person? Biometry

/ measurement of life expectancy.

13. Edwin Sutherland

- dean of modern criminology

- American pioneer of criminology

- coined white collar crime

 - author: “DAT” – “socialization, adaptation, interaction, learning,
acquisition from other people, influence”

14. What are the 3 parameters of DAT? Frequency, degree of

relationship, duration.

15. Atavism – theory of Cesare Lombroso

- “biological Throwback”

- early from of evolutionary man

- “born criminal theory”

- “atavistic Stigmata” – at least 5 traits of an ape

- “criminal physical anthropology”

16. Logomacy – idea that if the society wants to remove crime, we have
to remove the law

“Emile David Durkheim”

- Father of modern sociology

- “Crime is a normal part of society”
- Anomie
o B – breakdown of social order
o A – absence of social norms
o N – normlessness

17. Hierarchy of Needs – Abraham Maslow

a. physiological – “survival”

b. love and belongingness – family, relationships

c. esteem needs – confidence, beauty, appreciation

d. safety needs – shelter, clothing, house/home

 e. self actualization – achievement of aspirations

18. among the different types of needs which among the type of needs
are the most probable to result to crime if unfulfilled?
PHYSIOLOGICAL

19 . Taboo – behavior most hated by society (ex. Incest)

20. Richard Queeny – author of instrumentalist theory – according to

lower class, laws made by upper class are created to protect the interest
of the upper class

21. Concentric Zone Theory – “Ernest Burgess” – crime is prevalent to

areas near the central business district and transition zones

22. General Strain theory – “Robert Agnew”

- crime can be a result of “all” types of failure / blockage of goal.

Strain theory – Robert Merton – frustration, anger, pressure,

stress caused by inability or failure to achieve FINANCIAL success /
goal. (Modified Anomie theory”

23. what are the different types of responses to strain?

GOAL MEANS

CONFORMITY + +

INNOVATION + -

RETREATISM - +

RITUALISM - -

REBELLION new new

24. Human Ecology theory – “Robert Ezra Park”

C – conflict

I – isolation

C – competition

25. Demonological – “pre-classical; supernatural theory; Demonology”

26. Routine Activities theory – “Felson and Cohen”

- 3 Elements of Crime anatomy of crime

a. Presence of motivated offender = “desire”

b. Availability of Suitable Targets = “capability”

c. Absence of capable Guardians = “opportunity”

- theory of crime prevention

27. what element of routine activities theory are commonly removed by

police officers? “opportunity”

28. Inferiority Complex – feeling of weakness; feeling of being inferior

29. what is the main cause of the inferiority complex among youth? –
failure to give appreciation and reward to the child

30. Gabriel Tarde – theory of imitation; suggesto imitatio; copy cat crime

- “innovation” – improvisation or improvement of the copied act

31. neurosis – mild mental disorder; mental disorder without withdrawal

from reality

Anxiety – excessive worry and nervousness; “neurotic fear”

Exaggerated / irrational fear = phobia

 Fear of firearms - hoplophobia

Depression – excessive sadness / melancholia

Obsession – uncontrollable repetitive thoughts

Mania / compulsion – repetitive uncontrollable desire

Types of behavior – “overt” – visible or observable

32. Which of the following shows “overt aggression”? – visible,

observable, noticeable, “displayed”

33. “concealed aggression” = covert

34. simple behavior – one act at a time

Complex behavior – 2 or more acts at a time

Voluntary – controllable behavior / unprovoked

35. defense mechanisms

*sublimation – substitute goal; release of anger or pain in

acceptable means; (ex. Masturbation)

*displacement – anger projected towards an object

36. James – Lange theory of emotion ➔ stimulus – sensation- perception

and response

Stimulus – action producing agent (ex. Images, noise, odor)

Sensation – human receptors

C – cutaneous – touch

A – auditory – hearing

V – visual – sight

O – olfactory – smell
 G – gustatory – taste

*perception – knowledge of given stimulus

*response – reaction to the stimulus

37. what type of sensation is usually affected by hallucination? Visual

and auditory

38. false perception without stimulus = hallucination

39. false interpretation of stimulus = illusion

40. false belief = delusion or grandeur or grandiosity

41. it is a collective term for hallucination, illusion, and delusion =

BIZARRE BEHAVIOR

42. what type of mental disorder is having a symptom of bizarre

behavior? Psychosis

Note: psychosis + imaginary environment + lack of routine =

SCHIZOPHRENIA (Dementia Praecox)

43. What are the type of ego states?

Child ego, adult ego, parent ego states

44. what ego state when people becoming protective? PARENT EGO
STATE

45. Manic Depressive Disorder = exaggerated mood

46. natural victimization – “acts of nature”; animal bite; falling on cliffs

47. auto victimization – victimized by self (victim precipitation theory)

48. victim facilitation – recklessness, ignorance or carelessness

49. victim provocation – “inciting offender”

50. Types of victims

 Wanton type – easily duped by stress

Depressive type – careless victims

Tormentor type – easy victim due to fear (battered wife)

Greedy type – intent to gain

Primary – directly suffer the crime (rape victim, murdered person)

Secondary – relative or the spouse

Tertiary – vicarious victim, remote victim

51. parts of research

Chapter 1 – problem and its background

Intro – context of research

SOP – “specific research objectives”

Hypothesis – “prediction and inferences”

H1 – Alternative hypothesis = “+” – there is a significant relationship

between A and B variables

Ho – Null Hypothesis = “-“ – there is no significant relationship …..

Paradigm – “flowchart; simulacrum” ➔ contents : input, process and

output of research

Scope and Limitation – “what”, “where” and “when”

Significance of the study – “benefits and beneficiary”

Definition of terms – “operational terms” (ex. Head and Head)

52. These are published materials used in review of related literature

and study? = LITERATURES (books, magazines, newspaper, journals)
 Unpublished = “studies” (BS/AB/MS – “thesis”; PhD –
“Dissertation”)

53. this part of the chapter 2 of RRL discuss the relationship between
the collected literatures and the present research? SYNTHESIS

54. act of copying other’s work without proper citation? PLAGIARISM

55. Plagiarism is a crime punishable by intellectual property law

56. characteristic of research

*objectivity – avoid giving personal opinion

*clarity / specificity – avoid vague terms

*SMART – specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time

bound

*Time Bound – time frame or time limit

57. Chapter 3 of research

Research design – “what type of research?”

Respondents – “who will answer your questions”

Description of respondents – “age, educ, salary, height, weight,

social status” – demographics

58. it is the process of carefully selecting the respondents based on the

required number of respondents? SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

59. Chapter 5

Summary – top results (top 3) with statistical data

 Conclusion – top 1 result / highlights of the findings without
detailed statistical data; (answer to the SOP) ➔ 1 : 1

Recommendation – suggested solution to address the problem

60. in this part of research paper, the author summarizes the entire
research paper which includes the title, methods and the findings =
ABSTRACT

61. in this part of research, the research outlines the authors,

publishers, researches, literatures cited in the text? BIBLIOGRAPHY;
REFERENCES

62. this is the most common format used in social science researches?
APA – American psychological association

63. this refers to the modern, shortened format for research? IMRAD

I – intro

M – methods

R – results

And

Discussion

64. Types of Variables

Dependent – “problem it self”; subject to change

Independent - cause of change of the dependent variable

Ex. Salary (independent) and Job Performance (dependent)

Intervening – affects the independent variable (ex. Work

environment)
 Antecedent – variable found before the independent and
dependent variable (ex. Taxes and prices)

Applicability = for correlational researches / comparative researches

65. Descriptive Statistics = compute for the mode, mean and median”

Mode = frequently appearing data / score (5,8,9,10,15,15,11)

Median = middle score (5,8,9,10, 11,15,15)

Mean = average score (5+8+9+10+11+15+15) / 7 = 10.4

66. Types of research

Case study – social interaction between people, groups, institutions

or communities

Ethnography – culture, tradition, beliefs, norms

Explanatory – “why” → reasons, causation and origin

Historical – study of past in connection with the present

Predictive – “experimental” study of the future occurrence

Analytical – study specific part of the whole (ex. Study the PNP
crime laboratory)

Holistic – study of the total / whole situation (ex. study the entire
PNP)

*research issues = technical issues (formatting, grammar, spelling etc)

*Quali vs Quanti
67. what type of research is when the researcher uses the actual words
of the respondents rather than numbers? QUALI

68. what data gathering instrument are commonly used in qualitative

researches? INTERVIEW

69. what type of research are commonly used in criminological

researches? Quali or Quanti

70. crime statistics formula

Local Crime Volume

LCV = NCV x % Share (note: decimal form)

National Crime Volume

NCV = LCV / % Share (note: decimal Form)

% share

% Share = (LCV / NCV) x 100

Crime Rate

CR = (Crime Volume / Population) x 100,000

Crime Solution Efficiency

CSE = (Crime Solved / Crime Reported) x 100

71. 7 Special Categories of Children

Dependent – “public support”

Neglected – “inadequate needs”

Abandoned – no parent / guardian – 3 months

Handicapped – physically challenged

Retarded – mentally subnormal (low IQ)

 Emotionally disturbed – preoccupied feelings

Mentally ill – severe mental disorder

72. RA 7610

Types of abuses

Child as Zone of Peace

73. What type of justice is applicable for Juvenile Offenders?

RESTORATIVE JUSTICE

74. Models of family

Corporate model – father – CEO; mother – COO; child – staff

Military model – father – general; mother; captain; child -soldiers

75. intervention – if the child was declared exempted from criminal

liability (purpose: address the bad behavior of the child)

76. diversion – if the child has discernment (purpose: to make the child
responsible for his act without going to formal proceeding)

77. dispute resolution

Alternative Dispute Resolution Law

Mediation

Arbitration

Award

Mediator

Arbitrator

Katarungang pambarangay (Lupon, Pangkat, cases covered and not

covered by barangay)
Certificate to file action