ZOO100 – Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny

Name/ Catimbang, Russel Mae D. Date October 17, 2022

s: Gatuslao, Ian Dave C.
Guroalim, Asnia H.
Quinalayo, Pinky Rose C.
Tigao, Obaida P.
Section AC283 Instructor Thucydides L.
Salunga, PhD.

Exercise 7 – Integumentary System

I. Objectives
In this exercise, the student shall:
1) distinguish among several examples of epidermal and dermal derivatives of the
vertebrate integument
2) identify different features of the integumentary structures of selected vertebrate
specimens.

II. Methodology
Different specimens of integumentary structures, will be examined/studied by the student,
as follows: (pictures from the web or other resources)

1) frog skin, l.s. 7) contour feather, w.m.

2) human skin, l.s.
3) placoid scale, w.m.
4) ganoid, scale, w.m.
5) ctenoid scale, w.m.
6) cycloid scale, w.m.
8) down feather, w.m.
9) filoplume, w.m.
10) turtle carapace and plastron
11) cattle horn

Draw and label the specimens as necessary – some specimens have photomicrographs
already provided. Refer to Exercise 2 – External Anatomy and Taxonomy of Vertebrates for the
guidelines in drawing and labeling laboratory specimens.

III. Laboratory Output

1. Frog skin
Structures: epidermis, dermis, poison glands, mucus glands, stratum corneum, stratum
germinativum, stratum laxum, stratum compactum, pigment cells

2. Human skin

Page 1 of 6
 Structures (label when applicable): epidermis, dermis, sebaceous glands, sweat glands,
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum
germinativum, papillae of germinativum, dermal papillae, papillary layer, reticular layer, hair
follicles

Page 2 of 6
3. Dermal fish scales
Complete the drawings of each type of dermal fish scale below by adding all necessary
details in the outlines provided. Write the type of scale (placoid, ganoid, cycloid, or ctenoid) on
the space provided below each outline. Label the structures listed as applicable to each scale
type.
Structures: spine or crest, basal plate, ganoin layer, lamellate bone, circuli (concentric/bony
ridges), radii, focus, fluting ridges, cteni, posterior edge, anterior edge, exposed region,
embedded region

Ganoid Placoid
_______________________________________ _______________________________________

Ctenoid

_______________________________________
Cycloid
_______________________________________

4. Bird feathers
Complete the drawings of each type of feather below by adding all necessary details in the
outlines provided. Write the type of feather (contour feather, down feather/plumule, hair
feather/filoplume) on the space provided below each outline. Identify the structures listed as
applicable to each feather type.
Structures: quill, calamus, shaft/rachis, vane, inferior umbilicus, superior umbilicus,
afterfeather, barbs, barbules, barbicels/hooklets, terminal barbs

Page 3 of 6
 Contour Feather Down feather/Plumule Hairlike feather/Filoplume
______________________ ______________________ ______________________

5. Turtle carapace and plastron

Draw the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the turtle carapace and plastron in the spaces
provided below. Label the listed structures when applicable. Take note of the number of each
scale type and include these numbers in parentheses for your labels.
Structures: nuchal scute, neural scute, costal scute, marginal scute, pygalscute, vertebrae,
ribs, nuchal plate, neural/vertebral plate, costal plate, marginal plate, postneural/precaudal
plate, pygal plate, gular plate, humeral plate, abdominal plate, femoral plate, anal plate,
epiplastron, entoplastron, hyoplastron, hypoplastron, xiphiplastron

Dorsal and ventral surfaces of the carapace

Page 4 of 6
 Ventral and dorsal surfaces of the plastron

6. Cattle horn
Draw the cattle horn specimen in the space provided and label the listed structures.
Structures: epidermal (keratinized) sheath, bony core

Page 5 of 6
STUDY GUIDE

a) Compare the bovine (cattle) horn to the deer horn, rhinoceros horn, and pronghorn.

Most ruminant artiodactyls, specifically those in the family Bovidae, have true
horns (cattle, goats, antelope, etc.). The horns of the pronghorn differ from those of
the bovids in that they are branching and their keratinized covers change annually, in
contrast to the bovids' permanent coverings. On the other hand, antlers, or deer horn,
are two bony structures that emerge from the frontal bones, but they are seasonal
(they change every year) and branching. Antlers, unlike horns, do develop from the
bony pedicle present on the sides of the frontal bones. It is also cornified and sheds
under hormonal control.

In cattle, the horn sheath is hollow on the inside as it is used to cover the horn
core (bone) attached to the skull of the cattle. Rhino horns or hair horns, on the other
hand, lack this hollow core because they are entirely made of solid or agglutinated
keratinized hairlike epidermal fibers that form a solid horn perched on a roughened
area of the nasal bone and are not shed. As keratin, a fibrous substance found in hair,
makes up these horns, they are not true horns.

b) List down at least four (4) animals in your house/nearby places and enumerate the
integumentary derivatives that can be seen/observes from these animals.

1. Chicken
- Feather
- Talons
- Scales
- Beak
- Uropygial glands

2. Cat
- Vibrissae
- Fur
- Claws
- Tori
- Anal sacs
- Mammary glands

3. Cattle
- Horn
- Hooves
- Mammary glands

4. Emerald tree skink

- Scales (smooth round)
- Claws
- Femoral glands

Page 6 of 6