BACTERIA

E L L A N J O Y T. M A N D A R I O
DFPMB-COF
MSU-GSC
BACTERIA
• Are prokaryotes - no nucleus or organelles bound in
membranes

• DNA is single circular chromosomes

• No histones associated with DNA

• Cell walls is made of peptidoglycan

• Ribosomes are smaller units

• Divide by binary fission (not mitosis)

BACTERIAL DIAGRAM
BACTERIAL DIAGRAM
 BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME(NUCLEOID AREA)

• Inside the bacterial

cytoplasm

• Nucleoid - are
containing the bacterial
chromosome (DNA)
BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME(NUCLEOID AREA)

• Inside the bacterial cytoplasm

• Plasmid - extrachromosomal DNA, not part of “genome”, different genes
• Can transfer in a process - conjugation across sex pilus, change the
genetic character of the recepient
• Tool of “genetic” engineer
 BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME(NUCLEOID AREA)

• Smaller ribosome than eukaryotes,

same function: protein synthesis

• Inside the material cytoplasm

• Ribosomes: structure made of

RNA, site of protein synthesis

• Some antibiotics work by messing

with the “ribosome”

• Slightly smaller than our eukaryote

ribosomes, so antibiotic can work
on bacteria but not affect us
(selective toxicity)
BACTERIAL CYTOPLASM

• Inclusion: granules of
sugar, lipid storage, etc.

• Endospores -
considered as the
hardest part of the
bacterial structure
BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION
✴ Results of Asexual Reproduction
๏ Binary Fission
- Cross wall divides
- Daughter cells +/- separate
๏ Snapping Division
- Inner cell wall divides
- Daughter cells hinged
๏ Budding
- Outgrowth of original cells
B I N A RY F I S S I O N
SNAPPING DIVISION
BUDDING
BACTERIAL SHAPES
C O C C I : PA I R S

Division in one plane

COCCI: CHAINS

■ Division in 2 Planes
❑ Streptococcus
COCCI: TETRADS

■ Division in three planes

❑ Micrococcus
COCCI: 8-CELL GROUP

■ Divides in 3 planes
❑ Sarcina
COCCI: 8-CELL GROUP

■ Division in 3 planes
❑ Staphylococcus
BACILLI: LARGE
BACILLI: CIGARETTE-SHAPE
BACILLI: FUSIFORM
RODS:STRAIGHT
RODS:CLUB-SHAPED
RODS:BRANCHING
RODS:COMMA FORM
RODS:SPORE FORMERS
RODS:SPIRAL FORMS
SPIRILLUM
SPIRILLUM
SPIRILLUM
PLEOMORPHIC
BACTERIAL MOTILITY
MONOTRICHOUS
PERITRICHOUS
LOPHOTRICHOUS
AMPHITRICHOUS
BACTERIAL
GROWTH AND
NUTRITION
G R O W T H R A W M AT E R I A L S
AUTOTROPHS vs HETEROTROPHS

• Autotrophs - use carbon dioxide

• Heterotrophs - use pre-formed organic compounds

(molecules made by other living things)
GROWTH ENVIRONMENTS

OLIGITROPHS vs COPIOTROPHS
• Oligotrophs - are adopted to life in environments
where nutrients are scarce
- for example, rivers, other clean water systems.
• Copiotrophs - means abundant
- the more nutrients, the better
- medically important because are copiotrophs
- grow rapidly and easily in the lab
ESSENTIALS OF BACTERIAL NUTRITION

MACRONUTRIENTS - needed in larger amounts

Needed in large quantities : CHNOPS
• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and
Sulfur. H and O are common. SOurces of C, N, P, and S
must also be provided
Macronutrients needed in smaller amounts
• Minerals salts such as Ca+2, Fe+3, Mg+2, K+

MICRONUTRIENTS - trace elements

Needed in very tiny amounts; Zn+2, Mo+2, Mn+2

ELEMENTS % DRY WGT SOURCE

Carbon 50 organic compounds or CO2

Oxygen 20 H2O, organic compounds, CO2, and O2

Nitrogen 14 NH3, NO3, organic compounds, N2

Hydrogen 8 H2O, organic compounds, H2

Phosphorus 3 inorganic phosphates (PO4)

Sulfur 1 SO4, H2S, So, organic sulfur compounds

Potassium 1 Potassium salts

Magnesium 0.5 Magnesium salts

Calcium 0.5 Calcium salts

Iron 0.2 Iron salts