Item

Question Correct Answer

No.
Is an ecosystem mainly composed of trees and other woody
1 vegetation. It is characterized by a more or less dense and Forest
extensive tree cover.
Land with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of
more than 10 percent and area of more than 0.5 hectares (ha).
2 The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 Forest
meters (m) at maturity in situ.
Is the scientific study of the processes regulating the
distribution and abundance of organisms and the interactions
3 among them, and the study of how these organisms in turn Ecology
mediate the transport and transformation of energy and matter
in the biosphere

It is more of a study of the structure and function of nature

(Odum, 1963), the physical, chemical and biological
4 processes of our environment and how these processes Ecology
operate as a system.
Is the study of the components, structure and function of a
forest ecosystem, which is a community of organisms
5 interacting with each other and with their physicochemical Forest ecology
environment.
Consists of all the factors and phenomena outside of the
6 organism that influence its survival and reproduction. Environment
These factors include the physical and chemical components
of the world outside of the organism like light, temperature,
7 soil, water and chemical elements. They are commonly Physico-chemical environment
referred to as the
8 Refers to the spatial relations of an ecosystem's elements. Structure
These trees typically reach to a height of 100 feet (30 m) or
9 more, although they are not all the same height. Emergent trees
Composed of trees with crowns that are approximately 65 Dominants and co-dominants or the
10 feet (20 m) above ground level. canopy layer
Consists of smaller trees, some of them young saplings of the
canopy and emergent species. These grow to an average
11 height of about 30 feet (10 m). Understory

refers to the processes that transform energy and cycle

materials (nutrients) through and among all elements (living
12 and non-living) within the structure of an ecosystem. Function
Compounds, such as water, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus,
are all cycled through an ecosystem.

Hierarchical levels of ecological organization: a group of

13 organisms that can interbreed and produce offspring capable Species
of reproduction.
Hierarchical levels of ecological organization: a group of
14 individuals of the same species living in a given area at a Population
given time.
Hierarchical levels of ecological organization: a group of
15 interacting plants and animals inhabiting a given area. Community
Hierarchical levels of ecological organization: the biotic
16 community and its abiotic environment functioning as a Ecosystem
system.
 Hierarchical levels of ecological organization: a major
17 regional ecological community type such as desert, rain Biome
forest, or grassland.
Hierarchical levels of ecological organization: thin layer
18 about earth in which all living organisms exist. Biosphere
Four levels of inquiry in Ecology: studies how individual
organisms tolerate environmental stresses that determine
19 where they can live. This includes the study of behavioral, Organismal
physiological and morphological ways individuals meet
environmental challenges.

Four levels of inquiry in Ecology: studies groups of

20 individuals of the same species in a particular geographic Population
area.
Four levels of inquiry in Ecology: studies all organisms that
inhabit a particular area. The questions of community
21 ecology concern predation, competition and other interactions Community
that affect community structure and organization.

Four levels of inquiry in Ecology: studies all abiotic factors

as well as communities in an area. The questions of
22 Ecosystem ecology concern energy flow and chemical Ecosystem
cycling though the environment.
Notable figures in Ecology: First to develop the concept of
23 food chains. Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
Notable figures in Ecology: Influential naturalist, inventor of
24 science on the economy of nature. Carl Linnaeus
Notable figures in Ecology: First to describe ecological
25 gradient of latitudinal biodiversity increase toward the tropics Alexander Humboldt
in 1807.
Notable figures in Ecology: Theory of Evolution by Natural
26 Selection Charles Darwin
Notable figures in Ecology: Coined “Survival of the Fittest”.
27 Early founder of Social ecology Herbert Spencer
Notable figures in Ecology: First to develop the concept of
28 ecological community, biocoenosis or living community Karl Mobius
29 Notable figures in Ecology: Coined the term “Ecology” Ernst Haeckel
Notable figures in Ecology: Invented the term “Plankton”,
30 studied the productivity of the seas. Victor Hensen
Notable figures in Ecology: Early founder of ecological plant
31 geography. Eugenius Warming
32 Notable figures in Ecology: Early founder of plant geography Vito Volterra
33 Notable figures in Ecology: Founder the biosphere concept Vladimer Vernadsky
Notable figures in Ecology: Pioneering studies and
34 conceptual development of Ecological Succession. Henry C. Cowles
Notable figures in Ecology: Coined the term “Ecosystem” in
35 1936 Arthur G. Tansley
Notable figures in Ecology: Coined the term “Biogeography”
36 in 1891 Friedrich Ratzel
Notable figures in Ecology: Influential ecology author,
37 pioneering work on ecological succession Frederick Clements (
Notable figures in Ecology: Founder physiological ecology,
38 Shelford’s Law of Tolerance Victor Ernest Shelford
 Notable figures in Ecology: pioneered mathematical
39 population models Alfred J. Lotka
explaining predator-prey interactions using logistic equation
Notable figures in Ecology: Founder of “Individualistic
40 concept of ecology” Henry Gleason
Notable figures in Ecology: Father of Animal ecology.
41 Pioneered food-wed and niche concepts Charles S. Elton
Notable figures in Ecology: Limnologist, advanced the niche
42 concept Evelyn Hutchinson
Notable figures in Ecology: founder of ecosystem ecology Eugene P. Odum & Howard T.
43 and ecological thermodynamic concepts Odum
Notable figures in Ecology: Co-founder of Theory of Island
44 Biogeography. Innovator of ecological statistical models Robert McArthur
Consists of a group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time. An
45 example is all small-leaf mahogany in a forest or Population
Philippine eagles in the country.
Is the number of individuals in a population in a given time.
46 Very small populations can become extinct because they are Population size
vulnerable to disease, predation and natural catastrophes.
Is the number of individuals of a population in a certain space
at a given time. For terrestrial ecosystems, it is usually
47 expressed as the number of individuals per unit area while for Population density
aquatic ecosystems, it is usually expressed as the number of
individuals per unit volume.

Is the spatial pattern in which the members of a population

48 are found in their habitat. Population dispersion
Consists of all the factors acting jointly to limit the growth of
49 a population. The Environmental resistance
Is an assemblage of different populations interacting with one
50 another. It forms a distinctive living system with its own Community
composition, structure and function.
Refers to the species way of life or functional role in an
51 ecosystem. Ecological niche or niche
52 Is the actual location where a species lives. Habitat
General types of species according to the roles they in
53 ecosystems: species that normally live and thrive in a Native or Endemic species
particular ecosystem
General types of species according to the roles they in
ecosystems: species that migrate into an ecosystem or are
54 deliberately or accidentally introduced into an ecosystem by Nonnative, alien or exotic species
humans, e.g., Gmelina, kudzu, kuhol.
General types of species according to the roles they in
ecosystems: species that serve as early warnings that a
55 community or ecosystem is being degraded, e.g. Phil. eagle, Indicator species
Imperata, frogs, toads and salamanders.
General types of species according to the roles they in
ecosystems: species that play roles affecting many organisms
56 in an ecosystem, e.g., in tropical forests, various species of Keystone species
bees, bats, ants and hummingbirds, dung
beetle.
 Is an area of habitat connecting wildlife populations separated
57 by human activities or structures (such as roads, Habitat corridor
development, or logging)
Animals are able to move and occupy new areas when food
58 sources or other natural resources are lacking in their core Colonization
habitat.
Species that relocate seasonally can do so more safely and
59 effectively when it does not interfere with human Migration
development barriers.
Animals can find new mates in neighboring regions so that
60 genetic diversity can increase and thus have a positive impact Interbreeding
on the overall population.
Occurs when two or more organisms compete for a limited
61 resource. Competition
Are groups of organisms that use similar resource in similar
62 ways and are essentially competing. Guilds
Organisms of a single species trying to use the same limited
63 resources. Intraspecific competition
Organisms from two or more species trying to use
64 the same limited resources. Interspecific competition
Six different mechanisms of competition: When one species
65 inhibits another by consuming a shared resource. Consumption
Six different mechanisms of competition: occurs when a
66 physical resource, is occupied by one organism and made Pre-emption
available to others.
Six different mechanisms of competition: When one
67 organism grows directly over another, with or without Overgrowth
physical contact with the other organism.
Six different mechanisms of competition: when competitors
68 use chemical warfare to inhibit the other. (e.g. Allelopathy) Chemical interactions
Six different mechanisms of competition: results from
69 aggressive behavioral exclusion of organisms to defend a unit Territoriality
of space known as territory.
Six different mechanisms of competition: results when non
70 territorial encounter between foraging individuals results in Encounter competition
negative effects on one or both interacting individuals.
Types of species based on resource partitioning mechanism:
similar species that occupy the same geographical area such
71 that to avoid competition, they live in different portions of the sympatric species
habitat or use different food or other resources.
Types of species based on resource partitioning mechanism:
species that do not live in the same geographical area such
72 that they use the same habitat locations and food resources. allopatric species

Situation in which members of one species (the predator)

73 feed directly on all or part of a living organism of another Predation
species (the prey).
74 Killing and eating an individual of the same species. Cannibalism
Is a term that describes the long-term evolutionary adjustment
75 of one group of organism to another. Coevolution
 The resemblance in form, color, or behavior of certain
organisms (mimics) to other more powerful or more protected
76 ones (models), which results in the mimics being protected in Mimicry
some way.

Mimicry: a situation in which a palatable or nontoxic

77 organism resembles another kind of organism that is Batesian mimicry
distasteful or toxic. Both species exhibit warning coloration.

Mimicry: resemblance of two or more conspicuously marked

78 Mullerian mimicry
distasteful species, which increases predator avoidance.

A long-lasting relationship in which species live together in

79 an intimate association. Symbiosis
A +/+ relationship. two species involved in a symbiotic
relationship interact in ways that benefit both, e.g.
80 relationship between flowering plants and insects (bees and Mutualism
butterflies); birds that ride on the backs of buffalo, elephants
and carabaos.

A +/0 relationship. a symbiotic interaction that benefits one

species but neither harms nor helps the other species much, if
at all, e.g. relationship between trees and other plants called
81 epiphytes (such as some types of orchids and bromeliads) that Commensalism-
attach themselves to the trunks or branches of large trees in
tropical forests.

A -/0 relationship. one organism is inhibited and the other not

82 affected; some ecologists consider this as a form of Ammensalism-
competition, e.g. allelopathy in Imperata grassland.
A +/- relationship. Occurs when one species (the parasite)
feeds on part of another organism (the host) by living on or in
83 the host for a significant potion of the host’s life. In this Parasitism-
symbiotic relationship the parasite benefits and the host is
harmed.

Live inside their hosts, e.g. tapeworms and plasmodium that

84 cause malaria Endoparasites
Attach themselves to the outside of their hosts, e.g.
85 mosquitoes, lice, mistletoe plants, fungi. Ectoparasites
Laying eggs in the nest of another species or in the nest
86 of another individual of the same species, e.g. cuckoos lay Brood parasitism
their eggs in the nest of meadow pipit.
A +/- relationship. small number of parasites that routinely
kill their hosts as part of their life cycle, e.g. parasitic wasps,
87 which lay their eggs in the larvae of another insect species Parasitoidism
and when the young hatch, they kill their living host by
feeding on its tissues.

The process of spatial and temporal change in community

88 composition. Ecological succession
The gradual and fairly predictable change in species
89 composition of a given area is called Ecological succession
Types of Ecological succession: involves the gradual
90 establishment of biotic communities in an Primary succession
area that has not been occupied by life before.
 Types of Ecological succession: the more common type of
succession, involves the
91 reestablishment of a biotic community in an area where a Secondary succession
biotic community was previously present.
Stages of ecological succession: Intermediate stages of
92 successional communities. Seres
Stages of ecological succession: A stable community that is
93 considered as the final endpoint of a succession. Climax
Type of succession based on influencing factor: succession
94 driven by environmental changes brought about by Autogenic succession
the organisms themselves.
Type of succession based on influencing factor: ecological
change or development of species structure and
95 community composition brought about by some external Allogenic succession
force, such as fire or storms.
Refers to the variety and complexity of life on Earth at all
scales. It encompasses not only the organisms themselves,
96 but also their habitats and the many ecological processes that Biodiversity
support them.
Levels of Biodiversity: is the range of genes within a
population or species. It can be assessed on three levels:
97 within breeding populations, between breeding Genetic diversity
populations, and within species. Each of these types of
diversity is constantly changing.

Levels of Biodiversity: is the variety of different species in a

given area. It relates to both species richness (number of
98 species), and species evenness (relative abundance of Species diversity
individuals among the species).
Levels of Biodiversity: has to do with all the different
99 biological communities of an area, and also with how they Ecological diversity
interact with their abiotic environment.
Diversity indices: Shannon diversity index, Simpson’s
100
diversity index
101 Species richness indices: Margalef’s index, Menhinick’s index
In the Philippines, how many are the recognized forest
102 formations. 12
The five trophic levels are: are the organisms that support all
other trophic levels either directly or indirectly by
103 synthesizing sugars and other organic molecules using light Producers.
energy.
104 The five trophic levels are: animals that eat plants. Primary consumers
The five trophic levels are: are the carnivores (meat eaters)
105 that eat Secondary consumers
herbivores.
The five trophic levels are: These are the carnivores that eat
106 other carnivores. Tertiary consumers
The five trophic levels are: These are the consumers that
107 derive energy from detritus, organic wastes and dead Detritivores and decomposers
organisms that are produced at all trophic levels.
Can be thought of as a transfer of food from trophic level to
108 trophic level. Food chain
Can be defined as the mass of organisms per unit area and is
109 usually expressed in units of energy Biomass
 Are nutrient circuits involving both biotic and abiotic
110 components of ecosystems. Biogeochemical cycles
The movement of water around, over, and through the Earth.
Is the continuous circulation of water within the Earth's
Water cycle, technically known as
111 hydrosphere, and is driven by solar radiation. This includes
the atmosphere, land, surface water and groundwater. the hydrological cycle

112 Is condensed water vapor that falls to the Earth's surface. Precipitation
Is the precipitation that is intercepted by plant foliage and
113 eventually evaporates back to the atmosphere rather than Canopy interception
falling to the ground.
114 Refers to the runoff produced by melting snow. Snowmelt
Includes the variety of ways by which water moves across the
115 land. Runoff
Is the flow of water from the ground surface into the ground.
116 Once infiltrated, the water becomes soil moisture or Infiltration
groundwater.
Is the flow of water underground, in the vadose zone and
117 aquifers. Subsurface Flow
Is the transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it
118 moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying Evaporation
atmosphere.
Is the state change directly from solid water (snow or ice) to
119 water vapor. Sublimation
Is the movement of water—in solid, liquid, or vapour states
120 —through the atmosphere. Advection
Is the transformation of water vapour to liquid water droplets
121 in the air, producing clouds and fog. Condensation
Is a method that measures the richness of the kinds of plants
and/or animals that are found in a given area. It employs the
122 establishment of quadrats of increasing sizes (or nested Species Area Curve
quadrats) in enumerating the number of kinds of organism
that are encountered.

Refer to closely related biological species whose members

are morphologically similar and is difficult to distinguish
123 from one with the other although in places where their Sibling species
geographic ranges overlap they become differentiated
through character displacement.

Vegetation analysis: is a plotless method of studying

124 vegetation and is applicable in studying grassland and forest Line intercept technique
communities.
Vegetation analysis: . This method is more ideal to use in
rugged terrain than either the quadrat or the line intercept
125 sampling methods. Unlike in the line intercept method, the Point center quarter method (PCQM)
enumerator would be relieved from measuring huge crowns
of large emergent trees.

Divisions of Forest Ecology: the interrelation of individual

126 organism and their environment. Autecology
Divisions of Forest Ecology: the interrelation of two or more
127 organisms and the environment. Synecology
Divisions of Forest Ecology: the genetic variations of
128 organisms in relation to environment. Genecology
 Divisions of Forest Ecology: the functional dynamics of the
129 ecosystem. Ecosystem analysis
Divisions of Forest Ecology: reconstruct past vegetation and
130 climate from fossil evidence. Paleoecology
Types of Ecosystems: An ecosystem that exists on continents
131 and islands of the world. Terrestrial Ecosystem
A major community of terrestrial ecosystem. A division of
the world's vegetation that corresponds to a defined climate
132 and is characterized by specific types of plants and animals Biomes

Biomes: A marshy plain in the arctic region composed of low

133 shrubs, perennial herbs, and grasses. Tundra
Biomes: This region is characterized by moderate, moist
winters; warm, moist growing season; fertile soils; high
134 productivity and biomass; dominated by deciduous trees Temperate Forest
where growing seasons are moist, winters are mild and soils
fertile; otherwise dominated by conifers.

Biomes: A biome found in the tropic where rainfall tends to

be more or less evenly distributed throughout the year and
135 composed of outstanding trees, tolerant species, lianas and Tropical Rain Forest
vines, epiphytes, palms, ferns, etc.
Other types of Terrestrial Ecosystem: found in areas above
136 18% in slope. Upland ecosystem
Other types of Terrestrial Ecosystem: – found in areas 18%
137 and below in slope. Lowland ecosystem
138 Other types of Terrestrial Ecosystem: found in cities. Urban ecosystem
139 An ecosystem that exists on watery or wet places. Aquatic Ecosystem
Aquatic Ecosystem: An ecosystem that exists on ponds,
140 marshes, swamps, lakes and streams Freshwater Ecosystem
Coastal Ecosystems: a strip of land extending 1 kilometer
141 from highest tide level of nearest body of water. Shoreland
Coastal Ecosystems: a community of trees within the sandy
142 and gravely areas of shoreland. Beach forest
Coastal Ecosystems: a community of trees along clayish
143 seashore and estuary where water is brackish. Mangrove forest
Coastal Ecosystems: a semi-closed coastal body of water that
144 has free connection with open sea. Estuarine
Components of Ecosystem: Factors in the Physical
145 Environment Abiotic Components
Abiotic Components: The degree of heat as an inherent
146 quality of objects expressed as hotness or coldness relative to Temperature
something else.
Abiotic Components: The amount of water in the soil/air,
147 usually expressed in percentage. Moisture
Abiotic Components: A kind of radiation specifically the
148 visible wavelength of electromagnetic radiation Light
Abiotic Components: The loose surface materials of land in
149 which plants grow. Soil
Abiotic Components: Fire: Burns surface fuels consisting of
150 the dry layer of twigs, dead branches, grass, and leaves that Surface Fire
lie on the soil surface.
 Abiotic Components: Fire: Burns ground fuels that are found
on or beneath the surface of the ground. A type of fire that is
151 very difficult to extinguish. Ground Fire

Abiotic Components: Fire: This kind of fire generates a large

152 amount of heat and can move quickly through the canopy of a Crown Fire
forest.
Performed by bacteria, use chemical energy to produce
153 carbohydrates Chemosynthesis
Types of Carnivores: animals which kill and consume their
154 prey Predators
Types of Carnivores: those animals that feed on other animals
155 that they have not killed Scavengers
156 Network of food chains within an ecosystem Food Web
The circular system through which some elements is
157 transferred between biotic and abiotic parts of the biosphere. Biogeochemical Cycle

158 It is the most abundant element found in living organisms. Carbon

159 It is the most abundant element in the atmosphere. Nitrogen
160 The number or richness of species in a community. Diversity
Three Aspects of Ecological Niche: each species is held by its
161 structural and instinctive limitations. Spatial niche
Three Aspects of Ecological Niche: Each species used
162 different energy sources or is separated based on food habits. Trophic niche

Three Aspects of Ecological Niche: each species occupied a

163 multidimensional space and survive indefinitely. Hypervolume niche
Involves both the place where an organism lives and the roles
164 that an organism has in its habitat. Niche
Types of Niche: the physical conditions under which a
165 species might live, in the absence of interactions with other Fundamental niche
species.
Types of Niche: the actual niche of a species whose
166 distribution is restricted by biotic interactions such as Realized niche
competition, predation, disease, and parasitism.
Countermeasures of prey to evade predation: Protective
coloration in animals. The devices that animals use to blend
167 into their environment in order to avoid being seen by Camouflage
predators or prey, especially coloration.
Types of Camouflage: occurs when an animal takes on color
168 patterns in its environment to prevent the animal from being Cryptic coloration
seen by other animals.
Types of Camouflage: contrasting coloration that helps
169 conceal the animal Countershading
Types of Camouflage: sharply contrasting colors of an animal
170 that warn other animals of unpleasant or dangerous affects. Aposematic coloration

171 Any relationship in which two species live closely together Symbiosis
Qualitative Characteristics of Community Organization: The
external appearance of the community based on dominance,
172 density, height, and other physical characteristics of the Physiognomy
species.
 Qualitative Characteristics of Community Organization: The
relationship between a regularly recurring biological
173 phenomenon and climatic or environmental factors that may Phenology
influence it.
Qualitative Characteristics of Community Organization:
174 Denotes the distribution of plants according to their vertical Stratification
arrangements (strata)
Qualitative Characteristics of Community Organization:
175 Denotes the relative distribution of species in the plant Abundance
community.
Qualitative Characteristics of Community Organization:
176 Denotes the distribution, relation, and closeness of Stochastic and Social Pattern
individuals in the community.
Qualitative Characteristics of Community Organization:
177 Indicates the normal growth and reproductive capacity of Vitality
species in the community.
Qualitative Characteristics of Community Organization:
178 Pertains to the structural patterns of organism in the Life form
community.
Qualitative Characteristics of Community Organization:
179 Relates to the dispersal organs produced by certain species. Dissemimule Structure
Qualitative Characteristics of Community Organization: A
180 forest habitat provides food, shelter, and protection from Habitat
natural enemies for many kinds of wild animals.
Dissemimule Structure: adaptable to wind dispersal
181 (Dipterocarpus) Anemochore
Dissemimule Structure: adaptable to animal dispersal
182 (Andropogon) Zoochore
Dissemimule Structure: adaptable to water dispersal
183 (Terminalia) Hydrochore
184 Dissemimule Structure: adaptable to self dispersal (Mongo) Autochore
successive changes in flora and fauna: the series of different
communities of plants and animals that occupy a specific site
185 and create a stable system during the process of ecological Sere
succession
Other Forms of Succession: determined by internal coactions
186 Autogenic succession
187 Other Forms of Succession: caused by outside forces Allogenic succession
Other Forms of Succession: beginning on ponds, lakes,
188 marshes Hydrach succession
Other Forms of Succession: beginning on bare rocks, wind-
189 blown sands, rocky slopes Xerach succession
The ability of propagules and migrules to germinate, grow,
190 and reproduce successfully. Ecesis
The first organisms to inhabit a given location (ex. lichens on
191 bare rock) Pioneer Organisms
A self-perpetuating community in which populations remain
192 stable and exist in balance with each other and their Climax Community
environment
A group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a
193 specific area. Population
Population density is affected by: movement of individuals
194 into a population Immigration
 Population density is affected by: movement of individuals
195 out of a population Emigration
Population density is affected by: Biotic factors in the
196 environment that have an increasing effect as population size Density-dependent factors
increases (disease, competition, parasites)
Population density is affected by: Abiotic factors in the
197 environment that affect populations regardless of their Density-independent factors
density (temperature, weather)
The maximum population size that can be supported by the
198 available resources Carrying Capacity
It is a way individuals are spaced within the population’s Patterns of dispersion
199 geographic range.
Patterns of dispersion: This is a pattern in which individuals
200 are aggregated in patches. Clumped pattern
Patterns of dispersion: The dispersion often results from
201 interactions amount the individuals of a population and Uniform pattern
exhibits an even or homogeneous pattern.
Patterns of dispersion: This is where individuals in a
202 population are spaced in a patternless, unpredictable way. Random dispersion
Ecological Concepts and Principles: No two species can
occupy exactly the same fundamental niche indefinitely in a
203 habitat where there is not enough of a particular resource to Competitive Exclusion Principle
meet the needs of both species.
Ecological Concepts and Principles: Process of dividing up
resources in an ecosystem so that species with similar
204 requirements (overlapping ecological niches) use the same Resource Partitioning
scarce resources at different times, in different ways, or in
different places.

Ecological Concepts and Principles: The growth of a plant

205 will be limited by whichever requisite factor is the most Liebig’s Law of the Minimum
deficient in the local environment
Ecological Concepts and Principles: The distribution of a
206 species will be limited by its range of tolerance for local Shelford’s Law of Tolerance
environmental factors
Ecological Concepts and Principles: The mechanism for
207 evolution to take place in which it operates over time to Principle of Natural Selection
produce organisms that are adapted to their environment.
There are two types of population growth curves: in which
the population grows faster with time. It starts out slowly and
208 then proceeds faster and faster as the population increases. Exponential growth

There are two types of population growth curves: in which

209 the growth rate decreases as the population gats larger. Logistic growth
Broad classification of species according to their niches: have
broad niches and can live in many different places, eat a
210 variety of foods, and tolerate a wide range of environmental Generalist species
conditions. Flies, cockroaches, mice, rats, bullfrogs, catfish,
and humans are all generalist species.

Broad classification of species according to their niches: have

narrow niches and may be able to live in only one type of
211 habitat, tolerate only a narrow range of climatic and other Specialist species
environmental conditions, or use only one or few types of
food.
 Ecosystem Components: Nonliving. Abiotic factors are the
physical and chemical aspects of an organism’s environment,
212 such as light, temperature, water, oxygen, and carbon Abiotic Components
dioxide.
Ecosystem Components: Relating to life, especially
describing living components of the environment that through
213 their presence or activities affect the life of organisms in that Biotic Components
environment or alter other aspects of the environment.

Types of Biomes: is found near the equator (within 23.5º

latitude) where temperature varies little from approximately
23ºC and the length of daylight varies from 12 hours by less
214 than one hour over the whole season. Rainfall is variable and Tropical forest
the amount determines what vegetation is found in an area.

Types of Biomes: It is a tropical grassland biome containing

215 stunted, widely spaced trees situated between tropical forests Savanna.
and deserts.
Types of Biomes: is characterized by low and unpredictable
216 precipitation (<30 cm/year), not by temperature: both cold Desert.
and hot deserts exist.
Types of Biomes: are regions of dense, spiny shrubs with
tough evergreen leaves found along coasts where cool ocean
217 currents circulate offshore to make mild, rainy winters and Chaparral.
long, hot dry summers (between 30º and 40º latitude).

Types of Biomes: are similar to tropical savanna but occur in

regions with relatively cold winters. Occasional fires and
218 seasonal drought prevent encroachment of trees upon the Temperate grasslands
grassland.
Types of Biomes: grow throughout midlatitude regions with
219 sufficient moisture to support growth of large, broad-leaved Temperate deciduous forest
deciduous trees.
Types of Biomes: is characterized by harsh winters and short,
220 wet (and occasionally warm) summers. Taiga
Types of Biomes: is at the northern-most limits of plant
221 growth and at high altitudes plant forms are limited to low, Tundra
shrubby or mat-like vegetation.
Redistributed water reaches the ground in a non-uniform
pattern: Water that passes through the tree canopy without
222 touching any vegetation or that drips from the canopy to the Throughfall
ground.
Redistributed water reaches the ground in a non-uniform
223 pattern: Water that runs down stems. Stemflow depends on Stemflow
canopy morphology (shape).
Natural process of change effecting changes in the species
composition of communities. Changes occur when new
224 species evolve, old species become extinct, and surviving Evolution
species change in abundance or genetic composition.
 The mechanism for evolution to take place in which it
operates over time to produce organisms that are adapted to
their environment. Favorable attributes give higher
reproductive rates or better survival rates. Thus individuals
225 Principle of Natural Selection
with these favorable attributes are selected because they live
and survive longer and thus become more common in the
population over several generations.

The tendency of organisms and ecosystems to self-regulate

and maintain a state of dynamic equilibrium; they are able to
226 constantly adjust themselves to the changing conditions of Homeostasis
their environments.
Ecosystems are capable of self-maintenance and self-
227 regulation as are their component populations and organisms. Cybernetics

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Item
Question Correct Answer
No.
A -/0 relationship. one organism is inhibited and the other not
82 affected; some ecologists consider this as a form of
competition, e.g. allelopathy in Imperata grassland.
A +/- relationship. Occurs when one species (the parasite)
feeds on part of another organism (the host) by living on or in
83 the host for a significant potion of the host’s life. In this
symbiotic relationship the parasite benefits and the host is
harmed.

A +/- relationship. small number of parasites that routinely

kill their hosts as part of their life cycle, e.g. parasitic wasps,
87 which lay their eggs in the larvae of another insect species
and when the young hatch, they kill their living host by
feeding on its tissues.

A +/+ relationship. two species involved in a symbiotic

relationship interact in ways that benefit both, e.g.
80 relationship between flowering plants and insects (bees and
butterflies); birds that ride on the backs of buffalo, elephants
and carabaos.

A +/0 relationship. a symbiotic interaction that benefits one

species but neither harms nor helps the other species much, if
at all, e.g. relationship between trees and other plants called
81 epiphytes (such as some types of orchids and bromeliads) that
attach themselves to the trunks or branches of large trees in
tropical forests.

A group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a

193 specific area.
A long-lasting relationship in which species live together in
79 an intimate association.
A major community of terrestrial ecosystem. A division of
the world's vegetation that corresponds to a defined climate
132 and is characterized by specific types of plants and animals

A self-perpetuating community in which populations remain

192 stable and exist in balance with each other and their
environment
Abiotic Components: A kind of radiation specifically the
148 visible wavelength of electromagnetic radiation
Abiotic Components: Fire: Burns ground fuels that are found
on or beneath the surface of the ground. A type of fire that is
151 very difficult to extinguish.

Abiotic Components: Fire: Burns surface fuels consisting of

150 the dry layer of twigs, dead branches, grass, and leaves that
lie on the soil surface.
Abiotic Components: Fire: This kind of fire generates a large
152 amount of heat and can move quickly through the canopy of a
forest.
Abiotic Components: The amount of water in the soil/air,
147 usually expressed in percentage.
Abiotic Components: The degree of heat as an inherent
146 quality of objects expressed as hotness or coldness relative to
something else.
 Abiotic Components: The loose surface materials of land in
149 which plants grow.
139 An ecosystem that exists on watery or wet places.
Animals are able to move and occupy new areas when food
58 sources or other natural resources are lacking in their core
habitat.
Animals can find new mates in neighboring regions so that
60 genetic diversity can increase and thus have a positive impact
on the overall population.
171 Any relationship in which two species live closely together
Aquatic Ecosystem: An ecosystem that exists on ponds,
140 marshes, swamps, lakes and streams
Are groups of organisms that use similar resource in similar
62 ways and are essentially competing.
Are nutrient circuits involving both biotic and abiotic
110 components of ecosystems.
Attach themselves to the outside of their hosts, e.g.
85 mosquitoes, lice, mistletoe plants, fungi.
Biomes: A biome found in the tropic where rainfall tends to
be more or less evenly distributed throughout the year and
135 composed of outstanding trees, tolerant species, lianas and
vines, epiphytes, palms, ferns, etc.
Biomes: A marshy plain in the arctic region composed of low
133 shrubs, perennial herbs, and grasses.
Biomes: This region is characterized by moderate, moist
winters; warm, moist growing season; fertile soils; high
134 productivity and biomass; dominated by deciduous trees
where growing seasons are moist, winters are mild and soils
fertile; otherwise dominated by conifers.

Broad classification of species according to their niches: have

broad niches and can live in many different places, eat a
210 variety of foods, and tolerate a wide range of environmental
conditions. Flies, cockroaches, mice, rats, bullfrogs, catfish,
and humans are all generalist species.

Broad classification of species according to their niches: have

narrow niches and may be able to live in only one type of
211 habitat, tolerate only a narrow range of climatic and other
environmental conditions, or use only one or few types of
food.

Can be defined as the mass of organisms per unit area and is

109 usually expressed in units of energy
Can be thought of as a transfer of food from trophic level to
108 trophic level.
Coastal Ecosystems: a community of trees along clayish
143 seashore and estuary where water is brackish.
Coastal Ecosystems: a community of trees within the sandy
142 and gravely areas of shoreland.
Coastal Ecosystems: a semi-closed coastal body of water that
144 has free connection with open sea.
Coastal Ecosystems: a strip of land extending 1 kilometer
141 from highest tide level of nearest body of water.
Components of Ecosystem: Factors in the Physical
145 Environment
 Composed of trees with crowns that are approximately 65
10 feet (20 m) above ground level.
Consists of a group of interacting individuals of the same
species that occupy a specific area at the same time. An
45 example is all small-leaf mahogany in a forest or
Philippine eagles in the country.
Consists of all the factors acting jointly to limit the growth of
49 a population. The
Consists of all the factors and phenomena outside of the
6 organism that influence its survival and reproduction.
Consists of smaller trees, some of them young saplings of the
canopy and emergent species. These grow to an average
11 height of about 30 feet (10 m).

Countermeasures of prey to evade predation: Protective

coloration in animals. The devices that animals use to blend
167 into their environment in order to avoid being seen by
predators or prey, especially coloration.
Dissemimule Structure: adaptable to animal dispersal
182 (Andropogon)
184 Dissemimule Structure: adaptable to self dispersal (Mongo)
Dissemimule Structure: adaptable to water dispersal
183 (Terminalia)
Dissemimule Structure: adaptable to wind dispersal
181 (Dipterocarpus)
100 Diversity indices:
Divisions of Forest Ecology: reconstruct past vegetation and
130 climate from fossil evidence.
Divisions of Forest Ecology: the functional dynamics of the
129 ecosystem.
Divisions of Forest Ecology: the genetic variations of
128 organisms in relation to environment.
Divisions of Forest Ecology: the interrelation of individual
126 organism and their environment.
Divisions of Forest Ecology: the interrelation of two or more
127 organisms and the environment.
Ecological Concepts and Principles: No two species can
occupy exactly the same fundamental niche indefinitely in a
203 habitat where there is not enough of a particular resource to
meet the needs of both species.
Ecological Concepts and Principles: Process of dividing up
resources in an ecosystem so that species with similar
204 requirements (overlapping ecological niches) use the same
scarce resources at different times, in different ways, or in
different places.

Ecological Concepts and Principles: The distribution of a

206 species will be limited by its range of tolerance for local
environmental factors
Ecological Concepts and Principles: The growth of a plant
205 will be limited by whichever requisite factor is the most
deficient in the local environment
 Ecological Concepts and Principles: The mechanism for
207 evolution to take place in which it operates over time to
produce organisms that are adapted to their environment.
Ecosystem Components: Nonliving. Abiotic factors are the
physical and chemical aspects of an organism’s environment,
212 such as light, temperature, water, oxygen, and carbon
dioxide.
Ecosystem Components: Relating to life, especially
describing living components of the environment that through
213 their presence or activities affect the life of organisms in that
environment or alter other aspects of the environment.

Ecosystems are capable of self-maintenance and self-

227 regulation as are their component populations and organisms.

Four levels of inquiry in Ecology: studies all abiotic factors

as well as communities in an area. The questions of
22 Ecosystem ecology concern energy flow and chemical
cycling though the environment.
Four levels of inquiry in Ecology: studies all organisms that
inhabit a particular area. The questions of community
21 ecology concern predation, competition and other interactions
that affect community structure and organization.

Four levels of inquiry in Ecology: studies groups of

20 individuals of the same species in a particular geographic
area.
Four levels of inquiry in Ecology: studies how individual
organisms tolerate environmental stresses that determine
19 where they can live. This includes the study of behavioral,
physiological and morphological ways individuals meet
environmental challenges.

General types of species according to the roles they in

ecosystems: species that migrate into an ecosystem or are
54 deliberately or accidentally introduced into an ecosystem by
humans, e.g., Gmelina, kudzu, kuhol.
General types of species according to the roles they in
53 ecosystems: species that normally live and thrive in a
particular ecosystem
General types of species according to the roles they in
ecosystems: species that play roles affecting many organisms
56 in an ecosystem, e.g., in tropical forests, various species of
bees, bats, ants and hummingbirds, dung
beetle.

General types of species according to the roles they in

ecosystems: species that serve as early warnings that a
55 community or ecosystem is being degraded, e.g. Phil. eagle,
Imperata, frogs, toads and salamanders.
Hierarchical levels of ecological organization: a group of
14 individuals of the same species living in a given area at a
given time.
Hierarchical levels of ecological organization: a group of
15 interacting plants and animals inhabiting a given area.
 Hierarchical levels of ecological organization: a group of
13 organisms that can interbreed and produce offspring capable
of reproduction.
Hierarchical levels of ecological organization: a major
17 regional ecological community type such as desert, rain
forest, or grassland.
Hierarchical levels of ecological organization: the biotic
16 community and its abiotic environment functioning as a
system.
Hierarchical levels of ecological organization: thin layer
18 about earth in which all living organisms exist.
In the Philippines, how many are the recognized forest
102 formations.
Includes the variety of ways by which water moves across the
115 land.
Involves both the place where an organism lives and the roles
164 that an organism has in its habitat.
Is a method that measures the richness of the kinds of plants
and/or animals that are found in a given area. It employs the
122 establishment of quadrats of increasing sizes (or nested
quadrats) in enumerating the number of kinds of organism
that are encountered.

Is a term that describes the long-term evolutionary adjustment

75 of one group of organism to another.
Is an area of habitat connecting wildlife populations separated
57 by human activities or structures (such as roads,
development, or logging)
Is an assemblage of different populations interacting with one
50 another. It forms a distinctive living system with its own
composition, structure and function.
Is an ecosystem mainly composed of trees and other woody
1 vegetation. It is characterized by a more or less dense and
extensive tree cover.
112 Is condensed water vapor that falls to the Earth's surface.
52 Is the actual location where a species lives.
Is the flow of water from the ground surface into the ground.
116 Once infiltrated, the water becomes soil moisture or
groundwater.
Is the flow of water underground, in the vadose zone and
117 aquifers.
Is the movement of water—in solid, liquid, or vapour states
120 —through the atmosphere.
Is the number of individuals in a population in a given time.
46 Very small populations can become extinct because they are
vulnerable to disease, predation and natural catastrophes.
Is the number of individuals of a population in a certain space
at a given time. For terrestrial ecosystems, it is usually
47 expressed as the number of individuals per unit area while for
aquatic ecosystems, it is usually expressed as the number of
individuals per unit volume.

Is the precipitation that is intercepted by plant foliage and

113 eventually evaporates back to the atmosphere rather than
falling to the ground.
 Is the scientific study of the processes regulating the
distribution and abundance of organisms and the interactions
3 among them, and the study of how these organisms in turn
mediate the transport and transformation of energy and matter
in the biosphere

Is the spatial pattern in which the members of a population

48 are found in their habitat.
Is the state change directly from solid water (snow or ice) to
119 water vapor.
Is the study of the components, structure and function of a
forest ecosystem, which is a community of organisms
5 interacting with each other and with their physicochemical
environment.
Is the transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it
118 moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying
atmosphere.
Is the transformation of water vapour to liquid water droplets
121 in the air, producing clouds and fog.
It is a way individuals are spaced within the population’s
199 geographic range.
It is more of a study of the structure and function of nature
(Odum, 1963), the physical, chemical and biological
4 processes of our environment and how these processes
operate as a system.
158 It is the most abundant element found in living organisms.
159 It is the most abundant element in the atmosphere.
74 Killing and eating an individual of the same species.
Land with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of
more than 10 percent and area of more than 0.5 hectares (ha).
2 The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5
meters (m) at maturity in situ.
Laying eggs in the nest of another species or in the nest
86 of another individual of the same species, e.g. cuckoos lay
their eggs in the nest of meadow pipit.
Levels of Biodiversity: has to do with all the different
99 biological communities of an area, and also with how they
interact with their abiotic environment.
Levels of Biodiversity: is the range of genes within a
population or species. It can be assessed on three levels:
97 within breeding populations, between breeding
populations, and within species. Each of these types of
diversity is constantly changing.

Levels of Biodiversity: is the variety of different species in a

given area. It relates to both species richness (number of
98 species), and species evenness (relative abundance of
individuals among the species).
Live inside their hosts, e.g. tapeworms and plasmodium that
84 cause malaria
Mimicry: a situation in which a palatable or nontoxic
77 organism resembles another kind of organism that is
distasteful or toxic. Both species exhibit warning coloration.
 Mimicry: resemblance of two or more conspicuously marked
78
distasteful species, which increases predator avoidance.

Natural process of change effecting changes in the species

composition of communities. Changes occur when new
224 species evolve, old species become extinct, and surviving
species change in abundance or genetic composition.
156 Network of food chains within an ecosystem
Notable figures in Ecology: Co-founder of Theory of Island
44 Biogeography. Innovator of ecological statistical models
Notable figures in Ecology: Coined “Survival of the Fittest”.
27 Early founder of Social ecology
Notable figures in Ecology: Coined the term “Biogeography”
36 in 1891
29 Notable figures in Ecology: Coined the term “Ecology”
Notable figures in Ecology: Coined the term “Ecosystem” in
35 1936
Notable figures in Ecology: Early founder of ecological plant
31 geography.
32 Notable figures in Ecology: Early founder of plant geography
Notable figures in Ecology: Father of Animal ecology.
41 Pioneered food-wed and niche concepts
Notable figures in Ecology: First to describe ecological
25 gradient of latitudinal biodiversity increase toward the tropics
in 1807.
Notable figures in Ecology: First to develop the concept of
28 ecological community, biocoenosis or living community
Notable figures in Ecology: First to develop the concept of
23 food chains.
Notable figures in Ecology: Founder of “Individualistic
40 concept of ecology”
Notable figures in Ecology: founder of ecosystem ecology
43 and ecological thermodynamic concepts
Notable figures in Ecology: Founder physiological ecology,
38 Shelford’s Law of Tolerance
33 Notable figures in Ecology: Founder the biosphere concept
Notable figures in Ecology: Influential ecology author,
37 pioneering work on ecological succession
Notable figures in Ecology: Influential naturalist, inventor of
24 science on the economy of nature.
Notable figures in Ecology: Invented the term “Plankton”,
30 studied the productivity of the seas.
Notable figures in Ecology: Limnologist, advanced the niche
42 concept
Notable figures in Ecology: pioneered mathematical
39 population models
explaining predator-prey interactions using logistic equation
Notable figures in Ecology: Pioneering studies and
34 conceptual development of Ecological Succession.
Notable figures in Ecology: Theory of Evolution by Natural
26 Selection
Occurs when two or more organisms compete for a limited
61 resource.
 Organisms from two or more species trying to use
64 the same limited resources.
Organisms of a single species trying to use the same limited
63 resources.
Other Forms of Succession: beginning on bare rocks, wind-
189 blown sands, rocky slopes
Other Forms of Succession: beginning on ponds, lakes,
188 marshes
187 Other Forms of Succession: caused by outside forces
Other Forms of Succession: determined by internal coactions
186
Other types of Terrestrial Ecosystem: – found in areas 18%
137 and below in slope.
Other types of Terrestrial Ecosystem: found in areas above
136 18% in slope.
138 Other types of Terrestrial Ecosystem: found in cities.
Patterns of dispersion: The dispersion often results from
201 interactions amount the individuals of a population and
exhibits an even or homogeneous pattern.
Patterns of dispersion: This is a pattern in which individuals
200 are aggregated in patches.
Patterns of dispersion: This is where individuals in a
202 population are spaced in a patternless, unpredictable way.
Performed by bacteria, use chemical energy to produce
153 carbohydrates
Population density is affected by: Abiotic factors in the
197 environment that affect populations regardless of their
density (temperature, weather)
Population density is affected by: Biotic factors in the
196 environment that have an increasing effect as population size
increases (disease, competition, parasites)
Population density is affected by: movement of individuals
194 into a population
Population density is affected by: movement of individuals
195 out of a population
Qualitative Characteristics of Community Organization: A
180 forest habitat provides food, shelter, and protection from
natural enemies for many kinds of wild animals.
Qualitative Characteristics of Community Organization:
174 Denotes the distribution of plants according to their vertical
arrangements (strata)
Qualitative Characteristics of Community Organization:
176 Denotes the distribution, relation, and closeness of
individuals in the community.
Qualitative Characteristics of Community Organization:
175 Denotes the relative distribution of species in the plant
community.
Qualitative Characteristics of Community Organization:
177 Indicates the normal growth and reproductive capacity of
species in the community.
Qualitative Characteristics of Community Organization:
178 Pertains to the structural patterns of organism in the
community.
 Qualitative Characteristics of Community Organization:
179 Relates to the dispersal organs produced by certain species.
Qualitative Characteristics of Community Organization: The
external appearance of the community based on dominance,
172 density, height, and other physical characteristics of the
species.
Qualitative Characteristics of Community Organization: The
relationship between a regularly recurring biological
173 phenomenon and climatic or environmental factors that may
influence it.
Redistributed water reaches the ground in a non-uniform
pattern: Water that passes through the tree canopy without
222 touching any vegetation or that drips from the canopy to the
ground.
Redistributed water reaches the ground in a non-uniform
223 pattern: Water that runs down stems. Stemflow depends on
canopy morphology (shape).
Refer to closely related biological species whose members
are morphologically similar and is difficult to distinguish
123 from one with the other although in places where their
geographic ranges overlap they become differentiated
through character displacement.

refers to the processes that transform energy and cycle

materials (nutrients) through and among all elements (living
12 and non-living) within the structure of an ecosystem.
Compounds, such as water, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus,
are all cycled through an ecosystem.

114 Refers to the runoff produced by melting snow.

8 Refers to the spatial relations of an ecosystem's elements.
Refers to the species way of life or functional role in an
51 ecosystem.
Refers to the variety and complexity of life on Earth at all
scales. It encompasses not only the organisms themselves,
96 but also their habitats and the many ecological processes that
support them.
Situation in which members of one species (the predator)
73 feed directly on all or part of a living organism of another
species (the prey).
Six different mechanisms of competition: occurs when a
66 physical resource, is occupied by one organism and made
available to others.
Six different mechanisms of competition: results from
69 aggressive behavioral exclusion of organisms to defend a unit
of space known as territory.
Six different mechanisms of competition: results when non
70 territorial encounter between foraging individuals results in
negative effects on one or both interacting individuals.
Six different mechanisms of competition: when competitors
68 use chemical warfare to inhibit the other. (e.g. Allelopathy)
Six different mechanisms of competition: When one
67 organism grows directly over another, with or without
physical contact with the other organism.
 Six different mechanisms of competition: When one species
65 inhibits another by consuming a shared resource.
101 Species richness indices:
Species that relocate seasonally can do so more safely and
59 effectively when it does not interfere with human
development barriers.
Stages of ecological succession: A stable community that is
93 considered as the final endpoint of a succession.
Stages of ecological succession: Intermediate stages of
92 successional communities.
successive changes in flora and fauna: the series of different
communities of plants and animals that occupy a specific site
185 and create a stable system during the process of ecological
succession
The ability of propagules and migrules to germinate, grow,
190 and reproduce successfully.
The circular system through which some elements is
157 transferred between biotic and abiotic parts of the biosphere.

The first organisms to inhabit a given location (ex. lichens on

191 bare rock)
104 The five trophic levels are: animals that eat plants.
The five trophic levels are: are the carnivores (meat eaters)
105 that eat
herbivores.
The five trophic levels are: are the organisms that support all
other trophic levels either directly or indirectly by
103 synthesizing sugars and other organic molecules using light
energy.
The five trophic levels are: These are the carnivores that eat
106 other carnivores.
The five trophic levels are: These are the consumers that
107 derive energy from detritus, organic wastes and dead
organisms that are produced at all trophic levels.
The gradual and fairly predictable change in species
89 composition of a given area is called
The maximum population size that can be supported by the
198 available resources
The mechanism for evolution to take place in which it
operates over time to produce organisms that are adapted to
their environment. Favorable attributes give higher
reproductive rates or better survival rates. Thus individuals
225
with these favorable attributes are selected because they live
and survive longer and thus become more common in the
population over several generations.

The movement of water around, over, and through the Earth.

Is the continuous circulation of water within the Earth's
111 hydrosphere, and is driven by solar radiation. This includes
the atmosphere, land, surface water and groundwater.

160 The number or richness of species in a community.

The process of spatial and temporal change in community
88 composition.
 The resemblance in form, color, or behavior of certain
organisms (mimics) to other more powerful or more protected
76 ones (models), which results in the mimics being protected in
some way.
The tendency of organisms and ecosystems to self-regulate
and maintain a state of dynamic equilibrium; they are able to
226 constantly adjust themselves to the changing conditions of
their environments.
There are two types of population growth curves: in which
209 the growth rate decreases as the population gats larger.
There are two types of population growth curves: in which
the population grows faster with time. It starts out slowly and
208 then proceeds faster and faster as the population increases.

These factors include the physical and chemical components

of the world outside of the organism like light, temperature,
7 soil, water and chemical elements. They are commonly
referred to as the
These trees typically reach to a height of 100 feet (30 m) or
9 more, although they are not all the same height.
Three Aspects of Ecological Niche: each species is held by its
161 structural and instinctive limitations.
Three Aspects of Ecological Niche: each species occupied a
163 multidimensional space and survive indefinitely.
Three Aspects of Ecological Niche: Each species used
162 different energy sources or is separated based on food habits.

Type of succession based on influencing factor: ecological

change or development of species structure and
95 community composition brought about by some external
force, such as fire or storms.
Type of succession based on influencing factor: succession
94 driven by environmental changes brought about by
the organisms themselves.
Types of Biomes: are regions of dense, spiny shrubs with
tough evergreen leaves found along coasts where cool ocean
217 currents circulate offshore to make mild, rainy winters and
long, hot dry summers (between 30º and 40º latitude).

Types of Biomes: are similar to tropical savanna but occur in

regions with relatively cold winters. Occasional fires and
218 seasonal drought prevent encroachment of trees upon the
grassland.
Types of Biomes: grow throughout midlatitude regions with
219 sufficient moisture to support growth of large, broad-leaved
deciduous trees.
Types of Biomes: is at the northern-most limits of plant
221 growth and at high altitudes plant forms are limited to low,
shrubby or mat-like vegetation.
Types of Biomes: is characterized by harsh winters and short,
220 wet (and occasionally warm) summers.
 Types of Biomes: is characterized by low and unpredictable
216 precipitation (<30 cm/year), not by temperature: both cold
and hot deserts exist.
Types of Biomes: is found near the equator (within 23.5º
latitude) where temperature varies little from approximately
23ºC and the length of daylight varies from 12 hours by less
214 than one hour over the whole season. Rainfall is variable and
the amount determines what vegetation is found in an area.

Types of Biomes: It is a tropical grassland biome containing

215 stunted, widely spaced trees situated between tropical forests
and deserts.
Types of Camouflage: contrasting coloration that helps
169 conceal the animal
Types of Camouflage: occurs when an animal takes on color
168 patterns in its environment to prevent the animal from being
seen by other animals.
Types of Camouflage: sharply contrasting colors of an animal
170 that warn other animals of unpleasant or dangerous affects.

Types of Carnivores: animals which kill and consume their

154 prey
Types of Carnivores: those animals that feed on other animals
155 that they have not killed
Types of Ecological succession: involves the gradual
90 establishment of biotic communities in an
area that has not been occupied by life before.
Types of Ecological succession: the more common type of
succession, involves the
91 reestablishment of a biotic community in an area where a
biotic community was previously present.
Types of Ecosystems: An ecosystem that exists on continents
131 and islands of the world.
Types of Niche: the actual niche of a species whose
166 distribution is restricted by biotic interactions such as
competition, predation, disease, and parasitism.
Types of Niche: the physical conditions under which a
165 species might live, in the absence of interactions with other
species.
Types of species based on resource partitioning mechanism:
similar species that occupy the same geographical area such
71 that to avoid competition, they live in different portions of the
habitat or use different food or other resources.
Types of species based on resource partitioning mechanism:
species that do not live in the same geographical area such
72 that they use the same habitat locations and food resources.

Vegetation analysis: . This method is more ideal to use in

rugged terrain than either the quadrat or the line intercept
125 sampling methods. Unlike in the line intercept method, the
enumerator would be relieved from measuring huge crowns
of large emergent trees.
 Vegetation analysis: is a plotless method of studying
124 vegetation and is applicable in studying grassland and forest
communities.
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